Lexicon of the Ten Attic Orators

1. Abaris. A proper name. They say that when a plague had spread over the whole inhabited world, Apollo, in answer to both Greeks and barbarians who consulted his oracle, declared that the Athenian people should make prayers on behalf of all. While many nations were sending embassies to them, Abaris too, they say, came as an envoy from the Hyperboreans. The time of his arrival is disputed: Hippostratus says he came in the fifty-third Olympiad, Pindar in the reign of Croesus king of Lydia, and others in the twenty-first Olympiad.

Abios. Antiphon applied "abios" to a man who possessed a great livelihood ("polys bios"), just as Homer calls a thickly wooded forest "axylon" ("woodless").

Abrokomas. He was a satrap of Artaxerxes king of the Persians.

Agatharchos. Demosthenes mentions him. He was a distinguished painter, son of Eudemus, a Samian by birth.

Temple of Good Fortune (Agathes Tyches Neos). Lycurgus mentions it in his work On the Administration, and others as well.

Agasikles. Hyperides speaks about Agasikles. A speech against him was also written by Dinarchus, in which it is shown that he bribed the people of Halimous wholesale, and that for this reason, though a foreigner, he was enrolled in the citizen body.

Agoi. This word has many meanings. Isaeus used it in the sense of "to carry off," "to bring into court," and "to drag" in the speech entitled On Behalf of Eumathes, for the Recovery of Freedom, speaking thus: "Xenocles wronged me by taking Eumathes away into freedom, while I was bringing him into slavery, so far as my own share was concerned." And he often used the word in the same sense throughout the speech. Antiphon, in his work On Truth, says "the laws hold great things" ("agoi"), in the sense of "would lead" or "consider." This usage is frequent.

Agelaion ("of the herd-like"). Isocrates uses it in the Panathenaicus, as if he meant "of the many sophists and wanderers." The metaphor is taken from herd animals, which graze in whatever places they happen upon, or from fish, which are said to feed in shoals and in herds.

Agenes. Used instead of "childless" in Isaeus, in his speech On the Estate of Menecles.

Agesilaus. He was, as Xenophon shows, a distinguished and noble king of the Lacedaemonians, who subdued much of Asia, making use of the soldiers who had marched up country with Cyrus.

Aglauros. The daughter of Cecrops. It is also an epithet of Athena.

Hagneuete ten polin ("keep the city pure"). Antiphon, in his second speech, uses it instead of "purify."

Agnias. Isaeus, in the speech Against Eucleides, Concerning a Plot of Land. Androtion, in the fifth book of his Atthis, and Philochorus relate that this man and his fellow envoys were captured and put to death by the Lacedaemonians.

Agnous. A deme of the tribe Acamantis; the demesman is called Agnousios. Demosthenes, in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

Agnomonos ("without judgment"). Used instead of "thoughtlessly and rashly" by Demosthenes in the Philippics.

Agoras ("assemblies"). Hyperides, in the speech Against Polyeuctus, Concerning the Decree: "These men often hold assemblies." Perhaps it is used here instead of "meetings." The word has other meanings as well.

Agoranomoi ("market-officials"). The magistrates who administer the goods for sale in the marketplace; Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says that five are chosen by lot for the Piraeus and five for the city.

Agorasai. Used instead of "to buy" by Hyperides in the Deliac speech.

Agraphiou ("for unregistered debt"). A kind of suit so called, brought against those who, owing money to the public treasury and being for that reason registered as debtors, then had their names erased before paying. That this is so is taught by Demosthenes or Dinarchus in the speech Against Theocrines, by Lycurgus in the speech Against Aristogiton, and also by Pytheas in his Defense Against the Information.

Agrious ("savage men"). Aeschines, in the speech Against Timarchus, applies this to those passionately devoted to boy-favorites and to harsh lovers of boys. Menander too calls a man who is intensely given to dice a "savage" gambler.

Agryle. A deme of the tribe Erechtheis; the demesman is Agryleus, and the local adverb is "from Agryle" (Agrylethen).

Aguias ("streets"). Demosthenes, in the speech Against Meidias: "to set up choruses according to ancestral custom and to make the streets fragrant with the savor of sacrifice." Some accent the word as oxytone and treat it as feminine, taking it to mean "the streets"; but it is better to give it the circumflex, as derived from "agyieus." An agyieus is a pillar tapering to a point, which they set up before their doors, as Aristophanes makes clear in the Wasps and Eupolis as well. Some say these belong to Apollo, others to Dionysus, others to both. The full form, then, is "agyieas," and in the Attic dialect "agyias," just as they say "Steirias" and "Melias" and the like by contraction. Aristophanes, in the Birds: "to slaughter sheep on altars fed with oxen and to make the streets fragrant with sacrifice." They say this custom is peculiar to the Dorians, as Dieuchidas makes clear in the third book of his Megarian History. The things called "agyieis" among the Attic writers would be the altars before the houses, as Cratinus and Menander say. And Sophocles, in his Laocoon, transferring Athenian customs to Troy, says: "The street-altar shines, steaming with fire, with drippings of myrrh, the fragrances of the barbarians."

Agyrrhios. A demagogue of no small note; Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates.

Agonian. Isocrates uses it in the speech On the Exchange of Property to mean "to contend in a contest."

Agoniontes. Used instead of "contending" by the same author in the Panegyricus.

Adeetos. Used instead of "lacking nothing" in Antiphon, On Truth, book one.

Adelphizein. Used instead of "to call someone brother" in Isocrates, in the Aeginetic speech; in Hecataeus of Miletus, in the second book of the Genealogies; in Strattis; and in Apollophanes, in the Iphigeron.

Ademonouses ("of one at a loss"). Of one in perplexity.

Adephagous triereis ("ravenous triremes"). Lysias uses it in the deposition On Behalf of Eucritus, if the speech is genuine; and Philistus speaks of a "ravenous fifty-oared ship." They would mean the ships kept on full pay and consuming much. The term seems derived by metaphor from full-grown racehorses, which are accustomed, as the poet says, to "eat their fill." Alcaeus, in his Comic-Tragedy, called drinkers' lamps "ravenous."

Adiastaton ("undivided"). Antiphon used it of that which is not yet separated or distinguished.

Adikiou ("for wrongdoing"). As it were "of a wrong." It is the name of a suit. This penalty is paid single, if it is rendered before the ninth prytany; otherwise it is paid double.

Adokimastos. To be "examined" (dokimasthenai) is to be enrolled among the men; and "adokimastos" is one not yet enrolled, in Lysias, in the speech Against Demosthenes for Maladministration of a Guardianship, if it is genuine.

Adrasteian. Some say that she is the same as Nemesis, and that she got her name from Adrastus son of Talaus, who was visited with her displeasure for the things he boasted against the Thebans, and who, in consequence of certain oracles, founded a temple of Nemesis, which was afterward called the temple of Adrasteia, as Antimachus shows in these lines: "There is a certain Nemesis, a great goddess, who has obtained all these things as her portion from the blessed gods. To her Adrastus first raised an altar by the stream of the river Aesepus, where she is honored and called Adrasteia." Some, however, list her as distinct from Nemesis, as Menander and Nicostratus do. Demetrius of Scepsis says that Adrasteia is Artemis, established by a certain Adrastus.

Adunatoi ("the disabled"). Aeschines, in the speech Against Timarchus. Those who possessed less than three minas and were maimed in body. These men, on being approved by the Council, received two obols a day, or one obol, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians; but according to Philochorus, nine drachmas a month. There is also a speech, said to be by Lysias, On Behalf of the Disabled Man, in which the recipient is mentioned as receiving an obol.

Aei ("ever"). Used instead of "until" in Antiphon's Samothracian speech. Its usage is frequent. And Thucydides in his preface . . . began thus: "thus, then, does my argument ever stretch toward this point for me."

Aidris. Without knowledge; ignorant.

Aeilogia ("perpetual accountability"). The being ever subject to rendering account and audit. So Demosthenes and Isaeus.

Aeiesuo. Antiphon uses it for eternity, and for the standing always in the same condition, just as "euesto" too is used for happiness.

Aerkton ("unfenced"). Used instead of "unwalled" and "visible from every side" by Lysias.

Aetos ("eagle, gable"). The part of buildings at the roof, which some call the pediment (aetoma). Aristophanes, in the Birds: "for we will roof your houses up to the gable."

Azenieus. Azenia is a deme of the tribe Hippothontis, and the demesman is Azenieus; Aeschines, in the speech Against Ctesiphon.

Azeteton ("not to be investigated"). That which is forbidden to be subject to inquiry and accusation; in Aeschines, in the speech Against Ctesiphon.

Atheoretos. Used instead of "unseen" in Antiphon, in his work On Concord.

Athenodoros. An Athenian by birth, a soldier; Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates.

Athmoneus. Athmonia is a deme of the tribe Cecropis, from which the demesman is Athmoneus.

Aigeion. A hero-shrine of Aegeus at Athens; Dinarchus in his speech Against Polyeuctus.

Aigeidai. Demosthenes in the Funeral Oration, if it is genuine. The tribe Aegeis was named after Aegeus son of Pandion, whence the tribesmen are called Aegeidae.

Aigidas ekaloun ("they called aigides"). They called the nets made of woolen fillets "aigides"; Lycurgus in his work On the Administration, and Nymphodorus. Herodotus, in book four, says that these are called "aigeai" by the Libyans.

Aigilieus. Hyperides. Aigilia is a deme of the tribe Antiochis, whence the demesman is Aigilieus.

Aidesasthai. Used instead of "to be persuaded to relent" by Lysias in the speech Against Demosthenes for Maladministration of a Guardianship, if it is genuine, and by Demosthenes in his speech Against Nausimachus and Xenopeithes. But in the speech Against Aristocrates this same word is used instead of "to appease and persuade."

Aithalides. Aithalidai is a deme of the tribe Leontis, of which the demesman is Aithalides.

Aithiopion. The name of a place in Euboea.

Aikias ("of assault"). A kind of private suit brought for blows, of which the assessment is not fixed in the laws; rather, the accuser sets down the assessment at whatever he thinks the wrong is worth, and the jurors decide.

Ainious ("the people of Aenus"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. Aenus is a city of Thrace. Homer: "who had come from Aenus." Ephorus, in the fourth book of his work, speaking of the towns of Thrace, says: "Next to these is the city of Aenus, which Greeks from Alopeconnesus first colonized, and afterward they brought in settlers from Mytilene and Cyme as well."

Aixonesin ("at Aixone"). Isaeus, in the speech Against Medon, Concerning a Plot of Land. Aixone is a deme of the tribe Cecropis. Its people were ridiculed in comedy as foul-mouthed, whence "to behave like an Aixonean" came to mean "to speak abusively"; Menander in the Canephorus. And Plato, in his dialogue On Courage, says: "I shall say nothing in reply to this, though I have something to say, lest you call me an Aixonean."

Akademeia. There were three gymnasia: the Lyceum, the Cynosarges, and the Academy. It was named after Academus, who consecrated it.

Akamantis. Demosthenes, in the speech Against Boeotus, Concerning the Name: "having been born in the tribe Acamantis." This is one of the ten tribes, named after Acamas son of Theseus.

Akare. Used instead of "little" or "nothing" in Antiphon.

Akinakes. Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates. It is a Persian sword. Anaximenes too mentions it in the first book of his work On Alexander.

Ake. This is a city in Phoenicia; Demosthenes in his speech Against Callippus. Nicanor, who wrote on changes of names, and Callimachus in his Memoranda say it is the city now called Ptolemais; but Demetrius says, more precisely, that it was the citadel of Ptolemais that was formerly named Ake.

Akmazeis ("you are in your prime"). Used instead of "you do what belongs to the young" by Hyperides in the speech Against Mantitheus, and by Lysias in the speech Against Nicarchus the flute-player, if it is genuine.

Akritos. Used instead of "undistinguished, confused" by Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

Akroasthai. Used instead of "to obey" by Antiphon in the speech Against Philinus.

Akte. Properly a certain coastal portion of Attica; Hyperides in the speech On the Salt-Fish; whence also comes the "Actite" stone. Some called Attica itself by this name, some after a certain king Actaeon, others because the greater part of the country is by the sea.

Aktia. Hyperides, in the speech Concerning Polyeuctus' Holding a Generalship. The Actia was an ancient contest, as Callimachus makes clear in his work On Contests.

Alabastothekai. The cases for alabaster jars, which in common speech they call perfume-cases; Demosthenes in the speech On the Embassy. Alabaster jars are flasks which cannot be grasped (labesthai) because of their smoothness.

Halaieus. The name of a deme.

Alastor. One whom no man could ever forget; Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon. The word is frequent in tragedy. "Haleas": Demosthenes in the speech On the Embassy. It is a Thessalian city. The citizens are called Haleis.

Alexandros. Demosthenes, in the sixth book of the Philippics, says: "when Alexander, the ancestor of these men, came as herald about these matters." This is the one surnamed Philhellene, son of Amyntas, father of Perdiccas; he served under Mardonius, by whom he was sent to demand earth and water from the Athenians. They not only paid him no heed but, with strong threats, sent him away. There is another Alexander, himself also a king of the Macedonians, the elder brother of Philip, about whom Demosthenes says in the speech On the Embassy: "and yet this Apollophanes was among those who killed Alexander, the brother of Philip." There is yet another Alexander, a Thessalian, about whom again Demosthenes speaks in his speech Against Aristocrates: "And what of that Alexander, the Thessalian?" This man is from Pherae; the Athenians fought as his allies against the Thebans, at the time when Pelopidas was held prisoner by him. And there is another Alexander, the Molossian, brother of Olympias the wife of Philip, whom again Demosthenes mentions in the seventh book of the Philippics, if the speech is genuine.

Halipedon tines ("some say the Halipedon"). Some say the Halipedon is the Piraeus. But it is also, in general, a place which was formerly sea and afterward became a plain. For this reason the first syllable has the rough breathing; for it is, as it were, "a plain of the sea" (halos pedion). Or else it means a level, well-trodden plain, ground as it were smooth, as Aristophanes uses it in the Banqueters with the smooth breathing, "on level ground." Some say that the coastal plain is so called. Others say it was so named from the fact that horses can roll in it, that is, raise dust.

Halimousioi. Demosthenes, in the appeal Against Eubulides. Halimous is a deme of the tribe Leontis, and the demesmen are Halimousioi.

Halirrothios. A proper name, son of Poseidon; Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates.

Alketas. King of the Molossians; Isaeus in the speech Concerning Matters Spoken in Macedonia. But there was also another Alketas, a subordinate commander of Alexander.

Alkibiades. The son of Cleinias. But there was another, the great-grandfather of the one just mentioned, of whom Lysias says, in the speech Against Alcibiades for Desertion, if the speech is genuine, that both he himself and his maternal grandfather were twice ostracized. There is yet another Alcibiades whom Antiphon mentions in his Defense Against the Indictment of Demosthenes; some of the other orators mention him too, and the comic poets. He is of the deme Phegous, a guest-friend of Alcibiades.

Alkimachos. Demosthenes in the speech Against Euergus and Mnesibulus. He is a general, of the deme Anagyrous, who commanded in the war against Philip. There is another Alkimachos, a Macedonian, whom Hyperides mentions in the speech Against Demades thus: "we made Alkimachos and Antipater Athenians and proxenoi." Anaximenes, in the second book of his work On Alexander, recorded a public speech of his, against which he says Demosthenes spoke in reply.

Alkmaionidai. A distinguished family at Athens, descended from Alcmaion.

Alogian ("want of reckoning"). The having no reckoning, but acting without calculation; Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates, and Plato.

Halogoi eranistai ("unreckoned contributors"). Perhaps those who have not yet paid out the share falling to them according to the order, fixed by the cycle, of the names entered for the loan-club. Dinarchus, in the speech Against the Sons of Patrocles, Concerning a Loan-Club.

Halonnesos. A small island in the Aegean Sea; Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon, as also Archemachus in the fourth book of his Euboean History. The dispute over Halonnesus is also mentioned by Theopompus in his fourth book and by Anaximenes in the fourth book of the Philippics.

Alope. Lycurgus in the speech Concerning the Priestess. Daughter of Cercyon, by whom and by Poseidon was born Hippothoon, the eponym of the tribe Hippothontis, as Hellanicus relates in the second book of his Atthis, and Euripides in the play of the same name, and Dinarchus in the Adjudication of the People of Phalerum.

Halourgopolike ("the dealing in purple"). The trade in purple, as we call it; Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes.

Haloa. Demosthenes in his speech Against Neaera. The Haloa is an Attic festival, which Philochorus says was named from the fact that at that time men spent their time about the threshing-floors (halos). He says, in his work On Festivals, that it is held in the month Posideon.

Alopeke. A deme of the tribe Antiochis; the demesman is Alopekeus, and the local form is "from Alopeke" (Alopekethen). Philochorus, in his third book, shows whence they got the name.

Alopekonnesos. A city of those in the Chersonese.

Amadokos. Isocrates, in the speech To Philip. There were two of this name, father and son; the latter came to fight as an ally of Philip in the war against Cersobleptes. Theopompus mentions both in the eleventh book of the Philippics.

Amazoneion. Isaeus, in the speech Against Diocles. Ammonius has discussed the dedication of the Amazons at Athens in his work On Altars and Sacrifices. It is a shrine which the Amazons established.

Hamaxanteia. A deme of the tribe Hippothontis. The demesman is Hamaxanteus.

Amblothridion. An aborted fetus.

Ambrakia. A city on the Ambracian Gulf, a colony of the Corinthians.

Hamippoi. Isaeus, in the Temenic speech. Those who serve in war together with horses. Some say that certain riding-horses are yoked to one another, and the man who drives them leads the one along while he rides the other. These are called hamippoi. This is the same as Homer's "leaping now to one, now to another." But the hamippoi are foot-soldiers, as is clear from Thucydides and from Xenophon in the seventh book of the Hellenica. And perhaps they are a kind of advance-runner, stationed together with the cavalry; at any rate Philochorus, in his sixteenth book, mentions advance-runners as well.

Ammonis. The trireme sacred to Ammon; Dinarchus in his speech Against Himeraeus.

Amorges. He is a bastard son of Pissuthnes.

Amorgos. It is something resembling fine linen; Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus. The comic poets often mention "Amorgine" stuffs, as do Aristophanes in the Lysistrata and Eupolis in the Cities.

Amphignoein. Used instead of "to be ignorant" or "to be in doubt about one's knowledge," as also Lysias uses it in the speech Against Aesion, Concerning the Theft of Books, if the speech is genuine.

Amphideai. They are a kind of anklet; Aristophanes in the Thesmophoriazusae. But Lysias, in his speech Against Euthydicus, uses it in a special sense, saying: "being unable to throw them out because the doors were bound with clasps (amphideai)."

Amphidromia. Lysias in the speech On the Miscarriage, if the speech is genuine. A certain day was observed for newborn children, on which they carried the infant at a run around the hearth, and the household and friends received gifts of octopuses and cuttlefish.

