The sources of On Moral Ends

1. Aristotle 4 authority · 3 neutral · 2 endorsed 9 citations · 10 passages

   book 2 4 passages anchored here · book 4 2 passages anchored here · book 5 4 passages anchored here

   Explicitly credited as an earlier authority for the same idea, reported neutrally

   'that the whole faculty of speech (as Aristotle had said before) is divided into two parts, and that rhetoric is like the open palm, dialectic like the closed fist, because the rhetoricians speak more broadly, the dialecticians more compressed.

2. Plato 3 authority · 1 refuted · 1 extended · 1 endorsed 6 citations

   book 1 2 passages anchored here · book 2 3 passages anchored here · book 5

   Explicitly named as the subject matter Cicero proposes to expound in Latin.

   and, as Plato wrote to Archytas, remembers that he was born not for himself alone, but for his country and for his own, so that a very small part is left for himself.

3. Theophrastus 2 authority · 1 endorsed 3 citations

   book 1 · book 5 2 passages anchored here

   Explicitly named and judged to 'give us... pleasure' despite redundancy with Aristotle.

   Theophrastus, the natures of plants and the causes and reasons of almost all things which are born from the earth;

4. On the Happy Life Theophrastus 1 neutral · 1 refuted 2 citations · 3 passages

   book 5 3 passages anchored here

   Piso explicitly criticizes Theophrastus's book on the happy life as giving 'a great deal indeed... to fortune' and calls the reasoning 'softer... and more effeminate,' a clear refutation of its conclusion.

   Which is chiefly brought about by Theophrastus's book on the happy life, in which a great deal indeed is given to fortune.

5. Art of Rhetoric Cleanthes 2 refuted 2 citations · 1 passage

   book 4

   A specific work ('an art of rhetoric') by Cleanthes is named and explicitly disparaged.

   Although Cleanthes wrote an art of rhetoric, and Chrysippus too, but in such a way that, if anyone should long to be struck dumb, he need read nothing else.

6. a comic line on gladness (unspecified play) Trabea 2 authority 2 citations · 1 passage

   book 2

   Explicitly named as source of the cited usage supporting the definitional argument

   For both the man in Trabea calls excessive gladness of mind 'pleasure' — the same as that Caecilian character who tells that he is glad with all gladnesses.

7. Andria Terence 1 neutral 1 citation

   book 1

   Named directly as a specific cited work within the imagined objector's speech.

   'Am I,' says he, 'to read the Synephebi of Caecilius or the Andria of Terence rather than both plays of Menander?

8. Electra Sophocles 1 endorsed 1 citation

   book 1

   Explicitly named and praised as written 'with the utmost excellence.'

   ' From such men I so far dissent that, although Sophocles wrote his Electra with the utmost excellence, I yet think the poor translation by Atilius worth my reading — Atilius of whom Lucilius says,

9. Euripides 1 authority 1 citation

   book 2

   Explicitly named as the author of the quoted verse, said to speak 'not amiss'

   for you all know this Greek verse — 'Sweet is the memory of toils gone by.

10. Herodotus 1 authority 1 citation

    book 2

    Explicitly attributed to Herodotus by name as the source of the recorded precept.

    For when once the happy life has been taken up, it remains as long as wisdom herself, the producer of the happy life, and does not await the last span of life — that which Herodotus writes was the precept given by Solon to Croesus.

11. Homer 1 extended 1 citation

    book 5

    Cicero explicitly names Homer, says he has translated 'this very passage,' and builds an extended interpretive argument on it, extending its meaning beyond the literal narrative.

    So that to me indeed Homer seems to have seen something of this kind in those things which he feigned about the songs of the Sirens.

12. Oedipus at Colonus Sophocles 1 neutral 1 citation

    book 5

    Quintus explicitly recalls the scene of Oedipus arriving at Colonus and 'asking in that most tender song what these very places were,' referring to Sophocles's play.

    Indeed a certain vision moved me toward the deeper memory of Oedipus coming hither, and asking in that most tender song what these very places were — vainly, of course, but yet it moved me.

13. On the Commonwealth Cicero (attributed to Laelius within the dialogue) 1 authority 1 citation

    book 2

    Explicitly named as a work ('our books On the Commonwealth') where Laelius addressed these matters.

    and on these matters enough has been said by Laelius in our books On the Commonwealth.

14. Phaedrus Plato 1 authority 1 citation

    book 2

    Explicitly names Plato's Phaedrus as the origin of the rule of definition, treated as authoritative

    This rule, laid down by Plato in the Phaedrus, Epicurus approved, and felt that it ought to be done in every discussion.

15. Terence 1 neutral 1 citation

    book 5

    A character and line from Terence is invoked to illustrate a point about apparent self-injury, reported neutrally as an example rather than endorsed or refuted.

    Nor indeed, if some are found who seek either nooses or other deaths, or, like that man in Terence, who 'resolved meanwhile to do less injustice to his own son,' as he himself says, 'until he should be made wretched,' is he to be thought his own enemy.

16. Timaeus Plato 1 neutral 1 citation

    book 2

    Explicitly names Plato's Timaeus as an illustrative example, without endorsing or refuting it

    either if you do it on purpose, as Heraclitus, 'surnamed the Obscure, because he wrote of nature too darkly,' or when the obscurity of the matter, not of the words, makes the discourse not understood, as is the case in Plato's Timaeus.

