Greece

For the fellow is a disgrace both to his native state and to the whole of Greece, since, being a Greek, he is still a man of this kind.

Again, when Xerxes at a later time gathered together that countless host and came against Greece, then too our forefathers were victorious, both by land and by sea, over the forefathers of our enemies.

Therefore, I think it is right and proper that our first endeavour should be to return to our kindred and friends in Greece, and to point out to the Greeks that it is by their own choice that they are poor;

Of these, one was in Greece, the Ionian;

And that most of them were barbarians by race and were educated among barbarians — what need to say it, since Pythagoras was shown to be a Tyrrhenian or a Tyrian, Antisthenes a Phrygian, and Orpheus an Odrysian or a Thracian?

For they suppose, according to Plato, that good souls, leaving the place above the heaven, have endured to come into this tartarus, and, taking on a body, to share in all the evils of generation, caring for the race of men — souls that have laid down laws and proclaimed philosophy, "than which no greater good ever came, or will come, to the race of men from the gods.

will the Greeks offer battle and oppose me?

I advise you by no means to lead these Ionians against the land of their fathers, since even without their aid we are well able to overcome our enemies.

Demaratus heard this and said, “O King, since you bid me by all means to speak the whole truth, and to say what you will not later prove to be false, in Hellas poverty is always endemic, but courage is acquired as the fruit of wisdom and strong law;

Sing the suitors some one of these, and let them drink their wine in silence, but cease this sad tale, for it breaks my sorrowful heart, and reminds me of my lost husband for whom I have grief [ penthos] ever without ceasing, and whose name [ kleos] was great over all Hellas and middle Argos.

I, who have lost my brave and lion-hearted husband, who had every good quality [ aretê] under heaven, and whose kleos was great over all Hellas and middle Argos;

If, moreover, you have a fancy for making a tour in Hellas or in the Peloponnese, I will yoke my horses, and will conduct you myself through all our principal cities.

and, while they regarded their home cities as their several places of abode, yet they considered Hellas to be their common fatherland.

and as for the cities of the Hellenes, he has taken them so absolutely under his control that he either razes them to the ground or builds his fortresses within them.

Should it not be they who abandoned their own country to save the rest of Hellas, who in ancient times founded most of the Hellenic cities, and who later delivered them from the greatest disasters?

’ All Hellas is watching to see what is going to happen.

So long as the war lasted, I tried so far as in me lay to unite the Arcadians and the rest of Hellas against Philip.

But not to prolong the story, he said such things in the presence of the ambassadors from almost the whole of Hellas, that laughter arose such as you seldom hear.

The Greeks judged the highest cultivation to lie in the music of strings and voices;

then came Lepidus, Carbo, and the Gracchi, and after them such great men down to our own age that little or nothing was yielded to the Greeks.

For while among the Greeks the most ancient class of the learned is that of the poets — since Homer and Hesiod lived before the founding of Rome, and Archilochus in the reign of Romulus — we Romans took up poetry later.

Then what decent excuse shall we have, men of Athens, if, while asserting ourselves as the champions of all Hellas in the cause of liberty, we make our appearance as yeomen of the guard to men who maintain troops on their own account to keep down the populace?

Whenever you wanted anything, you had more money in your treasury than any other Hellenic people, insomuch that you always started on any expedition with pay for the full period named in the decree authorizing such expedition.

Is it not discreditable that, whereas the Aeginetans yonder, who inhabit that insignificant island, and have nothing whatever to be proud of, have never to this day given their citizenship to Lampis, the largest ship-owner in Hellas, who fitted out their city and their seaport, but have reluctantly rewarded him merely with exemption from the alien-tax;

To every hearth the public curse extends;

His offence was conveying gold from barbarians to Greeks.

In former times, men of Athens, all Greece used to watch anxiously for your decisions.

Syngrapha and Chirographum, apparently, are synonymous, and signify a written acknowledgment of a debt, such contract in Greece being always ground to support an action, whatever its subject or form.