Amphiktyones. It is a council of the Greeks, gathering at Thermopylae. It was named either from Amphictyon son of Deucalion, because he gathered the nations together while he reigned, as Theopompus says in his eighth book (these were twelve: Ionians, Dorians, Perrhaebians, Boeotians, Magnesians, Achaeans, Phthiotians, Malians, Dolopians, Aenianians, Delphians, Phocians); or from the fact that those gathered together were dwellers around (perioikoi) Delphi, as Anaximenes says in the first book of his Hellenica.

Amphipolis. Antiphon, Concerning the Tribute of the Lindians. This is a city of Thrace. Formerly it was called Ennea Hodoi ("Nine Ways"), as Androtion says in the twelfth book of his Atthis. Marsyas, in his Macedonian History, says it was named Amphipolis because the place was surrounded by dwellings, having formerly been called Acra; others say it was called "city of Ares."

Amphisbetein ("to dispute"). Amphisbetein and parakataballein: those who lay claim to estates are said to "dispute" or to "pay a deposit," some asserting that the estate is not subject to adjudication, on the ground that the deceased has a son, whether by birth or by adoption; others, claiming that since he died childless they have a juster right to the estate than the man who obtained it by lot, being either kinsmen or heirs by will. So Demosthenes and Hyperides have explained the matter of paying a deposit.

Amphissa. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. A city of Locris. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Opuntians, says thus: "Andraemon was its founder, and they named it Amphissa because the place is surrounded (periechesthai) by mountains."

Amphoteropaoun ("for both voyages"). Demosthenes, in the speech Against Dionysodorus. When someone lends a maritime loan on condition of sailing both from here to some place and from there back here, this is called "for both voyages" (amphoteroploun).

Hamosgepos. Used instead of "in some one way" by Lysias in his speech on the indictment Against Aristagoras, if it is genuine.

Anaballei ("he postpones"). Used instead of "he puts off into delays" and, as it were, "he postpones," by Demosthenes in the Philippics.

Anagein. The denouncing of the man who has sold something and proceeding against him; Lysias in the speech Against Boeon, if it is genuine, and Dinarchus.

Anageis ("polluted men"). Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Written with one alpha, it means the impure; if written "enageis," it means those held in the curse, that is, in the pollution.

Anaginoskomenos. Used instead of "being persuaded" by Antiphon, Isaeus, and Herodotus in his first book.

Anagkaion. Used instead of "prison" by Isaeus in the speech Against Hermon, and by Xenophon in the Hellenica. Callisthenes used "anogeon" ("upper chamber"), which ought rather to be the form said.

Anagurasios. Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Anagyrous is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis, whence the demesman is Anagurasios.

Anadikasasthai. To plead a case anew (from the beginning); so Isaeus. Hence too "anadikoi kriseis," the cases tried over again, when witnesses are convicted of false testimony.

Anathesthai ("to reset"). Antiphon, in his work On Concord: "but to set life over again like a board-piece is not possible," in the sense of living over again after repenting of one's former life. It is said by metaphor from those who play at draughts; Plato in the Hipparchus, or Lover of Gain.

Anairetheis. Used instead of "taken up and reared" in Isocrates, in the speech To Philip.

Anainesthai. In common usage "to refuse," but in a special sense it is used of matters relating to marriage and sexual love; Demosthenes in the special plea On Behalf of Phormio, Plato in the Phaon, Menander in the Sicyonian.

Anakaiasin ("at Anacaea"). Isaeus, in the speech Against Diocles. Anacaea is a deme of the tribe Hippothontis.

Anakalupteria ("unveiling-gifts"). Gifts given to brides, both by the husband and by the household and friends, when they are first unveiled so as to be seen by the men. The same gifts are also called "epaulia." These are what we call "things seen for the first time."

Anakeion. Demosthenes in his speech Against Stephanus. A shrine of the Dioscuri.

Anakrisis ("preliminary examination"). An inquiry held by each magistrate before the trials, concerning the matters bearing on the suit. They also examine whether the case ought to be brought into court at all. The word occurs often among the orators, as also in Lysias, in his speech Against Aristodemus.

Anaktes. Anaktes and anassai ("lords and ladies"): Isocrates in the Evagoras. The orator seems to be mentioning a certain custom in Cyprus. At any rate Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Cyprians, says: "the sons and brothers of the king are called lords (anaktes), and his sisters and wives ladies (anassai)."

Anaxagoras. A sophist, son of Hegesibulus, a Clazomenian, a pupil of Anaximenes of Miletus. He was nicknamed "Mind," since he said that matter and Mind are the guardians of all things. This is the man who said that the sun is a red-hot mass.

Anaxibios. Lysias in the speech Against Thrasybulus. He was a general of the Lacedaemonians.

Anapodizomena ("things gone over again"). Used instead of "things examined," or instead of "the same things said or done over again from the beginning," by Antiphon, On Truth, book one.

Anaseisas. Used instead of "having threatened"; Demosthenes Against Aristogiton.

Anasuntaxas. Used instead of "having drawn up anew" by Hyperides Against Polyeuctus.

Anati ("without harm"). Used instead of "without ruin, without evil" by Isaeus in the speech Against Apollodorus.

Anaflustioi. Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Anaphlystus is a deme of the tribe Antiochis. Some mention Anaphlystus as a city.

Anaforan. The referring of the blame for things done wrong upon others; Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

Andera ("banks"). Hyperides, in the speech Against Conon. They call the banks of rivers "andera" because they are always moist and wet. Others say it means the mounds, because they are above and over the moist places; among these too is Hyperides.

Andokidou Hermes ("the Hermes of Andocides"). Aeschines, in the speech Against Timarchus: "then the Hermes called the Hermes of Andocides is not the dedication of Andocides, but of the tribe Aegeis." And Andocides himself, in his speech On the Mysteries, has said that the dedication belonged to the tribe Aegeis, so that Duris speaks rashly in saying it belonged to Andocides.

Andrapodokapelos. The man now called a slave-dealer, so named from his trafficking (kapeleuein) in slaves, that is, selling them; Isaeus in the speech Against Hermon.

Andrapodistes ("kidnapper"). Lycurgus, in the speech Against Lycophron: "I marvel that we punish with death the kidnappers, who deprive us only of our household slaves."

Andreia ("the prime of manhood"). The age of grown men; Antiphon in his work On Concord.

Androlepsia ("seizure of men"). The seizing of men from a city; for they used to take as pledges the city that harbored a murderer and would not give him up for punishment. Demosthenes Against Aristocrates. In this passage he also uses the neuter form, "androlepsion."

Andron. Antiphon, in his Defense Against the Indictment of Demosthenes. Craterus, in the fifth book of his Decrees, says that the Andron who proposed the decree concerning Antiphon the orator was one of the Four Hundred.

Anelousa gar ton nomon touton ekeirotonesen autei ("for having repealed this law she voted for her"). Demosthenes says this in the speech Against Androtion; but since the passage is obscure and elliptical, different men interpret it differently. In the Atticianus manuscripts there was a twofold reading: one thus, "for having repealed this law, she voted for herself," in the sense of "for having transgressed this law, she granted a vote about herself, whether she ought to be crowned"; the other reading, "for having repealed this law, she voted, having taken that one for herself."

Anemutas. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. This man is a Theban by birth.

Anepopteutos. Hyperides, in the speech On Behalf of Phryne. One who has not been admitted to the higher initiation (epopteia). What the higher initiation is, Philochorus shows in his tenth book: "this man wrongs all the sacred rites, both the mysteries and the rites of the higher initiation"; and again, "to Demetrius it fell, beyond all others, alone to be both initiated and admitted to the higher initiation, and the ancestral times of the ceremony to be altered."

Aneskeuasanto. What is called in life "to be made desolate," that is, to be ruined and, as it were, to renounce one's all.

Aneton. Used instead of "sacred and dedicated to some god" by Hyperides in the Deliac speech.

Anechaitise. Demosthenes in the Philippics, used instead of "checked" or "overturned," by metaphor from horses.

Anekei. In Antiphon, On Truth, book one, used instead of the simple "has come," or, as it were, "has been brought up and advanced."

Antheia. That she was a courtesan is clear; but perhaps it should be written "Anteia" with the tau, since we have found it so in Lysias.

Anthemokritos. Isaeus, in the speech Against Calydon: "the bath beside the statue of Anthemocritus," that is, by the Thriasian gates. This man was a herald of the Athenians, but was slain by the Megarians while forbidding them to encroach on the sacred land of the two goddesses.

Anthemous. A Macedonian city, and those from it are called Anthemountioi.

Anthesterion. This is the eighth month among the Athenians, sacred to Dionysus. Ister, in his Collection, says it was so called because at that time most things of the earth bloom (anthein).

Anthene. Lysias, in his speech on the indictment Against Aristodemus, if it is genuine. A city of Laconia.

Anthupomosan. Used instead of "they made a counter-affidavit to the postponement under oath" by Demosthenes Against Olympiodorus.

Anidrutos ("unsettled"). Used instead of "implacable" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristogiton.

Anoikos. Used instead of "uninhabited" by Lycurgus Against Lycophron.

Antepitithesin. Used instead of "he writes back in reply" by Isaeus in the speech Against Callippides.

Antiatais ("to the people of Antium"). To those from the city of Antium, which is three hundred stades distant from Rome.

Antibabthentos. Used instead of "having been dictated" by Dinarchus in the impeachment Against Pytheas.

Antigenidas. Lysias, in the speech Against Nicarchus the flute-player, if it is genuine. He was a son of Dionysius, a most renowned flute-player.

Antigrapheus ("counter-recorder"). The officer set over those who pay sums of money to the city, so as to record these sums in a counter-register; Demosthenes in his speech Against Androtion and Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. There were two counter-recorders: one of the administration, as Philochorus says, the other of the Council, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Antigraphe ("counter-plea, register"). In a special sense, in the adjudications of estates it is called "antigraphe" when someone asserts that, since the deceased died childless, the estate belongs to himself by birth or by gift. In a general sense, in both public and private suits, it means the documents of the litigants which they submitted concerning the matter—both those of the prosecutor and those of the defendant—and the depositions of witnesses; Demosthenes Against Stephanus, and Hyperides. But Plato, in the Apology of Socrates, calls the same thing both "counter-oath" and "antigraphe."

Antithesis. Isocrates in the Panathenaicus. Antithesis is a figure of speech in which they set opposites against one another, either in parts or all together. In parts, as Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "you taught letters, while I attended school," and what follows. All together, the whole set against the whole, as the same Demosthenes in the speech Against Meidias, from the words "he, for his part, being supplied with a chorus by a friend," down to "while I was walking." This same figure is also called "antitheton," as Aeschines does in his Defense On the Embassy.

Antikyra. Lysias, in the speech Against Medon. Perhaps it is a personal name. Antiphanes, in his work On Courtesans, says: "they called her Antikyra because she used to drink with men deranged and mad." Others say it was because the physician Nicostratus left her a great quantity of hellebore when he died.

Antiochis. The name of a tribe.

Antiphon. One of the ten orators, son of Sophilus, of the deme Rhamnous.

Antipatros. Son of Iolaus.

Antissa. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. One of the cities in Lesbos.

Antrones. A city in Thessaly; Demosthenes in a Philippic.

Antomosia ("affidavit on oath"). Both accusers and accused write out certain documents and submit them to the magistrate concerning the matters of the suit. It is so called because the prosecutors and defendants swore against each other (antomnyon), the one to prosecute truthfully, the other to defend truthfully.

Anorthiazon. Andocides. Used instead of "crying aloud in a high voice." Homer: "There the goddess stood and shouted, great and terrible, on high, to the Achaeans, and into the heart of each she cast great strength to war and fight unceasingly."

Axioi ("he thinks"). Used instead of "he holds" by Antiphon, in the speech Concerning the Outrage Against a Free Boy, and by Lysias.

Axiochos. A dialogue called the Axiochus was written by Aeschines the Socratic.

Axoni ("on the axon"). The laws of Solon were written on wooden axones; Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristocrates: "as it is stated on the axon." They were, as Polemon says in his work Against Eratosthenes, four-sided in shape, and they are preserved in the Prytaneum, inscribed on all their parts. They sometimes give the appearance of being three-sided, when they are tilted toward the narrow part of the angle.

Aopta ("unseen things"). Used instead of "invisible and unseen things, which only seemed to be seen," by Antiphon, On Truth, book one.

Apage ("away with it"). Used instead of "use the summary arrest"; "apagoge" (summary arrest) is a kind of suit; Demosthenes in the speech Against Conon. It is named from "leading away" (apagein), and the malefactors were "led away." They were led away to the Eleven.

Apagoreuein. Used instead of "to grow weary and unable" by Lysias in the Erotic speech.

Apathe. Used instead of "things that have not truly happened as experiences" by Antiphon, On Truth, book one.

Aparithmon. Used instead of "filling out a number" by Isocrates, in the speech To Philip.

Apartilogia ("a rounding-off of accounts"). Lysias, in the speech Against Aresandrus, and Herodotus, used instead of "a complete and full number."

Apatouria. Demosthenes, in the speech Against Boeotus. It is a festival among the Athenians, which they hold in Pyanepsion for four days, as those who have written about festivals say. Whence it was so named many others have said, including Ephorus in his second book: from the deception (apate) concerning the boundaries, when, during the war of the Athenians against the Boeotians over the territory of Melania, Melanthus the king of the Athenians, fighting in single combat, killed Xanthus the Theban by a trick.

Apeipein ("to give out"). Apeipein used instead of "to grow weary and fail" by Antiphon in his work Concerning the Tribute of the Lindians. And it is used instead of "to renounce" by the same author.

Apergasamenos. Used instead of "having paid back out of the works he had done" by Isaeus in the speech Against Apollodorus.

Apeschoinismenos. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristogiton, book one, used instead of "shut off"; for when the Council fences itself off with a rope, as he himself says, then all the others are roped off (shut out).

Apeaoemenos ("threshed and gathered in"). The man who has been brought together from the threshing-floor after the threshing, that is, the treading out; Demosthenes in his speech Against Phaenippus.

Apecheia. Used instead of "hatred" by Lysias Against Medon and by Dinarchus Against Cephisocles.

Apillein. Lysias in the speech Against Theomnestus, if it is genuine, is taken to mean "to shut out."

Apistein. Used instead of "to disobey" by Antiphon Against Laispodias, and by Isocrates in his letter To Philip. They also use "apistia" for disobedience, as Demosthenes in the ninth book of the Philippics, and many others.

Aplas ("plain sandals"). Demosthenes Against Conon. Callistratus says that single-soled shoes are so called. Strattis in the Lemnomeda: "to buy yourself shoes of the plain sort."

Apobates kai apobainein ("the dismounter and to dismount"). Apobates and apobainein and apobatikoi trochoi ("dismounting-wheels"): Dinarchus Against Phormisius and in his Defense Against Antiphanes, and Lycurgus in his Defense Against Demades. The apobates is a kind of equestrian contest; "to dismount" is for the dismounter to compete; and the "dismounting-wheels" are those used in this contest. What takes place in it Theophrastus shows in the twentieth book of his Laws. He says that among the Greeks only the Athenians and Boeotians practice this.

Apographe ("registration"). When someone says that another holds something belonging to the city, the man charged makes a registration, showing whence he has the property and how much it is. Perhaps "apographe" is also a kind of suit; for if someone denied that he held it, he was tried for false registration, on the ground that the registration had not been rightly made; Demosthenes Against Androtion. What the risk was for the man making the registration becomes clear in the speech of Demosthenes Against Nicostratus, Concerning the Slaves of Arethusius, if it is genuine.

Apodektai ("the receivers"). The receivers are a magistracy among the Athenians, often mentioned by the orators and the comic poets. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, has shown that they were ten in number, and that, taking over the registers, they cancel the sums paid in, in the presence of the Council in the council-chamber, and again hand back the registers to the public clerk; and he explains in plain terms what they do. That the receivers were appointed by Cleisthenes in place of the colacretae, Androtion shows in his second book.

Apodidomenoi. Antiphon, in his work Concerning the Tribute of the Samothracians, used instead of "those paying back." Further on he says "apodidometha," either instead of "we pay back" or instead of "we sell."

Apoikia ("colony-charter"). In a special sense they so named the documents according to which certain people go out as colonists; Hyperides in the Deliac speech.

Apoikodomeis. Used instead of "you wall off, shutting someone off by a building," by Demosthenes in the speech Against Callicles.

Apokeruttontes. Used instead of "selling by proclamation" by Demosthenes Against Aristocrates. Plato in the Ambassadors: "having stolen the little vessels, he carried them off and sold them by proclamation."

Apokrisis. The reply, the defense; Lysias. And Demosthenes Against Aeschines: "answer me, coming forward here." Eupolis in the Cities: "as I shall by all means answer you in reply to the accusations."

Apolachein. Used instead of the simple "to obtain by lot" by Antiphon in the speech Against Philinus, and by Lysias Against Posidippus. Aristophanes in the Frying-pan Men: "yet your brother, at least, did not get his share by lot."

Apoleloipotes ("those who have left behind"). Used instead of "the victors." The metaphor is from runners; for the victors leave behind those they defeat. Isocrates in the Panathenaicus and the Panegyricus.

Apolexis. One of the prose-writers, whom Plato ridicules in the Sophists.

Apomatton. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Some understand it more simply as "wiping off and cleansing"; others more elaborately, as "smearing the clay and bran upon the initiates," as we speak of "wiping over" a statue with clay; for they used to anoint the initiates with clay and bran, imitating the things told in myth among some peoples—namely, that the Titans defiled Dionysus, having smeared themselves with gypsum so as not to be recognized. This custom, then, fell out of use, and afterward they were smeared with clay for form's sake. Sophocles in the Captive Women: "a purifier of the army and skilled in cleansings," and again, "a most clever wiper-away of great misfortunes."

Apollon Pauroios ("Apollo Pauroios"). Apollo Pauroios, the Pythian: this is one title of the god, among many others that exist. The Athenians honor Apollo in common as ancestral (patroios), from Ion; for when he had settled Attica, as Aristotle says, the Athenians were called Ionians, and Apollo was named their ancestral god.

Apomisthoi ("the unpaid"). Those who receive no pay; Demosthenes in the Philippics and in his speech Against Aristocrates.

Apo misthomaton ("from rentals"). Didymus the grammarian says it is used instead of "from the revenues of the sacred precincts." For to each god they assigned plethra of land, from the renting of which the expenses for the sacrifices were met; for they did not sacrifice the victims out of piety, but from the rentals.

Aponome ("apportionment"). The share, as when the city takes a certain portion of the proceeds from the mines, or as when these are divided among several lessees, so that each receives some part; Dinarchus often, in his speech Against the Sons of Lycurgus.

Apopephasmenon. Used instead of "demonstrated and made manifest." So Dinarchus and Lysias, and Demosthenes Against Neaera: "they are sold openly (apopephasmenos)," instead of "publicly."

Apopompas. Isocrates, in the speech To Philip. Certain gods were called "apopompaioi" ("averters"), about whom Apollodorus has discoursed in the sixth book of his work On the Gods.

Aporrexantes. Having apportioned, having given a certain share; Isaeus in his Plea On Behalf of Nicias; the word is also found in comedy.