17. Xenophon 1 neutral 1 citation

    book 2

    Xenophon is named directly as the author who 'writes' this claim about Persian diet

    let there be no less pleasure in that cress on which Xenophon writes the Persians were wont to feed, than at Syracusan tables, which are gravely censured by Plato;

Each stands at a single passage. The chapter carries the anchors.

book 1 18 sources

Antiopa · Epicurus's doctrine of physics, logic, and pleasure · Epicurus's doctrine that pleasure is the highest good · Medea · Stoic doctrine of the honourable · Synephebi · ancient legendary fables · atomist physics · doctrine on friendship · poetry · satirical verse on Scaevola and Albucius · teaching on sensation and physics · the dialectical puzzle of the outstretched hand · the doctrine that pleasure and pain are Nature's criteria of good and evil · unnamed satirical verse mocking Atilius ('a writer of iron') · unspecified earlier dialogue defending philosophy (Hortensius) · unspecified teaching on the highest good · unspecified writings of Chrysippus

book 2 43 sources

Carneades's hypothetical of the hidden asp · Cleanthes's allegorical image of Pleasure and the Virtues · Epicurean school (Torquatus's school) · Epicurus on fortune and the wise man · Epicurus on the duration of pleasure and time · Epicurus's claim that one cannot live pleasantly without living honourably · Epicurus's saying about enduring pain while being burned · Epicurus's teaching on friendship and usefulness · Epicurus's teaching that natural riches are easily procured · Epicurus's teachings on honourableness and pleasure · Kyriai Doxai (Authoritative Maxims) · On the highest good (implied treatise/book) · Socrates's saying on hunger as seasoning · a line about wine (unspecified poem) · a line on good and evil (unspecified) · letter to Hermarchus · method for disregarding pain · philosophical teachings (natural philosophy of countless worlds) · position on continuous bodily pleasure · proverb on toils · reply on memory and forgetting · saying on the happy man · speech to Rome on past toils · the compact among the wise regarding mutual disposition toward friends · the labours of Hercules (aerumnae) · unspecified doctrine (agreement with nature) · unspecified doctrine (definition of mental pleasure) · unspecified doctrine (enjoyment of first natural things against Stoics) · unspecified doctrine (first natural things) · unspecified doctrine (freedom from pain added to virtue) · unspecified doctrine (freedom from pain as highest good) · unspecified doctrine (knowledge as the good) · unspecified doctrine (pleasure added to virtue) · unspecified doctrine (rhetoric and dialectic division) · unspecified doctrine (virtue alone, no difference between health and sickness) · unspecified doctrine (virtue alone, stripped of selection) · unspecified framing of the highest-good debate · unspecified other book (on the highest good) · unspecified refutation of Erillus · unspecified sayings/doctrine · unspecified verse on piety and fear · unspecified writings of later Epicureans on friendship · will/testament of Epicurus

book 3 16 sources

Argument that Stoic-Peripatetic dispute is merely verbal · Book Two of On Moral Ends (the discussion with Torquatus) · Definition of the good · Doctrine of the Peripatetics · Doctrine of the Stoics (Stoic school as a whole) · Doctrine that knowledge alone, indifference of things, or suspension of assent is the highest good · Doctrine that the honourable/mind alone is the highest good (three schools placing highest good in the mind) · Epicurean doctrine on pleasure and sensation · Stoic doctrine of Zeno · View that riches serve pleasure and health · a common Greek verse on the burning of all lands · advice on judging happiness only at death · coinage of proegmenon and apoproegmenon · on good repute (eudoxia) and usefulness · on man's lack of right with beasts · unspecified doctrine on the difference of things

book 4 21 sources

'falsely-speaking malices' (phrase) · Definition of the highest good as living according to nature · Doctrine of ends fitted to kinds of living creatures · Doctrine of pleasure and its darkening · Doctrine of the fear of death and religion · Doctrine of the highest good in its third signification · Letter to Quintus Tubero on bearing pain · Physical doctrine following Democritus · Stoic teaching inherited from Polemo · Threefold formula of living according to nature · Unspecified writings on the commonwealth and laws · arguments against Aristo · dialectical rule of inference · doctrine joining honourableness to another good · doctrine that nothing differs but virtue and vice · mockery of Stoic terminology · philosophical models cited by Panaetius · the Carneadean end · tragedy featuring Alcmaeon · trial of Lucius Murena · unspecified Stoic teachings

book 5 25 sources

Doctrine of the wise man's constant happiness · Ethical doctrine (Old Academy/Peripatetic synthesis) · Peripatetic doctrine of virtue and external goods · Peripatetic doctrine on the balance of good and evil in the wise man's life · Peripatetic teaching (oral/philosophical tradition) · Peripatetic teaching on pain as an evil to be borne bravely · Stoic dictum on virtue and happiness · Stoic doctrine of preferred and rejected things · Stoic philosophy (general doctrine) · Zeno's teaching on pain · a tragic line about wild beasts and death · a tragic play on Philoctetes · anecdote of Marcus Crassus's laughter · doctrine of freedom from pain as highest good · doctrine of freedom from pain joined to honourableness · doctrine of indifference among things (equanimity) · doctrine of tranquillity of mind (euthymia) · doctrine that a life with any evil cannot be happy · doctrine that acting for natural goods, even unattained, is the sole good · doctrine that nothing is good except knowledge · doctrine that pleasure is the highest good · hedonist doctrine that the wise man has more of what he wishes than not · teaching of the Old Academy and Peripatetics on the ends of goods · the Carneadean division of opinions on the highest good · unspecified philosophical teaching of the Stoic school