, that Cicero pater supplied Cicero filius when a student at Athens with money by the mediation of his friend Atticus who, as publican, had debtors in Greece.

Atticus (A, assignator), at the request of Cicero pater (C, assignatarius primus), orders Graeculus (B, assignatus) to pay to Cicero filius (D, assignatarius secundus) what Atticus owes to Cicero pater.

there are Achaean women in Hellas and Phthia, daughters of kings that have cities under them;

Therefore, my son, I will not stay here without you - no, not though heaven itself grant to strip my years from off me, and make me young as I was when I first left Hellas the land of fair women.

Glaukos, leader of the Lycians, was the first to rally them, by killing Bathykles son of Khalkon who lived in Hellas and was supreme in wealth [ olbos] among the Myrmidons.

For what could exceed the enmity which the Hellenes felt toward Xerxes?

you will see all Hellas on tiptoe with interest in whatever you happen to propose;

For I am going to advise you to champion the cause of concord among the Hellenes and of a campaign against the barbarian;

I freely concede you my punishment, that the state may have therein a defence in the eyes of Hellas.

And I see many young men present in court, and many of their elders, and not a few citizens of other states of Hellas, gathered here to listen.

For I am ashamed in the city’ s behalf, if Timarchus,the counsellor of the people, the man who dares to go out into Hellas on their embassies, if this man, instead of undertaking to clear his record of the whole matter, shall ask us to specify the localities where he plied his trade, and to say whether the tax collectors have ever collected the prostitutes’ licence from him.

After passing this decree, and exchanging solemn pledges and oaths, they fearlessly took up their stand as the protectors of the whole of Greece, and met the Persians at Marathon;

At the moment the whole of Greece thinks that you have shown the greatest generosity and wisdom in devoting yourselves, not to revenge, but to the preservation of your city and the reuniting of its citizens.

for my own forefathers themselves played no small part in those very exploits to which Athens owed her salvation, and I therefore have the right to expect from you the mercy shown to you yourselves by the Greeks.

After two years of practice he left Rome to travel in Greece and Asia, taking all the opportunities that offered to study his art under distinguished masters.

Just as, if Xerxes — when with such great fleets and such great forces of horse and foot, the Hellespont bridged, Athos pierced through, he had walked the sea and sailed the land — if, when he had come into Greece with so great an onset, someone should ask him the cause of such great forces and so great a war, and he should say that he had wished to carry off honey from Hymettus, he would surely s …

What shall I say of the islands of Greece?

The cause of the evils and the changes of Greece is plain, namely those faults of maritime cities which I touched on briefly a little before.

Wherefore it seems to me that, since the Word himself has come to us from heaven, we ought no longer to go to human teaching, busying ourselves about Athens and the rest of Greece, and Ionia besides.

I presume that our reply to the Hellenic world will be:

but they will prompt the king of Persia to become our paymaster and he is richer than all the rest together, and his power to interfere in Greece is such that in our former wars with Sparta, whichever side he joined, he ensured their victory, and so, if he sides with us now, he will easily crush the power of Philip.

I believe that all of you, men of Athens, would agree that our city, when deliberating about any of her domestic affairs, should have as much concern for advantage as for justice, but when the question has to do with our allies or the general interests of Greece, as in the present instance, she ought to be mindful of nothing so scrupulously as of justice.

Could there be any news more startling than that a Macedonian is triumphing over Athenians and settling the destiny of Hellas?

If you cannot preserve your maritime possessions by your might that once saved Hellas, but rely on any jury to whom you refer it, and whose verdict is final, to preserve them for you, provided always that Philip does not buy their votes, is it not an open confession, when you adopt this policy, that you have abandoned everything on the mainland, and are you not advertising to the world that there …

Yet I am given to understand that your fathers of old punished the sons of Pisistratus for inviting the Persians to invade Greece.