Aporreta ("forbidden things"). The things forbidden in the laws; Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon. What the things were that were forbidden to be said against one another, Lysias has shown in the speech Against Theomnestus, if the speech is genuine.

Aporotatos ("most resourceless"). Used instead of "one against whom no resource (poros) can be found" by Isaeus in the speech On Behalf of the Daughter of Mnesaeus.

Aposaxanta. Dinarchus used it instead of "having blocked up and filled in the hole."

Apostasiou ("of desertion"). A suit granted to those who have freed slaves, against the freedmen, if they desert them or register another as their patron, or fail to do what the laws command. Those convicted must be slaves again, while those who win their case are then wholly free. The word occurs often among the orators, in Lysias in the speech Against Aristodemus, and in Hyperides in the speech Against Demetria for Desertion. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, writes thus concerning the polemarch: "this officer introduces suits of desertion and of being without a patron, and suits concerning estates and heiresses."

Apostesamenon. Used instead of "having received by weight" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Timotheus.

Apostoleis ("dispatchers"). Those appointed for the sending out of the triremes; Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon, and Philochorus in his seventh book. "Apostoloi" are the dispatchings of the ships; the same orator in the first book of the Philippics.

Apostrofen. Used instead of "refuge" by Demosthenes in the Philippics.

Apotaxis ("separate assessment"). The being assessed separately, of those who were formerly assessed together for paying the fixed tribute; Antiphon in his work Concerning the Tribute of the Samothracians.

Apotimetai kai apotimema kai apotiman ("valuers and security and to value"). Apotimetai and apotimema and apotiman and their cognates. Those who leased the estates of orphans from the archon furnished securities for the lease; and the archon had to send certain men to value the securities. The securities thus valued were called "apotimemata," those sent to value them "apotimetai," and the act "apotiman." It was also the custom in those times, when the relatives gave a dowry to a woman being married, to ask from the husband, as a kind of pledge worth the dowry, such as a house or a plot of land. The man who gave the security was said, actively, "to value" (apotiman), and the man who received it "to have valued for himself" (apotimasthai). The same account holds for other debts as well; Demosthenes in his second speech Against Onetor, and Lysias in the speech Against Diogenes, Concerning the Lease of a House, if it is genuine.

Apotafos. Used instead of "deprived of the ancestral tombs" by Dinarchus in the impeachment Against Agasikles.

Apoteichisai. To shut off by a wall and to cut off from the exit.

Apoteteichismenos de ho apeilemmenos kai apokekleismenos ("apoteteichismenos, the man cut off and shut in"). Apoteteichismenos is the man cut off and shut in by a wall; Antiphon in his Defense Against the Indictment of Demosthenes, and Thucydides.

Apo uou pragmatos ("from such a matter"). Used instead of "from afar" by Demosthenes Against Androtion.

Apofasis ("declaration"). The declaring in writing, item by item, how much property one has, which happens especially in the exchanges of property; Demosthenes often, in his speech Against Phaenippus. Once only he has called this same thing "apographe."

Apoforan. Used instead of "to carry away and to make an interval between" by Isaeus in the speech Against the Orgeones, in which he says thus: "if indeed they used to mark off, by these intervals (apophorai) of the feet, the land as belonging to another."

Apopsefizontai. Used instead of "they condemn him as not being a citizen" by Dinarchus in his speech Against Archestratus. Demosthenes, in the appeal Against Eubulides, calls the act "apopsephisis."

Aprobouleuton ("without prior resolution"). A decree brought not first to the Council, but directly to the people. In the speech Against Androtion a law is appended making this clear.

Aproskleton ("unsummoned"). The woman not summoned; Hyperides in the speech Against Athenogenes, book two.

Aprostasiou ("of being without a patron"). A kind of suit against metics who did not appoint a patron; for each of them chose for himself one of the citizens to act as his protector in all matters private and public. Hyperides in his speech Against Aristagoras for Being Without a Patron, book two.

Aproton. Dinarchus, in the speech Against Pytheas: "the orators having leapt in like aprotoi into the trading-place." Perhaps this is a scribal error, and one should write "like robbers" (lestoi). In some copies it is written "like parnopes"; the parnopes are a kind of locust.

Arafenios. Isaeus, in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes. It is a deme of the tribe Aegeis.

Argas. Aeschines, in the speech Concerning the Restitution. It is more plausible to say that the Dorians, and especially the Argives, called the snake "argas," as Achaeus does in his Adrastus. But Timachidas of Rhodes says that the snake is not called "argas" as a dialect word, but that the "argai" are a particular kind of snake; and so it is likely that Demosthenes is being called a snake, because of his beastliness, since he was bringing suits against his guardians for maladministration of his guardianship. And he himself likens such men to snakes in the speech Against Aristogiton. In the Atticianus copies, however, it was written "harpax" ("rapacious"). Some say that "argas" is an epithet of the dragon.

Argoura. Demosthenes Against Meidias. It is a city of Euboea, situated in the Chalcidic region, as Aristotle of Chalcis says in his work On Euboea.

Arguriotheke ("money-chest"). Dinarchus, in the speech Against Proxenus for Damage. There were two kinds of writing-tablets which the Athenians used: some only for writing something in them, others also for depositing money, which they also called "little chests"; and others again were "double-doored."

Arguritis ge ("silver-bearing land"). Arguritis ge and chrysitis ("silver-bearing and gold-bearing land"): the land that yields gold and silver.

Argurokopeion ("mint"). Antiphon, in the speech Against Nicocles. The place where coin is struck; what some now call the "signet-house."

Arginousai. Islands lying opposite Lesbos, named after a certain Arginus.

Arguropous diphros ("the silver-footed stool"). The stool of Xerxes, which was called "captive," sitting on which he watched the sea-battle. It was dedicated in the Parthenon of Athena.

Argaios. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. About him too Theopompus speaks in the first book of the Philippics: "they call him Archelaus and Argaeus and Pausanias."

Ariobarzanes. Appointed satrap of Phrygia by Artaxerxes, this man revolted; and the king, having sent an army to make war on him, overpowered and crucified him.

Ardettos. Lysias, in the speech Against Elpine. A place at Athens above the Panathenaic stadium, by the deme below Agryle. Here, they say, all the Athenians used to swear in public the juror's oath. It was named after Ardettus, an ancient hero, who first administered the oath to the Athenians. Theophrastus, in his work On Laws, shows that this custom had been abolished.

Arete ("virtue"). Used instead of "good repute" by Andocides and Thucydides in his first book.

Arthmios. A proper name, the slave of a certain king.

Aristeus. This too is a proper name.

Aristylla. She was a sister of Aristogiton.

Aristion. Hyperides, in the speech Against Demosthenes. This man is a Samian, or a Plataean, as Diyllus says, and from boyhood a companion of Demosthenes; he was sent by him to Hephaestion for the sake of a reconciliation, as Marsyas says in the fifth book of his work On Alexander.

Arkteusai ("to serve as a bear"). Lysias, in the speech On Behalf of the Daughter of Phrynichus, if it is genuine: the consecration of maidens before marriage to Artemis of Munychia or of Brauron. The matters bearing on the subject are stated by others and by Craterus in his Decrees. That the maidens who serve as bears are called "bears" (arktoi), Euripides shows in the Hypsipyle, and Aristophanes in the Lemnian Women and the Lysistrata.

Arktouros. Arcturus and "Bear-Watcher" (Arctophylax): the one named Boötes; Lysias in the speech Against Philip, Concerning a Guardianship. In a special sense it is the star beneath his belt; Aratus and Hesiod in the Works show this.

Arkuoros ("net-watcher"). Lycurgus, in the impeachment Against Menesaechmus. The man who watches the "arkyes," that is, the nets. "Arkys" is the general term for all hunting-nets; Xenophon in the Cynegeticus, Cratinus in the Thracian Women.

Harmostai ("harmosts"). The governors sent out by the Lacedaemonians to the subject cities, as Eratosthenes says in his work On Good and Evil Things; Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

Arreforein ("to serve as arrephoros"). Dinarchus Against Pytheas. Four were elected as arrephoroi on account of noble birth, and two were chosen, who began the weaving of the robe and the other things connected with it. They wore white clothing. If they put on gold ornaments, these became sacred property.

Artemisia. Demosthenes, in the speech On the Freedom of the Rhodians. There were two of this name, both Carian by birth and both queens. The first, in the time of the Persian Wars, was the daughter of Lygdamis, whom Herodotus mentions. The later one, whom Demosthenes means, was the daughter of Hecatomnos, the wife and sister of Mausolus, who, Theopompus says, was seized by a wasting disease and died from grief over her husband and brother Mausolus.

Artemision. In a special sense, the statue of Artemis; Hyperides in the Deliac speech. It is also the name of a promontory of Euboea, as Demosthenes says On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

Arubbas. Son of Alketas, king of the Molossians; Demosthenes in the Philippics.

Archairesiazein. To deem oneself worthy to be chosen as a magistrate; Dinarchus in his speech Against Polyeuctus.

Archaios ("in old-fashioned style"). Isocrates in the Panegyricus: "to go through old matters in a new way and to speak of recent events in an old-fashioned way." Some say it means "in an antique manner," that is, to use older words. Ephorus, in the first book of his Histories, explained it in a certain way; he says that the later writers treat of ancient matters. For concerning the events of our own time, he says, we hold those who speak most precisely to be most trustworthy, but concerning ancient matters we consider those who give such precise accounts least convincing, supposing that neither all the deeds nor most of the speeches are likely to be remembered over so long a time. But Demosthenes, in the Philippics, says: "they were so old-fashioned, or rather statesmanlike," instead of "simple."

Arche andra deichnusi ("office shows the man"). Demosthenes in the Prefaces to Public Speeches. Sophocles, in his Elegies, says it is a saying of Solon; Theophrastus, in his work On Proverbs, and Aristotle attribute it to Bias.

Archen iasthai polu loion ee teleuten ("to heal the beginning is far better than the end"). Another proverb. It shows that one ought rather to try to check evils as they begin than when they are at their height and fully grown.

Archidameios polemos ("the Archidamian War"). Lysias in the speech Against Androtion, and Dinarchus Against Pytheas for Alien Status. The first ten years of the Peloponnesian War were called the Archidamian War, as it seems, from the fact that Archidamus invaded Attica, as Thucydides and Ephorus and Anaximenes say.

Asemanta ("unsealed things"). What we call "unsealed"; for they called the seals "signs" (semeia); Hyperides in the speech Against Antias.

Aspasia. Lysias, in the speech Against Aeschines the Socratic, whose dialogue is entitled Aspasia. The other Socratics often mention her too, and Plato, in the Menexenus, says that Socrates learned the art of politics from her. She was Milesian by birth and skilled in speech; they say she was both teacher and beloved of Pericles. She is thought to have been the cause of two wars, the Samian and the Peloponnesian, as one may learn from Duris of Samos and from Theophrastus, in the fourth book of his Politics, and from the Acharnians of Aristophanes. Pericles is thought to have had by her the Pericles named after him, the bastard, as Eupolis too suggests in the Demes. Having afterward lived with Lysicles the demagogue, she bore Poristes, as Aeschines the Socratic says.

Astathmetotaton ("most unweighable"). Concerning whom no one could conjecture or weigh out what he ever intends or will do; Demosthenes in the speech On the Embassy.

Astikton chorion ("unmarked land"). Land not pledged to a creditor; for when it is pledged, the lender is accustomed to make this very fact known by inscriptions set upon the land. The same is done in the case of a house; Lysias in the speech Against Aeschines the Socratic.

Astrabe. The mule; Demosthenes in his speech Against Meidias. Perhaps every beast of burden on which men ride was so called.

Astunomos ("city-officer"). Demosthenes Against Timocrates. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says there are ten city-officers, five in the Piraeus and five in the city. He says these have charge of the flute-girls and harp-girls, and the refuse-collectors, and the like.

Asunthetotaton ("most inconstant"). Demosthenes, in the speech On the Embassy, applied the word to a crowd, either instead of "most untrustworthy and most unstable" and "putting no faith in promises because of its instability," or "inconsistent and discordant" (for agreements are "syntheseis"); or instead of "most uncomprehending," which is "most senseless"; or instead of "one whom one could least understand as to what he is thinking." Homer: "but do you attend (syntheo) and hear me."

Atarneus. A small town lying over against Lesbos; Isocrates in the Panegyricus, Herodotus in his sixth book.

Atechnos. With the circumflex, used instead of "clearly" or "surely" or "safely" or "openly"; with the acute on the penult ("atechnos"), used instead of "carelessly and without art."

Atimetos agon ("unassessed suit"). Atimetos agon and timetos: the "assessed" suit is one for which no penalty is fixed by the laws, but the jurors had to assess what one must suffer or pay; the "unassessed" is the opposite, for which a fixed penalty is laid down by the laws, so that the jurors need make no assessment. Aeschines Against Ctesiphon, Demosthenes Against Meidias.

Atimos ("disfranchised, outlaw"). Demosthenes applied this in a special sense in the Philippics, namely, to one whom anyone may kill without being subject to penalty. For, speaking of Arthmius, he says that the Athenians voted him to be an enemy and a foe of the people of the Athenians and of their allies, both him and his family, and to be "atimos"; then he adds, as if interpreting this: "this is not the disfranchisement one might so suppose; for what did it matter to the man of Zeleia if he was not to share in the common rights of the Athenians? But it is written in the laws on homicide, concerning those for whose murder it is not permitted to bring a charge of homicide: 'let him die atimos.'" By this, then, he says, the law means that the man who kills any such person is pure.

Atta. Used instead of "as many as" or "whatever things" by Antiphon in his work Concerning the Tribute of the Lindians, and instead of "certain things" or "things of some kind" by Demosthenes in the Philippics. In some places "atta" is merely expletive.

Attes. Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Attes is honored especially among the Phrygians as a servant of the Mother of the gods. The matters concerning him Neanthes has set forth; but the account is one of mystery.

Attikois grammasin ("with Attic letters"). Demosthenes Against Neaera, used instead of "ancient letters"; for the writing of the twenty-four characters was found only late among the Ionians. Theopompus, in the twenty-fifth book of the Philippics, says that the treaties with the barbarian were forged, since they were inscribed not in Attic letters but in those of the Ionians.

Aiphentes ("perpetrator"). Lysias in the speech On Behalf of Eratosthenes. In the speech Against Isodemus he used it in a special sense of the Thirty, who carried out the murders through others; for "authentes" always means the one who does the deed with his own hand.

Auleios ("courtyard-gate"). The first door of the house, the one from the street, as Menander shows.

Aulia. Lysias in the speech Against Diodotus, and Aeschines Against Ctesiphon: either used instead of "farmsteads" (epauleis), or instead of "small courtyards."

Aulizomenoi ("bivouacking"). Used instead of "sleeping" by Antiphon, On Concord.

Auuodikein ("to fix one's own rights"). Used instead of "to define justice for themselves" by Dinarchus in his speech Against Cleomedon.

Autokleides. Aeschines Against Timarchus: "Cedonides and Autocleides and Thersander." These were violent lovers of boys, as Aristogiton too says Against Timarchus.

Au. Demosthenes uses it instead of "again" in his speech Against Aphobus, book one.

Autolekuthoi. Demosthenes Against Conon. Either used of certain men who travel light and are ready to do and endure anything whatever; or instead of "the poor, who possess nothing else but oil-flasks"; or "those who do their own work"; or instead of "men ready for blows," as it were striking and scourging and committing outrage. Or it might mean those who readily hand out money and are ready for sexual encounters; for they used to keep money in their oil-flasks. The word occurs in Menander, in both the Charioteer and the Ring. That they sometimes kept money in their oil-flasks, Diphilus shows in the Dismounter; and that, having unfastened the flask, they used the strap for scourging, Menander shows in the Trophonius.

Auuolukos. There is a speech of Lycurgus Against Autolycus the Areopagite. This man, having secretly sent his household away during the events at Chaeronea, was caught, and the jurors condemned him, as the same orator shows in his speech Against Leocrates.

Automachein ("to plead in person"). To plead one's own case oneself, and not through another; as, for instance, if someone refers a claim to the seller, he shows that the suit lies against that man; and if someone produces a witness deposing that the suit is not admissible, he himself no longer contends, but the contest is against the man who made the deposition. Lysias in the speech Against Eucles, Concerning the Ejection from a Plot of Land.

Autochthones ("the autochthonous"). The Athenians. Demosthenes in the speech On the Embassy: "for you alone of all are autochthonous." Apollodorus, in his work On the Gods, says they were called autochthonous because they first worked the soil (chthon), that is, the earth, when it lay idle; others, because they were not immigrants. But Pindar and the author of the Danais say that Erichthonius and Hephaestus appeared from the earth. The Arcadians too were autochthonous, as Hellanicus says, and the Aeginetans and the Thebans.

Afairesis idios legetai he eis eleutherian ("aphairesis, said in a special sense of the claim to freedom"). Aphairesis is said in a special sense of the claiming of a person into freedom; Hyperides in the speech Against Aristagoras.

Afareus. This man was the son of Hippias, but was reputed the son of Isocrates.

Afanes ousia kai fanera ("unseen and visible property"). Unseen property is that consisting of money and slaves and furnishings; visible property is real estate; Lysias in the speech Against Hippotherses.

Afeis ("having released"). Apheis and apallaxas: "apheis" (having released) is when one frees another from the charges he was bringing against him; "apallaxas" (having discharged) is when one persuades the accuser to desist and bring charges no longer; Demosthenes in the special plea On Behalf of Phormio. It is also possible to put it thus: that one "releases" a man only from those charges he is bringing, but "discharges" him when he leaves himself no further ground of complaint against the accused. Demosthenes in the special plea On Behalf of Phormio: "that there may come to be for him a valid discharge from you."

Afeis ten uperan ton poda diokei ("letting go the brace, he chases the sheet"). Hyperides, in the speech On the Salt-Fish, book one. A proverb applied to those who let the more important things go and busy themselves about trifles. The "uperai" are the ship's ropes by which the yard-arm is shifted.

Af hestias mueisthai ("to be initiated from the hearth"). Isaeus, in the speech Against Calydon. The one initiated "from the hearth" was always an Athenian. He was chosen by lot and was initiated.

Aforme ("capital"). When someone gives money as an investment, it is called in a special sense "aphorme" among the Attic writers.

Afosio ("I purify"). Used instead of "I cleanse, I purify" by Aeschines Against Ctesiphon. To do a thing not fully, but as it were for form's sake, Isaeus called "to discharge as a matter of ritual" (aphosiosasthai) in the speech Against Hermon.

Afrodision. In a special sense, the seat of Aphrodite.

Afuas ("the Anchovies"). Hyperides Against Aristagoras. It is also the name of two courtesan-sisters.

Acharistein. Used instead of "not to show favor." So Antiphon.

2. Balbisin ("at the starting-lines"). Antiphon, On Concord, used instead of "at the magistracies." It is taken from runners; for the line drawn beneath the starting-rope, because the runners stand upon it, is called "balbis."

