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    19th Century · English

    The Old Regime and the Revolution

    Alexis de Tocqueville

    The Old Regime and the Revolution, by Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), a public-domain text from Liberty Fund's Online Library of Liberty.

    Chapters
    29
    Variants
    29
    Genre
    History
    Difficulty
    Advanced

    Chapters

    1. 01Preface.prose
    2. 02Book First, Chapter I.: Contradictory Opinions Formed upon the Revolution When It Broke Out.prose
    3. 03Chapter II.: That the Fundamental and Final Object of the Revolution Was Not, as Some Have Supposed, to Destroy Religiouprose
    4. 04Chapter III.: That the French Revolution, Though Political, Pursued the Same Course as a Religious Revolution, and Why.prose
    5. 05Chapter IV.: How the Same Institutions Had Been Established Over Nearly All Europe, and Were Every Where Falling to Piecprose
    6. 06Chapter V.: What DID the French Revolution Really Achieve?prose
    7. 07Book Second, Chapter I.: Why the Feudal Rights Were More Odious to the People in France Than Any Where Else.prose
    8. 08Chapter II.: That We Owe “Administrative Centralization,” Not to the Revolution or the Empire, as Some Say, but to the Oprose
    9. 09Chapter III.: That What Is Now Called “the Guardianship of the State” (Tutelle Administrative) Was an Institution of theprose
    10. 10Chapter IV.: That Administrative Tribunals (La Justice Administrative) and Official Irresponsibility (Garantis Des Fonctprose
    11. 11Chapter V.: How Centralization Crept in Among the Old Authorities, and Supplanted Without Destroying Them.prose
    12. 12Chapter VI.: Of Official Manners and Customs Under the Old Regime.prose
    13. 13Chapter VII.: How the Capital of France Had Acquired More Preponderance Over the Provinces, and Usurped More Control Oveprose
    14. 14Chapter VIII.: That Frenchmen Had Grown More Like Each Other Than Any Other People.prose
    15. 15Chapter IX.: That These Men, Who Were So Alike, Were More Divided Than They Had Ever Been into Petty Groups, Each Indepeprose
    16. 16Chapter X.: How the Destruction of Political Liberty and Class Divisions Were the Causes of All the Diseases of Which Thprose
    17. 17Chapter XI.: Of the Kind of Liberty Enjoyed Under the Old Regime, and of Its Influence upon the Revolution.prose
    18. 18Chapter XII.: How the Condition of the French Peasantry Was Worse in Some Respects in the Eighteenth Century Than It Hadprose
    19. 19Chapter XIII.: How, Toward the Middle of the Eighteenth Century, Literary Men Became the Leading Politicians of the Counprose
    20. 20Chapter XIV.: How Irreligion Became a General Ruling Passion Among Frenchmen in the Eighteenth Century, and of the Influprose
    21. 21Chapter XV.: How the French Sought Reforms Before Liberties.prose
    22. 22Chapter XVI.: That the Reign of Louis XVI. Was the Most Prosperous Era of the Old Monarchy, and How That Prosperity Realprose
    23. 23Chapter XVII.: How Attempts to Relieve the People Provoked Rebellion.prose
    24. 24Chapter XVIII.: Of Certain Practices by Means of Which the Government Completed the Revolutionary Education of the Peoplprose
    25. 25Chapter XIX.: How Great Administrative Changes Had Preceded the Political Revolution, and of the Consequences Thereof.prose
    26. 26Chapter XX.: How the Revolution Sprang Spontaneously Out of the Preceding Facts.prose
    27. 27Appendix.: Of the Pays D’etats, and Languedoc in Particular.prose
    28. 28Feudal Rights Existing at the Time of the Revolution, According to the Feudal Lawyers of the Day.prose
    29. 29Estimate of the Various Tenures in Use in France Before the Revolution.prose