Barathron ("the pit"). A chasm into which they threw those condemned to death. Demosthenes, in the Philippics, uses it not in its proper sense but by metaphor, as it were "into ruin."

Basanos ("touchstone, examination under torture"). Antiphon. A stone so called, by which gold is tested when rubbed against it. But Hyperides, in the speech Against Antias, called "basanoi" the statements made under torture by those examined and afterward recorded.

Basilike diadrome ("the king's procession"). The procession that took place in the presence of the king-archon—who is one of the nine archons at Athens—seems to have been called the "royal procession"; Dinarchus Against Pytheas.

Basileios stoa ("the Royal Stoa"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristogiton, book one. There are two stoas alongside one another, that of Zeus the Liberator and the Royal Stoa. There is also a third, formerly called the Stoa of Peisianax, but renamed the Painted Stoa.

Baskainei ("he disparages"). Used instead of "he blames and finds fault and calumniates" by Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. And in this passage: "a slanderous (baskanon) and bitter and malicious policy is no policy of mine," used instead of "fault-finding and calumnious."

Basanisas. Used instead of "having tested" by Dinarchus in the speech Against Proxenus. The word is frequent in this meaning among the Attic writers.

Batalos. Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. The word was used in comedy of effeminacy. Eupolis calls the rump "batalos." Perhaps, then, it is from this that they call the lewd "bataloi."

Baubous. The name of a woman.

Bebaioseos ("of warranty"). It is the name of a suit, which those who have bought something bring against the seller, if another disputes the thing sold and the seller does not make good the warranty. Sometimes too, when only an earnest-money has been given, and then the seller disputes, the man who gave the earnest-money brought the suit of warranty against the one who received it. Lysias in two speeches.

Besaies ("of the deme Besa"). Lysias, in his Defense Against Philocrates Concerning a Contract. Besa is a deme of the tribe Antiochis.

Biaion ("of violence"). The name of a suit against those who do anything whatever by force. The one convicted pays to the public treasury a sum equal to what he pays the successful prosecutor. Demosthenes Against Meidias. There are also speeches "concerning acts of violence" current among the works of Lysias. And it is clear that neither the name nor the suit was used only for the violation of maidens, but for other matters too.

Blimazein. To press hard with the hands. And to squeeze the honeycombs is . . .

Blisai. It is called "blisai" ("to squeeze out honey").

Boedromia. Demosthenes in the Philippics. A festival at Athens so called, which Philochorus, in his second book, says was instituted because Ion son of Xuthus came with great zeal to the aid of the Athenians when they were being warred upon by Eumolpus son of Poseidon, in the reign of Erechtheus. For "to run to the rescue" (boedromein) was the term for helping, that is, running into battle.

Bothunos ("pit"). A place so called, in a special sense, on the Sacred Way. Isaeus, in the speech Against Hermon Concerning a Pledge, mentions the place, and so does Callisthenes.

Boleones ("dung-heaps"). The place where dung is thrown is called a "boleon." Nicander, in the third book of his Attic Dialect, speaks of "boleones" in the fields, into which they carry out the dung. So Dinarchus and Philemon and others.

Bombulios ("humming-bee"). A creature resembling a bee, named from its hum (bombos); Isocrates in the Encomium of Helen.

Boulaia ("of the Council"). Dinarchus, in his information Against Callisthenes: "I call to witness Hestia of the Council," that is, the one established in the council-chamber.

Bouleia ("council-membership"). The transacting, as a member of the Council, of what belongs to councillors; Dinarchus and Aristophanes in the Thesmophoriazusae.

Bouleuseos ("of plotting"). The name of a charge applied to two matters: one is when someone contrives death for another out of a plot, whether the man plotted against dies or not; the other is when a man, registered as owing money to the treasury, brings suit against the one who registered him, on the ground that the registration was unjust. Of the former, Isaeus is a witness, in his speech Against Eucleides, saying that such cases are tried at the Palladium; and Dinarchus in his speech Against Pistias, in the Areopagus. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, agrees with Isaeus. Concerning the other charge, Demosthenes speaks in his speech Against Aristogiton, book one. Hyperides, in the speech Against Athenogenes, book one, uses the word in a special sense, of an ambush and plot directed against money.

Boutades. Bouteia is a deme of the tribe Oeneis, from which the demesmen are Boutadai.

Boutes. This man held the priesthood; and from him the descendants of Butes are called Boutadai and Eteoboutadai; for "eteon" means "true." Homer: "if truly (eteon) I am yours."

Boufonia. Hyperides in the speech Against Demades. It is a festival among the Athenians.

Boucheta. Demosthenes in the seventh book of the Philippics. It is a city of Epirus, named in the neuter plural, which Philostephanus, in his Epirotica, says was so named because Themis, riding upon an ox (bous), came there at the time of the flood of Deucalion.

Boones ("ox-buyer"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Meidias: that the ox-buyer was a man of distinction and that the highest officials were elected to this post.

Brutidai. The name of an Attic clan; Demosthenes in his speech Against Neaera.

Bomolocheuesthai ("to play the buffoon"). Properly, those were called "bomolochoi" who sat down beneath the altars at the sacrifices and begged with flattery; and further, the flute-players and seers taken on for the sacrifices. Pherecrates in the Tyranny: "and then, that we might not always be called altar-skulkers (bomolochoi), lurking everywhere by the altars, Zeus made a very great smoke-vent." By metaphor from these, certain easygoing and base men, who endure anything whatever for gain through jesting and mockery, were called "bomolochoi." Aristophanes in the Gerytades: "you make jokes and mock at us and play the buffoon (bomolocheuei).

3. Galepsos. Antiphon Against Laispodias. A city of Thrace, as those who have written geographies say. It was named after Galepsus, the son of the man from Thasos and of Teleph, as Marsyas the younger says in the fifth book of his Macedonian History.

Gamelia ("marriage-feast offering"). Demosthenes in the appeal Against Eubulides, and Isaeus. Didymus the grammarian, in his commentaries on Isaeus, says that the "gamelia" is the offering given to the phratry-members on the occasion of marriages, citing a passage of Phanodemus in which nothing of the sort is written. But in his commentaries on Demosthenes the same man again says that the "gamelia" is the introduction of wives to the phratry-members, offering no proof of his explanation.

Ganos. Ganos and Ganiada: Aeschines Against Ctesiphon. They are Thracian places, as Artemidorus says.

Geisipous ("cornice-foot"). Geisipous and geisipodisma and geisipodizein: the projecting part of the beam, on which the cornice rests, is called "geisipous" and "geisipodisma," and "geisipodizein" is to do this; Isaeus in the speech Against the Orgeones.

Gennetai ("clansmen"). Those sharing in the same clan (genos). For when all the citizens had been divided into parts, the first and largest parts were called tribes; each tribe was divided into three, and each of these parts was called a "trittys" and a "phratry." Again, each of the phratries was divided into thirty clans, from which the priesthoods belonging to each were assigned by lot. The word occurs in many of the orators, as in Demosthenes in the appeal Against Eubulides. But Isaeus, in the speech Concerning the Estate of Apollodorus, called kinsmen "gennetai"; yet kinsmen, simply, and those of one blood, were not called "gennetai" and members of the same clan, but those who were from the beginning distributed into the so-called clans. Philochorus, in his fourth book, says that those whom they now call "gennetai" were formerly called "homogalaktes" ("milk-brothers").

Gerarai ("the venerable women"). The women consecrated to Dionysus; Demosthenes in his speech Against Neaera.

Geraneia. Lysias in the Funeral Oration. It is a mountain of the Megarid, as Dieuchidas says.

Gerra. Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "they shut out the men from the booths in the marketplace and burned the wicker-screens (gerra)." The "gerra" are certain Persian shields, as Herodotus too says; but already, by an extension of usage, every covering, whether of leather or of some other material, was called a "gerron." Now, then, Demosthenes says that the coverings and screens of the booths were burned, so that men should not gather about the goods for sale in the marketplace nor spend their time in other such pursuits. But in the speech Against Neaera, if the speech is genuine, he says thus: "the law bids the prytaneis set out the little urns and give the vote to the people as they come forward, before the foreigners enter and before they remove the wicker-screens." Either, then, this is the same as in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, or one must suppose something of this sort: that the vote was given by the prytaneis to the citizens in assembly before the foreigners entered and before the barriers were removed—that is, before the assembly was thrown open to anyone who wished to speak.

Geofanion. A place in which there is a mine of earth. Concerning the geophanion in Samos, how it was discovered, Ephorus has shown in his ninth book.

Gepedon ("plot of land"). Dinarchus, in the speech Against Stephanus. "Gepedon" is the plot of land, just as "oikopedon" is the property made complete with land and dwellings. At any rate Plato, in the fifth book of the Laws, says: "of whatever house-plots (oikopeda) or land-plots (gepeda) he obtained by lot."

Glaukos. A proper name, Carystian by birth.

Glukera. A certain courtesan.

Gnosis ("decision"). Used instead of "judgment" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristogiton.

Gorgura. An underground excavation; Dinarchus, Aeschines. It is also found in Herodotus, in his third book.

Grammateus ("secretary"). Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon. How the secretary was appointed and what he did—that he has authority over the documents, guards the decrees that have been passed, makes copies of all the rest, and sits beside the Council—Aristotle has shown in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Grafeus ("painter"). Used instead of "painter" (zographos) by Demosthenes Against Meidias. And . . .

Grafein ("to paint"). They used "graphein" to mean "to paint" (zographein).

Grafe ("indictment"). The name of a certain public charge. Not only when someone accuses a decree or law is he said to bring and lodge an indictment "for illegal proposals," but also in many other wrongs, whenever one brings a charge either publicly or as if on public grounds. The word is frequent among the orators. Demosthenes Against Conon.

Grupanion. Antiphon, On Truth, book two: "for it scorches the earth and, melting it, makes it crumble." And Melanthius, in the second book of his Atthis, having said that an earthquake had occurred, says: "and the earth crumbled." Dionysius the son of Tryphon, in the fourth book of his work On Words, says that "grupainein" is "to be made to crumble," as when we bend soft pieces of wood and let them go. Perhaps, then, the historians indicate that during earthquakes a certain crumbling occurs about the earth.

Grullos. Hyperides, in the speech Against Epicles, Concerning a House. The sons of Xenophon the Socratic were Gryllus and Diodorus. This man died fighting at Mantinea.

Gulios. A plaited soldier's vessel, into which provisions were put, as Aristophanes too shows in the Peace.

Gulippos. A proper name, a Lacedaemonian.

Gulon. A proper name.

Goniasmos ("an angle, recess"). Lysias in the speech Against Lysitheus, if it is genuine: "and there is, members of the Council, as one turns the corner of the wall, a recess on the left and a very large open space." And Aristophanes in the Frogs: "inroads of slender rules and angles of words.

4. Dalou poiemata ("the works of Daedalus"). [The entry stands without explanation.]

Daeira. A proper name.

Damon. A proper name, the teacher of Pericles.

Daochos. Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon. This man was one of those who betrayed the affairs of the Thessalians to Philip.

Dareikos ("daric"). Lysias in the speech Against Eratosthenes, one of the Thirty. The darics are gold staters; one of them was worth the same as what the Attic writers call a "gold piece." They were called darics not, as most think, from Darius the father of Xerxes, but from another, more ancient king. Some say that the daric was worth twenty silver drachmas, so that the five darics were worth a silver mina.

Dateisthai ("to divide among themselves"). To apportion; and the "datetai" are, as it were, dividers. The phrase "for the choosing of dividers" is a kind of suit; for whenever certain persons held property in common, and some wished to divide the common goods while others did not, those who wished sued those who did not, challenging them to the choosing of dividers; Lysias in the speech Against Alexidemus, if it is genuine, and Aristotle in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Datos. It is a city of Thrace, exceedingly prosperous; and from it a proverb too was current, "a Datos of good things." Writers have spoken both of it and of the neighboring country, sometimes calling it "Daton" in the neuter, sometimes "Datos" in the feminine, as Ephorus always does in his fourth book; once only Theopompus, in the third book of the Philippics, calls it "Datos" in the masculine. The city of the Datenoi was, however, renamed Philippi when Philip king of the Macedonians had taken it, as Ephorus says and Philochorus in his fifth book.

Deeseis ("needs"). Used instead of "wants" by Antiphon, On Truth, book one.

Deigma ("sample, the Sample-market"). Properly, the sample shown from each of the things for sale; but also a certain place in the trading-port at Athens, into which the samples were brought, was so called. It is an Attic custom to designate the places themselves from the things in the place. Demosthenes in the speech Concerning the Trierarchy, and Lysias.

Deipnoforos ("dinner-bearer"). Hyperides, in the speech Against Demeas. It is also said that the "dinner-bearers" are now enrolled, because the mothers of the children shut away used to send in food to them each day at the temple of Athena, in which they lived, and themselves came together to greet their own children.

Deiradiotes. Deirades is a deme of the tribe Leontis, from which the demesman is Deiradiotes.

Deinoi. Used instead of "he will treat harshly" by Antiphon, On Truth, book two.

Dekazon ("bribing"). Isocrates, in the speech On the Peace. What this is, is clear to all. But Eratosthenes, in his work On the Old Comedy, shows whence the term comes, saying thus: "Lycus is a hero by the law-courts at Athens, having the form of the beast; before him those who took bribes used to turn, gathering in groups of ten (kata deka), whence the saying 'the ten of Lycus.'" Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says that Anytus first introduced the bribing of the law-courts.

Deka ("the Ten"). Deka and dekadouchos ("ten-holder"): Isocrates, in his special plea Against Callimachus: "for the Ten were in office, those established after the Thirty." Concerning the ten men elected at Athens after the dissolution of the Thirty, and what followed, Androtion has spoken in his third book. Each of these magistrates was called a "dekadouchos," as Lysias makes clear in the speech Concerning the Estate of Diogenes.

Dekadarchia ("rule of ten"). Isocrates. The historians constantly name the "decadarchies" established by the Lacedaemonians in the cities; but Isocrates, in the Panathenaicus, explained the word in a certain way, for he says that the Lacedaemonians made only ten men masters of each city. Philip, however, did not establish a decadarchy among the Thessalians, as is written in the sixth Philippic of Demosthenes, but a tetrarchy.

Dekateuein ("to tithe"). Demosthenes Against Androtion: "for not tithing them," instead of "exacting the tithe" and, as it were, "carrying off spoil"; for they used to tithe to the gods the things taken from the enemy. But when Demosthenes, in the speech Against Medon, speaking of a certain maiden, says thus, "not to tithe her nor to initiate her," Didymus the grammarian, who wrote a book about this, says that Lysias, in the speech On Behalf of the Daughter of Phrynichus, used "to tithe" for "to serve as a bear." "To tithe," he says, was properly used of "to consecrate," since it was a Greek custom to consecrate to the gods the tithes of the surplus. Perhaps, then, the orator used "to tithe" for "to serve as a bear," since the girls of ten served as bears.

Dekateutas ("tithe-collectors"). Used instead of "tax-farmers, those who collect the tithe," by Antiphon in his Defense Against the Indictment of Demosthenes. That the tithe was a customs-due, Demosthenes has shown in his speech On the Immunities.

Dekatelogous ("tithe-collectors"). Those who collect the tithe—the same, then, as the "dekateutai." Demosthenes Against Aristocrates.

Dekeleikos ("Decelean"). The Peloponnesian War, named from a part of its later stage.

Delfinion. A place in Chios, as Thucydides says in his eighth book. There is another Delphinium at Athens, a shrine of Apollo, where the law-court "at the Delphinium" was also located; Demosthenes in the speech Against Boeotus.

Derkulidas. A king of the Lacedaemonians.

Dermatikon ("hide-money"). Lycurgus in the work entitled An Account of His Public Administration. By "dermatikon" the orator would mean the money accruing from the hides that were sold.

Dermestes ("hide-eater"). Lysias, in the speech Against Eupeithes. Didymus, in the seventh book of his Doubtful Words, says that this is the term Sophocles uses in the Niobe for the worm; but Aristarchus, explaining the passage in Sophocles, took it to mean the snake. Perhaps, rather, the "dermestes" would be whatever eats hides, as is also suggested in the sixth book of the Milesian Tales of Aristides.

Deusopoios ("fast-dyeing"). Properly the word is used of purple that has a lasting and unfading bloom of dye; but by metaphor it is applied by the ancients to all other things that have a lasting and durable color, as Plato too makes clear in the fourth book of the Republic. Diphilus in the Foster-Brothers: "there is a good dyer in the child; for he has shown us these swaddling-clothes to be altogether fast-dyed."

Demainetos. A proper name.

Deliastai. Those who went out to Delos as sacred envoys; Lycurgus Against Menesaechmus.

Demarchos ("demarch"). Lysias, in the speech Against Moschus. The demarch was a kind of magistrate; these officials made the registrations of the lands in each deme. Further, the deme-registers were in their keeping, and they convened the demes whenever there was need, and gave the vote to them. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says these were established by Cleisthenes, having the same charge as the naucraries before them. That the demarchs took pledges, Aristophanes shows in the Women Seizing the Tents.

Demokoinos ("public torturer"). The public examiner under torture. Isocrates, in the Trapeziticus, has more or less explained the word.

Demopoietos ("made a citizen"). One who is a foreigner by nature but has been made a citizen by the people. In what manner some become "demopoietoi," Demosthenes has shown in his speech Against Neaera, if it is genuine.

Demosios ("public slave"). Demosthenes in the Philippics. They call the slaves of the city "demosioi." Aeschines Against Timarchus: "a public man, a household-slave of the city."

Demotele ("publicly maintained"). Demotele and demotika hiera ("public rites and deme rites"): these differed both from one another and from the rites of the orgeones and the clans, as Dinarchus shows in his speech Against Stephanus.

Demoteuomenos ("registered in a deme"). "To be registered in a deme" is to share in a particular deme and to conduct business from it; Antiphon in his Defense Against Philip, if it is genuine.

Demofanes. A proper name.

Diagoreuon ("speaking at variance"). Isaeus, in the speech Against Diocles, uses "diagoreuon" in a special sense, instead of "saying different and not the same things." For "diagoreuein" is the opposite, among these writers, of "synagoreuein" ("to agree"), just as "to be carried along with" is opposed to "to be at variance," and "to share in citizenship" to "to be at political odds," and "to be in harmony" to "to be in discord."

Diagramma ("schedule"). Hyperides, in the speech Against Epicles. The amount fixed in the symmories for how much each man must contribute. It was not the same amount for all, but according to the assessment of property. Concerning these matters Hyperides has shown most clearly in his speech Against Polyeuctus, Concerning the Schedule. The "diagrapheus," moreover, is the man appointed in the symmories to determine how much each man ought to contribute, as the same author again makes clear in his speech Against Polyeuctus.

Diagrafe ("specification"). The description of the mines being sold, showing by writing from what starting-point to what limit it is sold.

Diagrapsasthai ("to have the charge struck out"). Lysias, in the speech Against Nicides, if it is genuine, used instead of "to cancel the charge."

Diadoseis ("distributions"). The shares falling due from an equal division; Lysias.

Diakechremenon ("lent out in parts"). Used instead of "lent out piecemeal" by Demosthenes Against Aphobus.

Diastasis ("arrangement"). Antiphon, On Truth, book two: "concerning the arrangement (diastasis) now prevailing," instead of "the ordering of the whole."

Diagrapsantos ("having paid down"). Dinarchus Against Lycurgus. Perhaps instead of "having paid in and deposited." But some take it instead of "having reckoned out through the bank," as we say in common speech.

Diathesis ("disposal, arrangement"). Used instead of "sale" by Isocrates in the Busiris. Antiphon, in the speech Against the Information of Callias, said "diethemetha" instead of "we sold"; and the same author, in his work On Concord, uses it instead of "management": "but knowing the management (diathesis), they listen." Phrynichus, in the Tragic Actors, says "by the arrangement (diathesis) of the verses." For they also use the verb "diathesthai" for "to manage"; Antiphon, On Truth, book one: "but stripped of resources, it would manage (diathoito) many fine things badly." "Diathesthai" used instead of "to make an agreement," Hyperides Against Demosthenes.

Dialexis ("allotment-division"). "Dialanchanein" is to divide by lot, and "dialexis" is the act; Antiphon in the speech Against Philinus.

Dia mesou teichous ("through the middle wall"). Antiphon Against Nicocles. There being three walls in Attica, as Aristophanes too says in the Triphales—the northern, the southern, and the Phaleric—the southern was called the "middle" wall, since it lay between the other two; Plato also mentions it in the Gorgias.

Diacheirotonia ("voting by show of hands"). The decision of a vote taken by show of hands in a multitude; Demosthenes both in the speech Against Timocrates and Against Androtion.

Diamemetremene emera ("the measured-out day"). There is a measure of water flowing in proportion to a measured interval of the day; it was measured out in the month Posideon. To this the greatest men, and in the greatest causes, contended. The water was divided into three parts: one for the prosecutor, one for the defendant, and the third for the jurors. These matters the orators themselves have set forth most clearly, as also Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon; and Aristotle teaches about them in the Constitution of the Athenians. But one must consider the passage in Isaeus, in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes, where, though the day was measured out, he says at one point that the trials took place without water, at another that they took place by the water-clock.

Diametron ("short measure"). The deficiency from the just measure; Dinarchus in the information Against Callisthenes.

Diaskeuasasthai. Used instead of "to equip oneself" by Isaeus in the speech Against Callicrates.

Diaseistous ("the shaken-down"). Aeschines Against Timarchus. They seem to be named from being moved and shaken down first, and then cast away, that they might be more free from harm; Menander in the Men for Sale.

Diapsefisis ("scrutiny by vote"). Used in a special sense of the examinations in the demes, which take place concerning each of the deme-members, whether he is truly a citizen and demesman, or has been smuggled in, being a foreigner; Aeschines Against Timarchus. Most fully Androtion, in his Atthis, and Philochorus, in the sixth book of the Atthis, have discoursed about the scrutinies, as they took place in the archonship of Archias.

Diamarturia ("counter-deposition"). Diamarturia and diamarturein: the "diamarturia" was a kind of special plea; for before the suit was brought into court, it was permitted to anyone who wished to depose that the suit was, or was not, admissible. It differs from the special plea in that the "diamarturia" is made not only by the defendants but also by the prosecutors. And formerly it was open to the prosecutor to put forward someone deposing that the suit was admissible, and the trial took place first concerning this, against the man who made the deposition, not against the original litigant; and if the prosecutor did not put forward a witness, then it was open to the defendant to bring forward someone deposing that the suit was not admissible, and again the contest was against the man who made the deposition. They were liable to charges of false testimony in the counter-depositions as well, just as in ordinary depositions; Lysias in the counter-deposition Against Aristodemus, if the speech is genuine. Isaeus, in the speech Against Python for Desertion, says that foreigners cannot make a counter-deposition; but Hyperides, in his speech Against Aristagoras for Being Without a Patron, book two, says that the laws bid anyone who wishes to make a counter-deposition in the indictments for being without a patron, foreigners and natives alike. Perhaps, then, in the suits of desertion foreigners are forbidden to make counter-depositions, but in those of being without a patron they are not forbidden. Dinarchus, however, has used "to make a counter-deposition" not of the man who himself deposed, but of the man who furnished someone to make a counter-deposition in the counter-deposition concerning the non-adjudicability of the daughter of Aristophon. And this orator, in the speech Against Hedyle, describes the manner of the counter-deposition.

Diaitetai ("arbitrators"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Meidias. The arbitrators are distinct from the jurors; for the latter gave judgment in appointed courts and decided the appeals from the arbitrators, while the arbitrators—either chosen by lot beforehand or appointed by the litigants who entrusted their case to them—arbitrated for the parties. And if it satisfied the litigants, the suit was at an end; but if not, then, having cast the charges, the challenges, the depositions, and also the laws and the other proofs of each party into urns and sealed them, they handed them over to the introducers of suits. Aristotle speaks about them in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Diasuesai. Used instead of "to throw into confusion" and, as it were, "to make impossible" by Antiphon in his speech Concerning the Revolution; Menander in the Widow: "let him with shouting make the city distracted (diastaton)."

Didaskalos ("teacher, producer"). In a special sense they call "teachers" the composers of dithyrambs or of comedies or of tragedies. Antiphon, in his speech Concerning the Chorus-Member, says: "I obtained Pantacles as producer"; for that Pantacles was a poet, Aristotle has shown in the Productions. The word is frequent also in the old comedy in this sense.

Diegguesin ("provision of sureties"). Used instead of "the furnishing of sureties" by Demosthenes Against Timocrates. But in the speech Against Neaera, if it is genuine, he says: "having been bailed (diegguetheisa) by Stephanus."

Diekodonise. Demosthenes, in the speech On the Embassy, used instead of "he tested and examined thoroughly." The metaphor is either from those who patrol the watches at night with bells, as Euripides in the Palamedes, or from those who test fighting-quails by the sound of a bell, as Aristarchus says.

Di eniautou ("through the year"). Used instead of "through the whole year" by Antiphon, Concerning the Tribute of the Lindians. Teleclides, in the Prytaneis, said "through the day" (di hemeras) instead of "through the whole day."

Diespeusamen. Used instead of "I made with zeal," or instead of "I accomplished," by Isaeus in the speech Against Hermon, Concerning a Pledge.

Dieskarifesametha. Isocrates in the Areopagiticus. "To scratch over" (skariphesasthai) is to do something carelessly and not with the proper precision.

Dieteinanto. In a special sense Antiphon applied this in his speech Concerning the Murder of Herodes, instead of "they denied with strained earnestness."

Diellaxen. Used instead of "he changed his life, he died," by Lycurgus in the speech Concerning the Priestess.

Dierxa. Used instead of "I held office continuously to the end" by Lysias in his Defense on the Indictment of Mixidemus.

Diipoleia. A certain festival at Athens, the Diipoleia; Antiphon in his speech Concerning the Chorus-Member.

Dikaiogenes. This man was a writer of tragedies. He also composed dithyrambs.

Dikaiopolis. Lysias, in the speech Against Thrasybulus, if it is genuine. A city in Thrace near Abdera. Perhaps there is also some other Dikaiopolis.

Dikaiosis ("a claim of right, a punishment"). Lysias, in the speech On Behalf of the Soldier, if it is genuine, says "and the claims of right (dikaioseis) very much," instead of "pleas of justice." But Thucydides often uses "dikaiosis" for "punishment."

Dike ("private suit"). The word has other meanings as well, but in a special sense it is used of private charges, as Demosthenes makes clear in his speech Against Conon.

Dioikiein ("to settle apart"). Used instead of "to separate, so that not all dwell in the same place, but apart and severally," by Demosthenes in the fifth book of the Philippics.

Diopeuon ("inspecting"). Demosthenes, in the speech Against Lacritus. "Diopos" is the term for the man who manages and oversees the affairs of a ship, the one we call the "supercargo."

Diotimos. A proper name, an admiral of the Athenians.

Diofantos. A proper name.

Dioaugion ("very great"). Isaeus, in the speech Against Stratocles: "very great matters (diolygia)," instead of "great." And Plato too uses it.

Diomosia ("oath of both parties"). Properly the oath taken by the litigants; Demosthenes Against Aristocrates.

Dokimastheis ("having been approved"). Used instead of "having been enrolled among the men" by Demosthenes in the speech Against Onetor. But "to be approved" (dokimasthenai) is also used of magistrates, as the same orator makes clear in the appeal Against Eubulides. It was also used of public men, even if they held no office at all; for their life was sometimes examined, as Aeschines says in the speech Against Timarchus. Lycurgus, in the speech On the Administration, says: "there are three scrutinies (dokimasiai) according to the law: one by which the nine archons are examined, another by which the orators, and a third by which the generals." He mentions also, in the same speech, the scrutiny of the cavalry.

Doriskos. A place in Thrace; Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon, and Herodotus.

Dosis ("gift, deed of gift"). In a special sense, among the orators, it is the contract drawn up when someone gives his own property to another through the magistrates, as in Dinarchus.

Drakontides. One of the Thirty. Hyperides.

Drakon. This man was a most distinguished lawgiver, as Aeschines says. There is another Draco whom Isocrates mentions in the Panegyricus.

Drggilon. A Thracian place; Demosthenes in the Philippics.

Dromokerukes ("running heralds"). Aeschines. Those called day-runners.

Drumos. A city between Boeotia and Attica; Demosthenes in the speech On the Embassy. Aristotle, in his Justifications, says thus: "then a Drymus, one Attic and the other Boeotian."

Drus. Demosthenes Against Aristocrates. A city in Epirus. There is also another in Thrace, which the orator now mentions; this one Theopompus, in his twenty-sixth book, says was settled by Iphicrates.

Dusanios ("hard to please"). Antiphon. The man vexed at everything, even at what is small and contemptible. Hippocrates too somewhere used the word, and Menander.

Dusaules. Dinarchus in the adjudication concerning the Priestess, if it is genuine. Asclepiades, in the fourth book of his Subjects of Tragedy, says that Dysaules was autochthonous, and that, having lived with Baubo, he had children, Protonoe and Nisa. But Palaephatus, in the ninth book of his Trojan History, says that he, together with his wife, received Demeter.

Dusopoumai ("I am abashed"). Used instead of "I fear" by Demosthenes in the Philippics, and by Xenophon in the second book of the Memorabilia.

Dorieus. The name of a pancratiast.

Doroxenia ("bribery for citizenship"). Lysias, in the speech Against Nicides. Hyperides explained the word in his speech Against Aristagoras, writing thus: "since the law on bribery-for-citizenship (doroxenia) too is fitting to be brought to bear on the present case; for if he has said that those acquitted of an alien-status charge may be indicted again by anyone who wishes, should they appear not to have been justly acquitted the first time, how is it not plain that the right lies against Aristagoras?" And Aristotle too, in the Constitution of the Athenians, speaking of the thesmothetai, writes thus: "there are also indictments before them, for which a deposit is laid down, of alien status and of bribery-for-citizenship, if someone, by giving bribes, escapes the charge of malicious prosecution."

Doron grafe ("indictment for bribery"). Whenever one of the public men was charged with taking bribes, the charge against him was expressed in two ways: "bribe-taking" (dorodokia) and "indictment for bribes" (doron graphe). Dinarchus, then, entitled one speech "Against Polyeuctus for Bribery," but in the speech "Against Pytheas for Alien Status" he often names the indictment for bribes.

5. Ean tis grapsamenos me ("if anyone who has brought an indictment..."). If anyone who has brought an indictment does not obtain a fifth part of the votes, he incurs a fine of a thousand drachmas, and a certain loss of civic rights is added. Lysias, in the speech On Behalf of the Law Against the Orators, has discoursed about these matters, and Theophrastus in his work On the Laws.

Hebdomeuomenou ("when the seventh day was being kept"). Lysias in the speech Against Eteocles, Concerning Money, if it is genuine. For newborn children they used to keep the seventh and the tenth days, and they gave them their names—some on the seventh, as the orator too says, others on the tenth. Aristotle, in the ninth book of the History of Animals, writes thus: "most of them die before the seventh day; for which reason they then give the names, in the confidence that they will now survive."

Eggutheke ("a stand"). A certain speech is current, ascribed to Lysias, entitled Concerning the Stand. It would be a vessel suitable for setting mixing-bowls or basins or something of the sort upon it, as Callixenus suggests in the fourth book of his work On Alexandria, and Daimachus the Plataean in the second book of his work On India.

Hedoliasai ("to make benches"). Lycurgus in the work entitled An Account of His Public Administration, used of fitting out the benches. And the "hedolia" are the seats in the ships; Herodotus, book one.

Ethnos ("class, nation"). Not only the great and populous race, but in a special sense a certain part of the city. Demosthenes, in his speech Against Aristocrates: "if someone should ask you what you consider the most worthless of all the classes (ethne) in the city, you would name neither the farmers nor the merchants nor those from the silver-mines nor any of such men." And in the ninth Philippic he says: "but how does Thessaly stand? Has he not taken away their cities and their constitutions and set up tetrarchies among them, so that they may be enslaved not only by cities but also by nations (ethne)?"

Eiloteuein ("to be a helot"). To be a slave; Isocrates in the Panegyricus. For the "helots" are not the slaves of the Lacedaemonians by birth, but the first who were subdued of those inhabiting the city of Helos, as many others testify, and Hellanicus in his first book.

Eisaggelia ("impeachment"). It is the name of a certain public suit, and there are three kinds of impeachments. One concerns the greatest public wrongs that admit of no delay, and for which neither a magistracy has been established nor laws laid down for the magistrates to introduce them, but the first proceeding is taken before the Council or the people; and for which, if the defendant is convicted, the greatest penalties are imposed, while the prosecutor, if he does not win, suffers no penalty—except if he does not obtain a fifth part of the votes; for then he pays a thousand drachmas. In old times these men too were more severely punished. Another impeachment is for ill-treatment; these are brought before the archon, and they entail no penalty for the prosecutor, even if he does not obtain a fifth part of the votes. There is yet another impeachment against arbitrators; for if anyone was wronged by an arbitrator, it was permitted to impeach him before the jurors, and on conviction he was disfranchised. Isaeus, however, in his speech Concerning the Estate of Hagnias, called the same matter both an impeachment and an indictment.

Eis emfanon katastasin ("for the production of property in open view"). It is the name of a suit, for having the disputed property in the open; Isaeus in the speech Concerning the Estate of Philoctemon. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says that this suit is brought before the archon, and that the examining magistrate introduces it into court.

Eis en elthen ("it came to one"). Used instead of "it was brought into agreement."

Eisepodizon. Used instead of "they were entering the land on foot" by Isaeus in the speech Against the Orgeones.

Eis eo ("at dawn"). Used instead of "toward the breaking day" by Isaeus in the speech Concerning the Estate of Ciron.

Eisfresein. Used instead of "to bring in, to admit," by Antiphon and Demosthenes in the eighth Philippic. The word is frequent in the old comedy.

Ekalistroun. Demosthenes in the speech Against Euergus and Mnesibulus, if it is genuine. It is an Ionic word, and perhaps the speech may be by Dinarchus; for he too uses foreign words.

Hekates nesos ("the island of Hecate"). Lycurgus Against Menesaechmus. Before Delos lies a small island, which by some is called Psammetiche, as Phanodemus says in his first book. Semus, in the first book of his Deliaca, says it was called Psammetiche because the goddess was honored with offerings of meal-cakes (psammeta); the "psammeta" are a kind of cake.

Hekatombaion ("Hecatombaeon"). The name of a month. Hyperides. Ammonius, at any rate, says it was called so from the fact that most hecatombs were sacrificed in this month.

Hekatomnos. A proper name.

Hekatompedon ("the Hundred-Footer"). Lycurgus in the work entitled An Account of His Public Administration. The Parthenon was called by some "Hecatompedon" on account of its beauty and good proportion, not on account of its size, as Menecles or Callicrates says in the work On Athens.

Ekdeia ("deficiency"). Hyperides, in the speech Against Pasicles: "but if there be any deficiency," that is, "if there be any shortfall of the money previously available."

Ekdexamenos ("having taken up"). Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "having taken up and proposed." "To take up" (ekdexasthai) is, having received from another, to undertake the matter oneself in the second place. But one must consider how the passage in the fifth Philippic, spoken by the orator, stands: "and the seeming to have taken up the things done by those men."

Ekdikasasthai ("to exact by a fresh suit"). To exact afresh by means of a suit; Isaeus in the speech Against Callicrates.

Ekdosis ("a putting-out"). The maritime loan, as it were "a giving out" (exo dosis); Demosthenes Against Aphobus, book one.

Ekkleteuein ("to compel attendance"). To bring into court, that someone may be compelled to give testimony; Aeschines in his Defense on the Embassy.

Eklogeis ("collectors"). Those who collect and exact the debts owed to the public treasury. Antiphon, in his work Concerning the Tribute of the Samothracians: "for there were chosen among us as collectors those who seemed to have the most property." Lysias, in the speech Against Aresandrus: "but now we register everything with the collectors of the tribute."

Eklozete. Demosthenes Against Meidias. They called the noise made in the mouth a "klosmos," which they used for the driving off of the performances they did not gladly hear.

Ekmarturia ("deposition by proxy"). It differs from the ordinary deposition in that the deposition is of those present, but the "ekmarturia" is of those absent. Most clearly Demosthenes teaches about these matters in the speech Against Stephanus, and Dinarchus in the speech On Behalf of Aeschines Against Deinias.

Ek periousias ("out of abundance"). Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "but this man accuses me out of abundance." It is better to understand it thus: that I am in the utmost peril, but he accuses me out of his great superfluity—not concerning money, as some suppose.

Ekplintheusas. Used instead of "having dissolved and taken out the bricks" by Isaeus in the speech Against Diocles.

Ekpolemosai ("to provoke to war"). Demosthenes in the Philippics, used instead of "to bring into a state of war," as also often in Thucydides. In the Atticianus copies, however, it is written with an eta, as also in Xenophon in the sixth book of the Hellenica.

Ek proagoges ("from compulsion"). Used instead of "by necessity and not from nature nor simply." The metaphor is from those not at rest, but forced forward from their barriers by bonds. Demosthenes Against Aristocrates.

Ekfulloforesai ("to vote out by leaves"). If one of the councillors seemed to be doing wrong, the Council voted about him whether he ought no longer to be a councillor. Instead of voting-pebbles they used leaves, by which each marked his own decision. Dinarchus, in the speech Against Polyeuctus, "when he had been voted out by leaves."

Elaious. A city in the Thracian Chersonese.

Elateia. Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon; it was the greatest of the cities among the Phocians. From the orator again, in the seventh book of the Philippics, if it is genuine, these words: "in Cassopia, three cities, Pandosia and Bucheta and Elateia." It must be said that it is better written in some copies with a rho, "Elatreia"; for Theopompus, at any rate, in his forty-third book, says there are four cities of the Cassopaeans, and not three as Demosthenes says—Elatreia and Pandosia and Bitia and Bucheta.

Elafrotatous ("most light, gentle"). The ancients use the word in a good sense too, instead of "most gentle," as the opposite of "most grievous and most oppressive." Isocrates in the Panathenaicus: "rendering themselves as light and as moderate as possible to their associates."

Eleokopon ("marsh-cutters"). Lysias in the speech Against Demosthenes for Maladministration of a Guardianship: "spending five months in company with the marsh-cutters." By "marsh-cutters" the orator would mean those who cut the marshes (hele), with an epsilon inserted, as "marsh-grown parsley" in Homer. Perhaps, however, the name comes from the "eleon," which is a wooden vessel. Aristophanes in the Knights: "if he should take down the eleon against me."

Eleutherios Zeus ("Zeus the Liberator"). Hyperides: "to Zeus, then, gentlemen of the jury, the surname of being called 'Liberator' came because the freedmen built the stoa near him." But Didymus says the orator is mistaken; for he was called "Liberator" because the Athenians were delivered from the Persians. That he is inscribed as "Savior" but is also named "Liberator," Menander too makes clear.

Eleusinia. Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Callippus. To the victors at the Eleusinia a prize was given. The city Eleusis was named after Eleusinus the son of Hermes. Others give other causes and say that the Eleusinia is only a festival.

Helikteres ("spiral earrings"). A kind of earring; Lysias.

Helixos. One of the distinguished men among the Megarians.

Hellanodikai ("the Hellanodikai"). Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Callippus, against the Eleans. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Eleans, says that the Eleans at first established one Hellanodikes, but after the passage of time two, and at the last nine. But Aristodemus the Elean says that those who conducted the contest at the last were ten Hellanodikai, one from each tribe.

Hellenotamiai ("the Hellenic treasurers"). Andocides in the speech On the Peace, if it is genuine. That the Hellenotamiai were a magistracy who administered the moneys, Aristotle too makes clear in the Constitution of the Athenians. Thucydides too mentions them in his first book.

Embeblemena ("grafted things"). Used instead of "things grafted in" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Nicostratus. And Aristotle calls such pears "grafted ones."

Hembios ("living"). Antiphon, On Truth, book one: "and the rot of the wood may become living (embios)," instead of "in life," that is, "may live and not be dried up nor die."

Embrachu ("in brief"). Used instead of "simply and in summary" by Antiphon.

Emmenoi dikai ("monthly suits"). Both the commercial suits and those concerning loan-clubs; Demosthenes and Hyperides.

Empodon ("in the way"). Antiphon, in his speech Concerning the Revolution: "and you punished those in the way (empodon)," instead of "those who fell in," as also Andocides in the speech Against Alcibiades.

Empousa. Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon. They say it is a certain apparition of Hecate, which appeared to the unfortunate. The comedy is full of the word.

Henai archai ("the bygone magistracies"). The past ones; Demosthenes Against Aristogiton.

Endeixis ("information"). A kind of public suit, under which they brought those debarred by the laws from certain places or actions, if they did not keep away from them. There are many speeches of information, but the best known are those of Demosthenes Against Aristogiton.

Endekazontas. Used instead of "celebrating, holding the tenth-day feast among themselves," by Demosthenes in his speech Against Theocrines.

En Diomeiois Erakleion ("the Heracleum in Diomeia"). Hyperides Against Conon. The comic poets too mention the festival held in honor of Heracles in Diomeia.

Enepiskemma ("counter-claim"). Enepiskemma and enepiskepsasthai: Demosthenes in the speech Against Timotheus. Whenever someone's property was confiscated, it was permitted to the man claiming to be a creditor of that person to come forward and say that a debt was owed him in the property. There is also a certain speech entitled Of Demosthenes, Against Critias, Concerning the Counter-Claim, which Callimachus records as genuine, but Dionysius of Halicarnassus as falsely ascribed.

Eneskeuasmenen. Isaeus, in the speech Against Aristogiton and Archippus, used instead of "fitted out and forged."

Enetimato. Demosthenes in the speech Against Spudias. "Apetimato" differs from "enetimato": for when someone takes a security against a certain sum of money, he is said "to value back" (apotimasthai); but when someone reckons a part of the money in certain articles, this is said as "he valued it in" (enetimesato).

Hene kai nea ("the old and new day"). Hyperides in the speech Against Hygiaenon. The day we call the thirtieth, the Athenians call "old and new," from its having the end of the former month and the beginning of the latter. Polemon says that the Athenians once called it "Demetrias" in honor of Demetrius the Macedonian. "Enen" and "eis enen" they use for "the day after tomorrow." And in general "enon," with the rough breathing, means the former and bygone.

Enthrupta ("crumb-cakes"). Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Didymus the grammarian, in his commentary on the speech, having said that "enthrypta" are something obvious and well known from the very word, sets out a more elaborate and unattested explanation; the "enthrypta" are things made of pastry, or foods broken in (enthrybomena). Some associate them with the mysteries; and Apollo too among the Athenians is called "Enthryptos."

En limnais Dionusion ("the Dionysium in the Marshes"). Isaeus, Concerning the Estate of Ciron. There is a place at Athens called Limnae ("Marshes"), in which Dionysus is honored.

Enneakrounon ("the Nine-Spouts"). Isocrates in the speech On the Exchange of Property. A certain spring at Athens; it was formerly called Callirrhoe.

Ennea odoi ("Nine Ways"). Aeschines in his Defense on the Embassy. A place in Thrace near Amphipolis.

En parabustoi ("in a corner"). Used instead of "secretly and not openly" by Hyperides in the speech Against Archestratides.

Ensemainomenos. Used instead of "showing and revealing" by Isocrates.

En freattoi ("at Phreatto"). Demosthenes, in his speech Against Aristocrates, has gone through accurately the court at Phreatto, speaking thus: "Consider, then, yet a fifth court, of what sort, surpassing that at Phreatto. Here, men of Athens, the law bids one stand trial if a man, having gone into exile for an involuntary act, before those who banished him have relented, is charged with another, voluntary, homicide." And a little later he says: "he brought the judges to a place where it was possible to approach that man, having appointed a certain spot of the country at Phreatto, called so, on the sea; then the one comes sailing in a boat and speaks, not touching the land, while the others listen and judge on the land. And if he is convicted, he has paid the just penalty for voluntary homicide; but if he is acquitted, he is let off from this charge, but undergoes exile for the other homicide." The court seems to have been named after a certain hero Phreatto, as Theophrastus says in the sixteenth book of his Laws.

Exagistos ("accursed"). Used instead of "exceedingly polluted and full of curse." Aeschines, in the speech Against Ctesiphon, used the word of a certain harbor.

Exaireseos dike ("suit for removal"). Whenever someone led another off as a slave, and then someone removed him as a free man, it was permitted to the man laying claim to the person as a slave to bring a suit for removal against the man removing him into freedom; Isaeus in the speech On Behalf of Eumathes, for the Recovery of Freedom.

Exarasasthai ("to fulfill the prayers"). Aeschines Against Ctesiphon: "that he dedicated golden shields to the new temple before fulfilling the prayers (exarasasthai)." "Exarasasthai" is to complete the "arai," that is, the prayers, which they were accustomed to make at the foundations of temples.

Exegguesis. The releasing of someone through the provision of sureties; Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates.

Exenize ("he spoke as a foreigner"). Demosthenes in the appeal Against Eubulides: "for they have slandered my father as though he spoke as a foreigner (exenize)." Perhaps it means "he was a foreigner," and not, as Didymus says, "he did not speak in the Attic way, but in a foreign manner."

Exepremnizon. Used instead of "they cut down the stumps," that is, the trunks down to the roots, by Demosthenes in his speech Concerning the Estate of Hagnias.

Exetazesthai. Used instead of "to be seen" by Demosthenes Against Stephanus. And in the speech Against Androtion he says "you were examined (exetasthes)," instead of "you were seen, you were beheld."

Exegetes ("expounder"). Isaeus, in the speech Concerning the Estate of Ciron. The man who expounds sacred matters. There were also things, customary toward the departed, which they expounded to those who needed them. Demosthenes too, in the speech Against Euergus and Mnesibulus, makes this clear, often naming the expounders in the plural.

Exekestos. A proper name; Demosthenes Against Aristocrates.

Exorchesamenos ("having danced it away"). Used instead of "having fled and run off" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Androtion, who said it in jest at the same time, on account of the procession of the Dionysia.

Exoules ("of ejectment"). The name of a suit which those who say they are kept from their own property bring against those who keep them out. The name comes from "exillein," which is "to thrust out and cast out." Suits of ejectment are brought, with the penalties, by those who do not recover their own within the proper term, when the condemned have become overdue. Those convicted of ejectment gave to the successful party what they had taken from him, and paid to the treasury the value assessed. A creditor too was sued for ejectment if he tried to hold a piece of property of his debtor and was prevented by someone. And if anyone was kept from cultivation, the law grants a suit of ejectment against the one keeping him out. And concerning a slave too, and everything of which one says it belongs to him. These matters Isaeus teaches clearly, and Lysias in the speech Against Stratocles for Ejectment. Dinarchus, however, in the adjudication of the Croconidae, has used the term "ejectment" in a special sense, of the priestess who would not perform her own duties. That the name is applied to everything from which one is cast out of his own property, and not, as Caecilius thinks, only to those owing in consequence of a condemnation, Phrynichus too makes clear in the Grass-Cutters.

Exomosia ("oath of disclaimer"). The denying of some action on oath, on account of sickness or some other pretext, as Demosthenes makes clear in the speech On the Embassy.

Epaggelia ("notice, denunciation"). It has other meanings too, but in a special sense it is used of those who charge another with speaking and taking part in public life when it is not permitted, and it is, as it were, a "notice"; Aeschines Against Timarchus. Among these writers "to give notice" (epaggellesthai) is also used instead of "to command" or "to demand," as in Antiphon, in his work Concerning the Tribute of the Lindians, and in Demosthenes, in the speech On the Embassy.

Epaktos orkos ("the imported oath"). One which a man voluntarily takes upon himself, that is, chooses; but others say the opposite, that it is one imported from elsewhere, and not self-chosen. Lysias in the speech Against Chaerestratus, and Isocrates of Apollonia in his Exhortations to Demonicus. There are three kinds of oath: the oath of denial, the oath of affirmation, and the so-called "imported" oath. This last is not simple; for the man put forward by the one administering the oath must answer back to him in the very same words.

Epaktrokeles. Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus. It is a kind of boat, having its construction compounded of a fishing-skiff (epaktris) and a yacht (keles). It was generally a pirate-craft, as Dinarchus too says in the scrutiny Against Polyeuctus.

Epallaxeis ("interchanges"). Used instead of "dealings or minglings" by Antiphon, On Truth, book one.

Epanafora ("reference"). The referring and communicating to the multitude.

Epairomenos ("raising himself"). Used instead of "stretching himself up against" by Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. But in the speech Against Aphobus he uses it in another sense: "or those roused up by gains because of want."

Epedikase ("he adjudged"). Epedikase and epedikasanto: Demosthenes in the speech Against Olympiodorus. "Epedikasen" is, as it were, "he adjudged"; "epedikasanto" is, as it were, "they persuaded the jurors to assign the estate to them." [On bringing a spear at the funeral and proclaiming at the tomb:] Demosthenes Against Euergus and Mnesibulus says these things concerning the man who died by violence. Ister, in his Collection of the Atthides, having spoken about Procris and Cephalus, writes thus: "but some say that Erechtheus was represented with a spear fixed on the tomb, sitting beside it and signifying the deed, because it was customary for the kinsmen to pursue the murderers in this fashion."

Epeskepsato. Used instead of "he charged with false testimony." It is sometimes, though rarely, also used of charging with homicide, as Antiphon in his speech Concerning the Revolution. But the active "epeskepsen," used instead of "he enjoined," Isaeus uses in the speech On Behalf of Eumathes, for the Recovery of Freedom. And "episkepto," used instead of "I speak with some adjuration and, as it were, put under oath," both Andocides in the speech On the Mysteries and Lysias in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiarchus have used.

Epibates ("marine"). Demosthenes in the speech Concerning the Supplementary Trierarchy. They so called those serving on the triremes who did not row, but were fit only for fighting. Aristophanes in the Babylonians: "well did the marine dive out, so as to carry off the . . ."

Epibaetas. Lysias in the speech Against Micinus for Homicide, if it is genuine. The "epibles" is, as Timachidas says, a beam; but as Cleitarchus the glossographer says, a certain kind of beam.

Epiboion ("supplementary offering"). Lycurgus in the speech Concerning the Priestess. Philochorus, in his second book, says thus: "if anyone sacrifices an ox to Athena, it is necessary to sacrifice a sheep also to Pandora," and the offering was called "epiboion." Likewise Staphylus too, in the first book of his work On Athens.

Epibole ("penalty"). The fine. The word is frequent among them, as also in Lysias in the speech Against Nicomachus, if the speech is genuine.

Epignomonas. Used instead of "overseers" by Lysias in the speech Concerning the Sacred Olive-Stump.

Epigrafeas ("assessors"). Those appointed to write down how much men owe to contribute to the public treasury; Lysias in the speech Concerning the Property-Tax.

Epiguion. Lysias in the speech Against Andocides for Desertion, if it is genuine. They called the stern-cables "epigyia." The poets of the old comedy too have used the word; Aristophanes in the Cargo-Ships.

Epidekaton ("the tenth in addition"). The tenth; Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras. And . . .

Epipempton eiothasi legein ("they are accustomed to say epipempton"). They are accustomed to say "epipempton" for "the fifth," as also Eupolis in the Autolycus.

Epi Delfinioi ("at the Delphinium"). It is a court so called at Athens. Here those are tried who admit they have killed but say they did so justly, as Demosthenes makes clear in his speech Against Aristocrates, and Aristotle in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Epidiatithesthai. Lysias in the epilogue of the speech Against Theopeithes Concerning a Guardianship. "Epidiatithesthai" is to make certain agreements, depositing a fixed sum of money with one of the intermediaries, who guarantees to each party that, if the transaction takes place, the agreed money shall by all means be paid to the other. The matter itself is called "epidiatheke," as the same orator makes clear in the speech On Behalf of Nesocles.

Epi Delioi mache ("the battle at Delium"). Lycurgus in the speech Against Lysicles. Delium is a place in Boeotia; here the Athenians, fighting, were defeated by the Boeotians, as Thucydides says in his fourth book.

Epidietes ebesai ("to have come two years past puberty"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Stephanus. Didymus says it means "if they become sixteen years old"; for "to reach puberty" is up to fourteen. But the ephebes among the Athenians are eighteen years old, and they remain among the ephebes two years, and then they are enrolled in the deme-register, as Hyperides says in the speech Against Chares Concerning a Guardianship: "but when I was enrolled, and the law restored to my mother the recovery of what had been left—the law which bids the children be masters of the heiress and of all the property, when they are two years past puberty."

Epidikos kai epikleros kai epiproikos ("subject to adjudication, heiress, dowered"). Epidikos and epikleros and epiproikos and epiklerotis: an "epikleros" is the orphan left over the whole estate, there being no brother to her (and she is the same as the "epiklerotis"); an "epiproikos" is one left over a certain part of the estate, so as to have a dowry, there being brothers to her; an "epidikos" is the disputed heiress, as to whom she must be married to. These things Isaeus shows in the speech Against Satyrus, On Behalf of an Heiress, and Dinarchus in the work entitled A Counter-Deposition Concerning the Non-Adjudicability of the Daughter of Aristophon; in which speech it is also shown that the nearest of kin used to give in marriage the destitute maidens, adding a dowry of five minas. Isaeus, in the speech Against Lysibius, called the "epikleros" an "epiklerotis."

Epi Thrasulloi ("at Thrasyllus'"). Demosthenes in the special plea Against Pantaenetus says "at Thrasyllus'." It is an Attic idiom, instead of "at the monument of Thrasyllus."

Epithetous eortas ("added festivals"). Isocrates in the Areopagiticus. They called festivals not ancestral, but otherwise voted in, "added" (epithetoi). Among them certain other things were also called "added," all those not ancestral, on which the Council of the Areopagus gave judgment, as Lysias makes clear in his speech on the indictment Against Mixidemus. Lysias, in the speech Against Thrasybulus, names certain "added letters," and he would mean those given to certain persons to carry across; for it was customary to say "he added a letter" instead of "he handed over," as Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Chrysippus, against the special plea of Phormio. Cratinus, in the Trophonius . . .

Epikekeruchenai ("to have set a price"). Demosthenes in the speech On the Embassy. Whenever a city or magistrate wished one of those not under their power to be killed, it proclaimed it would give money, so much and so much, if anyone should kill him—just as the Greeks proclaimed a price on Xerxes, that they would give a hundred talents to anyone who should bring him, alive or dead, to Athens.

Epikerukeia ("herald-overtures"). The sending of heralds about friendship and reconciliation; Demosthenes in the fifth book of the Philippics.

Epi korres ("on the cheek"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Meidias. Different men have rendered it differently, but it is better to understand "on the cheek" (epi korres) as being "on the jaw," what we call in life a "slap." Hyperides, at any rate, or Philinus, in the speech Against Dorotheus, having first said that the man who struck Hipponicus on the cheek was indicted for outrage, in what follows explains the word, as it were, saying: "then Hipponicus was merely slapped on the jaw by Autocles, but I was dragged by these hairs, and received blows of the fist."

Epikrates. Isaeus in the speech Concerning Matters Spoken in Macedonia. This is the demagogue of the Athenians surnamed "the shield-bearer," whom Demosthenes too mentions in the speech On the Embassy. There is another Epicrates whom Lycurgus mentions in the speech On the Administration, saying that he was set up in bronze on account of the law about the ephebes, and that he is said to have possessed an estate of six hundred talents. There is yet another Epicrates, the brother-in-law of Aeschines the orator, as is shown by him in his Defense on the Embassy; this man, however, had the nickname "Cyrebion," as Demosthenes says in the speech Against Aeschines.

Epilachon ("having drawn a second lot"). Aeschines Against Ctesiphon: "neither having drawn the lot nor drawn the second lot, but having bought the place by intrigue." The matter seems to be of this sort: those aspiring to be councillors or magistrates were chosen by lot, and then to each of those allotted another was allotted as substitute, so that if the first man allotted should be rejected or die, the substitute should become councillor in his place. These things are suggested in the Hyperbolus of Plato.

Epimeletes ton musterion ("superintendent of the mysteries"). Among the Athenians, the so-called king-archon; Demosthenes Against Meidias. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says thus: "the king-archon first has charge of the mysteries, together with the superintendents, whom the people elect, two from all the Athenians, one from the Eumolpidae, and one from the Heralds."

Epimeletes emporiou ("superintendent of the trading-port"). Dinarchus in the speech Against Pytheas. Aristotle: "they choose by lot ten superintendents of the trading-port, and to these it is assigned to have charge of the merchants and to compel the merchants to bring up to the city two-thirds of the grain that comes by sea into the Attic port."

Epimenia ("monthly offerings"). Lycurgus in the speech Concerning the Priestess. The "epimenia" seem to be either the things sacrificed each month, or the offerings made once for the whole month.

Epiorkesanta ("having sworn"). Lysias, Against Theomnestus, explained that "having sworn falsely" (epiorkesanta) means "having sworn (omosanta)."

Epi Palladioi ("at the Palladium"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. It is a court so called, as Aristotle too says in the Constitution of the Athenians, in which the ephetai try cases of involuntary homicide and of plotting. The court got the name "of the Palladium," and the judges the name "ephetai," from this: when Agamemnon, with the Argives, had been brought to Athens from Ilium with the Palladium, Demophon seized the Palladium and killed many of the pursuers. Agamemnon, indignant, demanded justice from the man who had seized it, and a court was set up of fifty Athenians and fifty Argives, whom they called "ephetai" because the matters of the trial had been referred (epheicthenai) to them by both parties.

Epipempton. Lysias in the speech Against Critodemus, and Plato, used instead of the simple "fifth." Aristophanes in the Banqueters: "let him not get the fifth part; let him weep."

Epiplon ("furnishings"). Isaeus in the speech Against Diocles. They call the household goods "epipla," the property that is, as it were, superficial and able to be carried about. Sophocles in the Athamas.

Epi prutaneioi ("at the Prytaneum"). This too is a homicide court; it judges if any inanimate thing, falling, kills someone—that is, if a stone or a piece of wood or iron or some such thing—and the man who threw it is unknown, but the thing itself is known and is held to have done the murder.

Episemainesthai. Used instead of "to praise" and, as we say in common speech, "to acclaim," by Isocrates in the Panathenaicus; but instead of "to set one's seal upon" by Isaeus in his defense for ejectment, Against Hagnotheus, on behalf of Calydon.

Episitia ("provisions"). The things given for food and sustenance; Lysias in the speech Against Demosthenes for Maladministration of a Guardianship. These they sometimes also called "sition."

Episkopos ("inspector"). Antiphon in his work Concerning the Tribute of the Lindians and in the speech Against Laispodias. Certain men seem to have been sent out by the Athenians to the subject cities to inspect the affairs among each. Theophrastus, at any rate, in the first book of his Politics Adapted to Occasions, says thus: "for it is far better, at least as regards the choice of name—as the Laconians, who say they send 'harmosts' to the cities, not 'inspectors' or 'guards,' as the Athenians do."

Epistates ("president"). Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes. There are two presidents established, one chosen by lot from the prytaneis, the other from the proedroi, of whom each administers what administration, Aristotle has shown in the Constitution of the Athenians. In public affairs, the man set over any matter whatever was also called "president," as Hyperides in the speech Against Demosthenes and Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon make plain.

Epistathmos ("billet-master, overseer"). Isocrates in the Panegyricus: "Hecatomnos, the overseer (epistathmos) of Caria"—which was nothing else than being master of the satrapy of Caria.

Epiteleoun ("completing"). Epiteleoun and epiteleoma: both words occur often in the speech Concerning the Priestess of Lycurgus, and "epiteleoma" seems to mean the sacrifice made after all the rest, for the sake of bringing the former sacrifices to completion. At any rate the orator himself, in the speech, says: "further, he said that these were sacrificed last of all and were the completion (epiteleomata) of the other offerings."

Epitimetas ("re-assessors"). Those first assessing anything were called "assessors" (timetai), those in the following years assessing the same things "re-assessors" (epitimetai); Lysias in the speech Against Diogenes.

Epiteichisma ("a fortified outpost"). A place fortified against certain persons, from which the fortifiers, setting out, will be able to harm those fortified against; Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. They also call the act "epiteichismos," as is in the same speech.

Epitrepein ("to entrust, to refer"). Demosthenes, in his speech Against Aphobus, book one, began thus: "if Aphobus had been willing, men of the jury, to do what is just concerning the matters in dispute between us, and to entrust them to our relatives," instead of "to choose them as arbitrators"; whence also the play of Menander, The Arbitration. Lysias, in the speech Against the Guardians of the Sons of Boeon, said "he entrusted to men," instead of "he appointed guardians."

Epitritais ("at a third in addition"). Isaeus in the speech Against Calliphon: "six hundred drachmas at a third in addition (epitritais)," instead of "at eight obols," since the eight obols are a third of the four-drachma piece.

Epichares. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. A proper name, a Sicyonian traitor.

Epicheirotonia ("election by show of hands"). The appointment of those chosen by show of hands; Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Simias against Pytheas and Lycurgus.

Epipsefizon ("putting to the vote"). Used instead of "ratifying"; Demosthenes in his speech Against Androtion. The word is frequent among the Attic writers in this meaning, as also in Xenophon in the first book of the Memorabilia.

Epogdoon ("an eighth in addition"). Demosthenes in the speech Against Polycles, Concerning the Supplementary Trierarchy. "Epogdoon" would be money lent in such a way that an eighth part of the principal is given to the lender, as three obols on the four-drachma piece.

Epobelia ("the obol-penalty"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Stephanus. The "epobelia" is a penalty, the sixth part of the assessment, which the prosecutors paid to the defendants if they did not win. It was so called because for each drachma there was an obol, which is a sixth, the drachma being reckoned at six obols. From many instances one may learn that this is so.

Eponia ("sale-tax"). It is a tax given on the purchase, and would perhaps be a fifth; Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes and in the counter-oath Against Tlepolemus.

Eponumoi ("the eponymous"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates. The "eponymous" are of two kinds: the ten, after whom the tribes are named, and the forty-two others, after whom the age-classes of the citizens are named each year, from eighteen years to sixty.

Epopteukoton ("of those initiated into the higher mysteries"). Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Phryne. Those initiated at Eleusis in the second initiation are said "to behold" (epopteuein), as is clear both from the speech of Demosthenes and from the tenth book of Philochorus.

Eranizontes ("contributing to a loan-club"). Demosthenes, in the letter concerning the sons of Lycurgus, said "having contributed (eranisas)" instead of "having asked for a loan-club"; but in the speech Concerning the Name he says: "but what if, expecting to be convicted of false testimony for the things in which he contributes (eranizei) to these men about himself, he repays in kind, rendering them equal aid to that which they once furnished, having borne false witness for him?" The "eranistes," however, is properly the one who shares in the loan-club and pays in the contribution that had to be paid each month. The word is in Lysias in the speech Against Aristocrates Concerning a Pledge of a Loan-Club, if it is genuine.

Erga neon ("works of the young"). This too Hyperides, in the speech Against Autocles, says is Hesiod's. It is a proverb, which Aristophanes the grammarian also recorded, running thus: "works are of the young, counsels of the middle-aged, prayers of the old."

Ergiske. Aeschines Against Ctesiphon. Ergiske too is of Thrace, named after Ergiscus the son of Poseidon and the nymph Aba.

Ergokles. A general of the Athenians.

Ergofilos. This man too was a general of the Athenians.

Herkeios Zeus ("Zeus of the Enclosure"). Dinarchus in the speech Against Moschion: "whether he has phratry-members and altars of Zeus of the Enclosure and of ancestral Apollo." "Herkeios" Zeus is the one whose altar is set within the enclosure (herkos) in the courtyard; for they called the enclosure "herkos." That those had a share in citizenship who had a Zeus of the Enclosure, Hyperides too has shown in the speech On Behalf of a Made Citizen, if it is genuine, and Demetrius in his work On the Legislation at Athens.

Herma ("reef"). The submerged rock; Antiphon in his Defense Against the Information of Callias. The word is also in Anacreon and in the Gerytades of Aristophanes.

Hermai ("the Herms"). Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon, and Hyperides in the speech Concerning the Gifts of Eubulus. Menecles or Callicrates, in the work On Athens, writes thus: "from the Painted Stoa and the Royal Stoa are the so-called Herms; for, because many were set up both by private men and by magistrates, it came about that they received this name." On one of them is inscribed in ancient letters: "In return for their benefaction the Achaeans bound Agamemnon." That a certain stoa was also called the Stoa of the Herms, Antiphon too has shown in the speech Against Nicocles. That certain Herms were also called "Hipparchian," after Hipparchus the son of Peisistratus, has been said both in the old comedy and in Plato in the Hipparchus.

Hermos. It is a deme of Attica, of the tribe Acamantis, as Diodorus says in his work On the Demes. But Dionysius the son of Tryphon, in his work On Names, says that the name of the deme, "Hermos," is seemingly neuter, like "herkos." Zopyrus, in his work On Rivers, says there is a "Hermos" in Attica and a deme of the same name as it.

Hermes ho pros tei pulidi ("the Hermes by the little gate"). Demosthenes in the speech Against Euergus and Mnesibulus. Philochorus, in the fifth book of his Atthis, says that the nine archons set up for the tribes a Hermes by the gateway, the Attic one.

Hermias. A proper name, the eunuch who had been thrice sold. He stood on intimate terms with Aristotle, and gave his adopted daughter to the philosopher.

Eroiadai. The Eroiadae are a deme of the tribe Hippothontis, as Diodorus says.

Eruthraioi. Demosthenes in the eighth Philippic. Erythrae is a city in Ionia, one of those founded by Neleus the son of Codrus, as Hellanicus says in his Atthis.

Erchiathen ("from Erchia"). Dinarchus Against Stephanus. Erchia is a deme of the tribe Aegeis, as Diodorus says.

Espathato. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aeschines. Didymus says it is used instead of "was wasted," from the "spathe"; and "spathe" is a sword. Perhaps, however, the metaphor is from weavers; for they use a "spathe" (a weaving-blade). And Aristophanes in the Clouds: "wife, you weave too lavishly (spathas)."

Estiator ("host, feast-giver"). The man who sets a table before certain people; Demosthenes in the speech Against Boeotus. They feasted the tribes, some willingly, some by lot, as the same orator makes clear in the speech Against Meidias.

Eschara ("hearth"). Lycurgus in the speech Concerning the Priestess. Ammonius, in his work On Altars, says that the "eschara" is called the hearth that has no height, but is set low on the ground and hollow; from which the physicians too call the hollow ulcers in bodies "escharai."

Eschatia ("the outlying land"). Demosthenes in the speech Against Phaenippus. They called the lands at the borders of the plots "eschatiai," the ones bordered by either a mountain or the sea.

Hetaireia ("companionship"). In a special sense Andocides applied the word to prostitution (hetairesis) in his Defense on the Mysteries.

Eteoboutadai. Lycurgus in the speech Concerning the Priestess. A clan among the Athenians, as it were "those truly from Butes"; for "eteon" means "true." From these was established the priestess of Athena Polias, as Draco says in his work On Clans.

Heterofthalmos ("the one-eyed man"). The one who made laws among the Locrians; Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates.

Euagoras. A proper name, for whom the encomium of Isocrates is composed.

Euaion. Demosthenes Against Meidias. A proper name.

Euandria ("the contest of manhood"). Dinarchus in the speech Against Agasikles. At the Panathenaea a contest of manhood (euandria) was held. Andocides makes this clear in the speech Against Alcibiades, and Philochorus.

Euboulos. There is a speech of Hyperides Concerning the Gifts of Eubulus, and Demosthenes mentions him in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. That he was a most distinguished demagogue, careful and industrious, and that, providing much money for the Athenians, he distributed it, on which account it came about that the city, under his administration, became most unmanly and most slothful—Theopompus says in the tenth book of the Philippics. There is another, the comic poet, whom Hyperides mentions in the speech Against Archestratides.

Eudikos. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. This man was one of those established by Philip as masters of all Thessaly.

Euenos. Hyperides in the speech Against Autocles. They record two Euenoi, elegiac poets of the same name, as Eratosthenes does in his work On Chronologies, saying that both were Parians; but he says that only the younger is well known. Plato too mentions one of them.

Eueniotata ("most tractably"). Antiphon in his work On Concord. "Euenios" is the gentle and moderate and not turbulent man; the metaphor is from horses. The word is also in Plato in the ninth book of the Laws.

Euthias. Hyperides On Behalf of Phryne. Euthias was among those reputed for malicious prosecution. Hermippus says that Anaximenes composed for him the speech Against Phryne.

Euthunoi ("examiners"). Lysias in the speech Against Nicides, if it is genuine. "Euthynoi" is the name of a magistracy among the Athenians. They were ten men in number, before whom those who had served on embassies or held office or administered any public matter rendered their accounts (euthynai). Aristotle has discoursed about them in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Euthuoron ("straight ahead"). The going in a straight line; Antiphon in the speech Against Nicocles. The word is also in Xenophon in the second book of the Anabasis.

Eumenides. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. Aeschylus, in the Eumenides, having told of the trial of Orestes, says that Athena, having soothed the Erinyes so that they were not harsh toward Orestes, named them "Eumenides" (Kindly Ones). They are Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone.

Euneidai. Lysias in the speech Against Telamon, if it is genuine. There is a clan among the Athenians so named, the Euneidae; they were lyre-players who furnished their service for the sacred rites.

Euxitheos. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, says that by this man the Eleans were betrayed.

Euoi saboi ("euoi saboi"). Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. "Euoi" is a Bacchic exclamation. Arignote says that some said "euoi" instead of "well to you" (eu soi), praising the invention of the mirror.

Euofthalmos ("with fair appearance"). Used instead of "seemly" by Antiphon in his work On Peacocks.

Eurubaton ("Eurybatus"). Aeschines Against Ctesiphon. Ephorus, in his eighth book, says that Eurybatus, a man of Ephesus, having taken money from Croesus to gather an army for the war against the Persians, then turned traitor and handed over the money given him to Cyrus, and that from this base men are called "Eurybatoi."

Eurumedon. Lycurgus in the speech Against Leocrates. Eurymedon is a river of Pamphylia, where Cimon, general of the Athenians, defeated the Persians both by land and by sea, as Thucydides says in his first book.

Eurusakeion. Hyperides in the speech Against Aristogiton. It is a precinct of Eurysaces the son of Ajax at Athens, so named, in Melite.

Eusumbolos ("easy to deal with"). Used instead of "easily and well dealing," that is, "good at dealing," by Antiphon in the Political speech.

Eufraios. Demosthenes in the ninth Philippic. This man was an Oreite by birth, and he had a share in the school of Plato.

Euonumeis. Lysias in the speech Against Philocrates. It is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis, as Diodorus says.

Efesis ("appeal"). The transfer from one court to another; the same is also called "ekkletos." There is a speech of Demosthenes entitled An Appeal Against Eubulides, and in the speech the word "appeal" and the verb "to appeal" occur often.

Efektos tokos ("interest at a sixth"). Interest at the sixth part of the principal; Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Chrysippus.

Efetai ("the ephetai"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. Those who judged the cases of bloodshed at the Palladium and at the Prytaneum and at the Delphinium and at Phreatto were called "ephetai."

Ef ieron ("to the shrine"). Demosthenes in the speech Concerning the Supplementary Trierarchy. There is a shrine of the twelve gods on the Bosporus, as Timosthenes says in his work On Harbors.

Eforia. The proclamation made at the boundaries, as Demosthenes teaches in his speech Against Aristocrates, and Theophrastus in the third book of his Laws.

Eformein ("to lie at anchor against"). Used instead of "to lie in wait"; for the lying off against certain persons, watching for an opportunity of attack, was so called; Demosthenes in the Philippics.

Echinos. It is a vessel into which the documents for the suits were put; Demosthenes in the speech Against Timotheus. Aristotle mentions this vessel too in the Constitution of the Athenians, and Aristophanes in the Danaids. There was also a city, Echinus, which Demosthenes mentions in the eighth Philippic. There is also a certain creature, both of land and of the sea, a shellfish.

Heolokrasia ("the dregs of stale wine"). Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "this man is the cause, having poured over me, as it were, a kind of dregs of his own wickedness." Didymus says: "the matters which he stirred up yesterday and the day before, today he pours over me and says that I did them."

6. Zeira. Zeira, or "seira": as some say, it was a garment which they put on over their tunics like a cloak; Lysias in the speech Against Philip, if it is genuine. And Xenophon, in the seventh book of the Anabasis, speaking of the Thracians, says: "they wore long robes (zeirai) reaching to their feet upon their horses, and not cloaks."

Zeuxis. Isocrates, On the Exchange of Property. The best of the painters of that time.

Zelotupoun ("to be jealous"). Aeschines, in the speech Against Ctesiphon, used instead of "to hate"; for "to envy" (zeloun) is "to count blessed," while "to be jealous" (zelotupein) is "to have come into enmity."

Zetetes ("investigator"). A magistracy at Athens established as occasion required, whenever it was necessary to seek out those committing some public wrong; Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates, and Andocides in the speech On the Information. This orator too once became an investigator, as Lysias and Isocrates say, and Plato the comic poet in the Ambassadors.

7. Hegemonia dikasteriou ("presidency of a court"). Aeschines Against Ctesiphon. Different suits were brought before different magistrates, and the magistrates introduced the suits brought to them into court, each according to its own law, presiding and taking the lead: thus, before the archon, the suits concerning orphans and heiresses; before the king-archon, those of impiety; before the polemarch, those of desertion and of being without a patron; before the thesmothetai, those of alien status and of bribery-for-citizenship and of malicious prosecution and of bribes and of false registration and of outrage and of adultery and of plotting and others.

Hegemon summorias ("leader of a symmory"). Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. The man who excelled in wealth, and on that account was charged with leading the rest, was called the "leader of the symmory," as Hyperides suggests in his speech Against Polyeuctus.

Hegemon. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. He was one of those who favored the Macedonians and were charged with taking bribes.

Hegesippos. Demosthenes in a Philippic. This is the one surnamed Crobylus, to whom some think the seventh Philippic ascribed to Demosthenes belongs.

Heduleion. Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aeschines. The Hedyleion is a mountain in Boeotia, as Theopompus says in his twenty-fifth book. "Or having brought down on the road": instead of "having taken him while lying in ambush," that is, "having struck him down in some ambush"; Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates.

Eetioneia. Antiphon, in his speech Concerning the Revolution. So was named the other headland of the Piraeus, after Eetion who acquired the land, as Philochorus says in his Counter-Plea against Demon. Thucydides too mentions the Eetioneia in his eighth book.

Ekroteriasmenoi ("mutilated"). Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "having each mutilated their own native lands," instead of "having ravaged them"; for those who maltreat people are accustomed to cut off their extremities, as Sophocles too in the Polyxena. Here, however, "mutilated" stands in place of the active "having mutilated."

Heliaia. Heliaia and heliasis: the heliaia is the greatest court at Athens, in which the public matters were judged, with a thousand or fifteen hundred jurors gathering. The thousand came together from two courts, the fifteen hundred from three. "To sit in the heliaia" and "heliasis" mean to give judgment in the heliaia. Lysias, in the speech Against Glaucon, often names the heliaia, but in the speech Against Philonides, if it is genuine, he used "to sit in the heliaia."

Helikia tes poleos ("the prime of the city"). Used instead of "those in their prime, the young men"; Lycurgus Against Aristogiton, and Demosthenes in the Philippics.

Hemiekton ("half-sixth measure"). Hemiekton and hemimedimnon: Dinarchus in the information Against Callisthenes. The medimnos containing forty-eight choinikes, the measure holding twenty-four choinikes is a half-medimnon; the half-sixth (hemiekton) is the measure holding four choinikes, the half of the sixth-part, which is eight choinikes.

Hemioliasmos ("a reckoning by one-and-a-half"). Antiphon, in the Political speech: "of doubling and of reckoning by one-and-a-half," instead of "to give the one-and-a-half measure in the calculations." The number "hemiolios" is one that contains another whole and the half of it, as three to two. At any rate Xenophon, in the Anabasis, says that he made the pay of the soldiers one-and-a-half, three half-darics instead of a daric.

Epeiron ("the mainland"). It is customary for Isocrates to call the land under the king of the Persians by this name, as in both the To Philip and the Archidamus.

Herakleia. Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aeschines. There being many Heracleia throughout Attica, Demosthenes would now mean either those at Marathon or those at Cynosarges; for these especially the Athenians held in honor.

Heraion teichos ("the wall of Hera"). Demosthenes in the Philippics. It is a place in Thrace so called, settled by the Samians, as Dionysius says in the fifth book of his Foundations.

Eria ("tombs"). Lycurgus, in the speech Against Autolycus. The "eria" are the tombs, as the orator himself makes clear. Some say that more generally all tombs are so called, but in a special sense those whose monuments are not raised on high, but where the bodies are laid in the earth; and that the name comes from "era" (the earth).

Esmen ("we knew"). Used instead of "we knew" (edeimen). Antiphon, in his Defense Against the Information of Callias: "we, then, neither knew (esmen) how great a fleet was needed."

Eitemenen ("borrowed"). Used instead of "having been lent" by Demosthenes in the speech Against Euergus, if it is genuine. For that they used "to ask" (aiteisthai) for "to borrow," Menander shows: "for not asking for fire, nor begging a dish."

Hefaistia. Hyperides, in the speech On Behalf of Academus. That there were two cities of Lemnos, Myrina and Hephaestia, Dionysius of Chalcis too makes clear in the third book of his Foundations.

Eion. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. Eion is a city of Thrace, a colony of the Mendaeans, as Thucydides says. But Theopompus, in his fourth book, says that the Athenians, having driven the Amphipolitans out of Eion, razed the place.

8. Thargelia. Hyperides, in the speech Against Polyeuctus. The Thargelia is a festival, held in the month Thargelion, which is sacred to Apollo.

Themenos ta opla ("having put on his arms"). Used instead of "having girded on and armed himself" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Meidias. And Homer: "and on his mighty head he set the helmet." And Aeschines, in the speech Against Timarchus, says: "fellow, for the city for which you do not put on your arms (tithesai)."

Themisteuein ("to deliver oracles"). Used instead of "to give oracular responses" by Lysias in the speech On the Miscarriage, if it is genuine. That the word came from Themis once having held the oracle before Apollo, Aeschylus says at the beginning of the Eumenides.

Themison. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. A proper name. This man became a tyrant.

Theogeiton. Demosthenes in the same speech. Some named this man Theogenes, as Dinarchus too does in the speech Against Demosthenes.

Theognis. Lysias in the speech Against Eratosthenes. This man was one of the Thirty tyrants at Athens, as others say, and Xenophon in the second book of the Hellenica. Of the poet Theognis, Isocrates makes mention in his admonitions To Nicocles; this man was a Megarian, from the Megara near Attica; for the poet himself says . . . Plato, in the first book of the Laws, not having attended to this, asserted that he was a citizen of the Megarians in Sicily. Not a few followed Plato in this.

Theoinion. Lycurgus in the adjudication of the Croconidae against the Coeronidae. The Dionysia held in the demes were called Theoinia, in which the clansmen offered sacrifice; for they called Dionysus "Theoinos," as Aeschylus shows, and Ister in the first book of his Collections.

Theokrines. Demosthenes, in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, reviling Aeschines, says "a tragic Theocrines." He means to call him a malicious prosecutor, since Theocrines was such a man, as is clear from the speech Against Theocrines, whether this speech is by Demosthenes or by Dinarchus. Since the man had once been a tragic actor and afterward a malicious prosecutor, he fittingly named him "a tragic Theocrines."

Therapnai. Isocrates in the Helen. There is a place in Lacedaemon called Therapnae, which Alcman too mentions in his first book.

Therman. Aeschines in his Defense on the Embassy. This is a Thracian town, as Theopompus too says in his twenty-second book.

Thermopulai. Isocrates in the Panegyricus. Some call this town "Pylae"; but Phileas, in his Description of the Earth, says it was called Thermopylae because there Athena made warm baths (therma loutra) for Heracles.

Thersandros. Aeschines Against Timarchus. That this man was a violent lover of boys, Aristogiton too makes clear in the speech Against Timarchus.

Thesthai ("to take as security, to enact"). Used instead of "to take as a pledge" by Hyperides in the speech Against Hygiaenon, but instead of "to receive and ratify a law" by Demosthenes; for in the case of laws it is said that "the lawgiver laid down (etheke), and the people enacted (etheto)"; Demosthenes in the speech On the Immunities. But in the speech Against Stephanus he says "having enacted private laws for himself," perhaps instead of "having laid down."

Thesmos ("ordinance"). Of old each single one of the laws was called a "thesmos," and Demosthenes too has so called the whole framework of the constitution in his speech Against Aristocrates.

Thesmothetai. Demosthenes in his speech Against Androtion. There is a magistracy at Athens, that of the thesmothetai, six in number; they are among the so-called nine archons. They are so called because they had charge of the laws; for the laws were called "thesmoi," as we said before. That these men revised the laws each year, Aeschines has said in the speech Against Ctesiphon, and Theophrastus in the third book of his Laws. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, goes through all that they do.

Thetes ("one who has given security"). Perhaps they call "thetes" the man who has given a pledge, and not, as Didymus says, the man who has adopted a son; for they called the adopted "thetoi," he says.

Thettalos. Lysias Against Nicides. One of the sons of Cimon was called Thettalus, as Heliodorus says in his work On the Acropolis.

Theudosian. Demosthenes in his speech On the Immunities. It is a place lying near the Scythians, which Satyrus died while besieging.

Theorika ("festival-funds"). Demosthenes in a Philippic. The "theorika" were certain public moneys, gathered from the revenues of the city; these were formerly kept for the needs of war and called "military funds," but afterward were laid out both on public works and on distributions, of which Agyrrhius the demagogue was the first to begin. Philochorus, in the third book of his Atthis, says: "the theorikon was first reckoned at a drachma for the show, whence it took its name," and what follows. But Philinus, in his speech against the statues of Sophocles and Euripides, speaking of Eubulus, says: "it was called theorikon because, the Dionysia being at hand, Eubulus distributed money for the sacrifice, so that all might keep the festival and no citizen be left out of the spectacle through want of private means." At different times, however, different sums were fixed for the spectacles and the sacrifices and festivals, as is clear from the first of the Philippics of Demosthenes. That it was not permitted to those abroad to take the theorikon, Hyperides has shown in his speech Against Archestratides. There was also a magistracy over the theorikon, as Aeschines shows in the speech Against Ctesiphon. "Theoroi," moreover, are not only the spectators, but also those sent to the gods; and in general they so named those who guard or have care of divine matters; for they called concern "ore." "For little is the concern (ore) of quarrels and of assemblies."

Theoris. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristogiton, if it is genuine. Theoris was a seeress, and being judged for impiety she was put to death, as Philochorus too writes in his sixth book.

Themakeus. Andocides in the speech On the Mysteries. Themakos is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis, as Diodorus the geographer says in his work On the Demes.

Theramenes. Lysias in the speech Against Eratosthenes. He was put to death, Critias having accused him, under the Thirty.

Theseion. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is a precinct dedicated to Theseus.

Thetes ("thetes, the laboring class"). Thetes and thetikon: Antiphon, in the speech Against Philinus, says "to make all the thetes hoplites," and Demosthenes, in the speech Concerning the Estate of Hagnias, "of the heiresses, those who pay the thetic rate." The constitution being divided among the Athenians into four classes, the poorest were called "thetes" and were said "to pay the thetic rate." These men shared in no office, as Aristotle too shows in the Constitution of the Athenians. That they did not serve in the army, Aristophanes too has said in the Banqueters. Demosthenes, in the passage before us, called the poor girl an "heiress," whom the Attic writers name a "thessa." It was incumbent on the nearest of kin either to take the "thessai" in marriage or to give five minas, as Posidippus the comic poet too says somewhere.

Thiasos ("religious guild"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Aeschines. A "thiasos" is the multitude gathered for the celebration and honor of the gods; Xenophon in the second book of the Memorabilia. But Ion, in the Omphale, applied the word in general to every gathering. The "thiasotai" were those who shared in the guilds; Isaeus in the speech Concerning the Estate of Astyphilus.

Thibron. Isocrates in the Panegyricus. This man was a Lacedaemonian sent into Asia as harmost after the Peloponnesian War.

Tholos ("the Rotunda"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Aeschines. The place where the prytaneis dined was so called among the Athenians. Ammonius, at any rate, in the fourth book of his work On Altars, writes thus: "the place where the prytaneis are entertained is called the Tholos, but by some the 'Shade,' because it was built round, resembling a sunshade (tholia)."

Thorai. A deme of the tribe Antiochis, as Diodorus says.

Thorikos. Isaeus in the speech Against Posidippus. It is a deme of the tribe Acamantis, as the same Diodorus says in his work On the Demes.

Thripedeston ("worm-eaten"). Hyperides, in the speech Against Demades, called Greece "worm-eaten," instead of "ruined," from wood eaten away by woodworms (thripes).

Thronion. Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. Thronion is a city of Locris, as Theopompus says in his . . .

Thumaitadai. A deme of the tribe Hippothontis, named after the hero Thymaetes, as Diodorus says.

Thurgonidai. Isaeus in the speech Against Nicocles. Nicander of Thyateira, in his work On the Demes, says that the Aphidnaeans, the Perridae, the Titacidae, and the Thyrgonidae were transferred from the tribe Aeantis. Demetrius of Scepsis too, in the second book of his Order, says that the deme belongs to the tribe Ptolemais.

Thustion. Aeschines Against Ctesiphon. It is a city of Aetolia, as Didymus says, citing as witness the first book of the Aetolica of Nicander. We, however, in the Atticianus copies found it written with a tau, "Thytion."

9. Idian ("private"). Used instead of "private" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Conon. They used "idion" and "idiotikon" alike, as the same orator does in the speech Against Zenothemis.

Idrieus. Isocrates, in the speech To Philip. This man was a dynast in Caria, son of Hecatomnos, brother of Mausolus and Artemisia.

Hierax. Demosthenes in the first book of the Philippics. That Hierax was one of the envoys sent by the Amphipolitans to Athens, when they wished to hand over both their city and their territory to the Athenians, Theopompus has said in the third book of the Philippics.

Hiera odos ("the Sacred Way"). Isaeus, in his Defense Against Diophanes. The Sacred Way is the one by which the initiates go from the city to Eleusis. A whole book has been written by Polemon concerning the Sacred Way. Cratinus too mentions it in the Runaway Women.

Hiera trieres ("the sacred trireme"). Demosthenes in the fourth book of the Philippics: "and he went off, taking the sacred trireme from the country." He would mean the Paralus, as may be gathered both from Philochorus and likewise from the sixth book of Androtion.

Hieromenia ("sacred month"). Demosthenes Against Timocrates. The festival-days are called "hieromeniai."

Hieromnemones ("sacred recorders"). Demosthenes On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Those sent to the council of the Amphictyons from each of the cities sharing in the council are so called, as Theopompus makes clear in his thirtieth book.

Hierofantes ("hierophant"). Hyperides says somewhere: "but I have neither a torchbearer's daughter nor a hierophant's." Dinarchus, in the adjudication of the Croconidae, says that the first hierophant was so named because he revealed (apophenanta) the sacred things when returning from war. Concerning the clan of the hierophants, Hellanicus has shown in the second book of his Atthis.

Hieronumos. Lysias in the speech Against Hippotherses. Of Hieronymus who served as general of the Athenians, others make mention, and Ephorus both in his eighteenth and in his nineteenth book. There is another Hieronymus, a Megalopolitan, whom Demosthenes mentions in the speech Against Aeschines. That this man was especially among those who favored the Macedonians, Theopompus too has said in his fifty-first book.

Ithufalloi. Hyperides, in the speech Against Archestratides: "those who dance the ithyphalloi in the orchestra." Certain poems were so called, those sung at the phallus, as Lynceus says in his Letters. But Demosthenes, in the speech Against Conon, applied it to certain men on whom the name had been laid in jest. Properly, "ithyphallus" meant the erect member, as Cratinus uses it in the Archilochi.

Ikarieus. Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras. It is a deme of the tribe Aegeis, as Diodorus says.

Hiketeria ("suppliant-branch"). Aeschines in his Defense. The "hiketeria" is an olive branch wreathed with a fillet.

Ionios ("Ionian"). Lysias in the Olympiacus. The ancients sometimes named the so-called Adriatic thus. Epidamnus is a city on the right as one sails into the Ionian Gulf; Thucydides in his first book.

Ipnos ("kitchen"). Lycurgus in the speech Against Lycophron, book one. A part of the house is so called, what is called among us the "kitchen"; at any rate there is a play of Pherecrates, Ipnos, or the All-Night Festival, in which this is shown, that it is a part of the house. Properly, the "ipnos" is the oven, whence they also call certain men "oven-moulders."

Hipparchos. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. This man was a tyrant of Eretria. There is another Hipparchus about whom Lycurgus speaks in the speech Against Lycophron, "Hipparchus the son of Peisistratus." There is yet another Hipparchus, the son of Charmus, as Lycurgus says in the speech Against Leocrates; about him Androtion, in his second book, says that he was a kinsman of Peisistratus the tyrant and was the first to be ostracized, the law about ostracism being then first laid down, on account of the suspicion against the followers of Peisistratus, that, being a demagogue and a general, he might make himself tyrant. There is another Hipparchus, an actor, whom Demosthenes mentions in the speech Against Neaera, if it is genuine. Among the Athenians, moreover, the "hipparch" is also the commander of the cavalry; there were two of these, as Demosthenes says in the fourth book of the Philippics, and Aristotle in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Hippas ("knight's rate"). Isaeus, in the speech Concerning the Estate of Apollodorus: "he registered a small assessment, as paying at the knight's rate." Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says that Solon divided the whole multitude of the Athenians into four classes: the five-hundred-bushel men, the knights (hippeis), the yoke-men, and the thetes. The "hippades," then, belong to the knights.

Hippia Athena ("Athena of the Horse"). Isaeus, in the speech Against Calydon. Mnaseas, in the first book of his Europe, says that Athena of the Horse is the daughter of Poseidon and of Coryphe daughter of Oceanus, and that, having first constructed a chariot, she was for this reason called "of the horse."

Hippodameia. Demosthenes, in the speech Against Timotheus, says there is a marketplace in the Piraeus called Hippodameia, after Hippodamus of Miletus, the architect who built the Piraeus for the Athenians.

Isa bainon Puthoklei ("walking in step with Pythocles"). Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aeschines, used instead of "always being with him and not standing apart even a little." And in the speech Against Stephanus, book one, he says "he walked in step (isa bainon) with Aristolochus the banker." Menander: "an expensive courtesan walking in step beside him."

Isai psefoi ("equal votes"). Aeschines Against Ctesiphon: "another private man who sailed to Rhodes, because he had borne his fear unmanfully, was once recently impeached, and the votes for him came out equal; but if one vote had fallen over, he would have been banished and put to death."

Isaios. This man is one of the ten orators, a pupil of Isocrates, the teacher of Demosthenes, an Athenian by birth, as Hermippus says in the second book of his work On the Pupils of Isocrates. But Demetrius, in his work On Poets of the Same Name, says he was a Chalcidian.

Ismenias. Lysias in the speech Against Thrasybulus, if it is genuine. He was one of the distinguished polemarchs among the Thebans.

Isolaites. Hyperides, in the speech On Behalf of Phryne. A certain foreign deity, to whom common women, not at all respectable, performed rites.

Isoteles ("paying equal taxes"). Isoteles and isoteleia: Isaeus often, in the speech Against Elpagoras. A certain honor given to those metics who appeared worthy, by which they also obtained release from the alien-tax, as Lysias says in the speech Against Sostratus for Outrage, if it is genuine. That the "isoteleis" had release also from the other obligations of the metics, Theophrastus has said in the eleventh book of his Laws; and he says that in some places the Athenians voted "isoteleia" to whole cities, as to the Olynthians and Thebans. One may also learn from the speech of Isaeus mentioned above how much the "isoteles" paid.

Ischandros. Demosthenes Against Aeschines. Ischandros is a tragic actor. Aeschines the orator, acting along with him, is thought to have fallen down in Collytus, as Demochares says in his Dialogues.

Itelios. Lysias in the speech Against Nicides. Itea is a deme of the tribe Acamantis, from which the demesman is Iteaeus, as Diodorus says.

Ion. Isocrates, in the speech On the Exchange of Property. The orator would now be mentioning Ion the tragic poet, who was a Chian by birth, son of Orthomenes, surnamed son of Xuthus. He wrote many lyric poems and tragedies, and a philosophical treatise entitled the Triagmus, which Callimachus says is disputed as being by Epigenes; in some copies it is entitled in the plural, Triagmoi, as Demetrius of Scepsis and Apollonides of Nicaea say. They record in it these words: "This is the beginning of my discourse: all things are three, and nothing more nor less than these three. Of each one of these three the excellence is a triad: understanding and power and fortune."

10. Kabule. Demosthenes in the eighth book of the Philippics. It is a place of Thrace, as Theopompus says in his forty-seventh book and Anaximenes in the eighth book of the Philippics. The latter says it is situated by the river Taxus in the middle of Thrace.

Kadiskos ("voting-urn"). Isaeus in the speech Concerning the Estate of Hagnias. They so called a certain vessel into which the jurors cast their votes. Phrynichus in the Muses: "Look, take the vote. Here is your urn (kadiskos): this one acquits, that one over there condemns."

Kadmeia. Isocrates in the Panegyricus. The other orators too often mention the Cadmeia; the citadel of the Thebans is so called, as is agreed among nearly all the historians.

Katharsion ("purificatory offering"). Aeschines Against Timarchus. It was a custom at Athens to purify the assembly and the theaters and, in general, the gatherings of the people with very small piglets, which they called "katharsia." This was done by those called "peristiarchoi," who were so named either from going around (peristeichein) or from the hearth (hestia).

Kathelon ("having struck down"). Demosthenes, in his speech Against Aristocrates, says "or having struck down on the road," instead of "having killed or slain." Others too used the word thus, as Stesichorus in the Sack of Troy and Sophocles in the Eumelus.

Kathekonta ("things befalling, duties"). Demosthenes, in the tenth book of the Philippics, says "whoever did not think fit to do the things befalling upon himself," instead of "the things that come upon him."

Kathetos ("the lowered lamb"). The lamb let down into the sea; Lysias in the speech Against Telamon. Concerning the "kathetos" Meliton has discoursed in the first book of his work On the Clans at Athens.

Kai ("and"). "For even the fact that none of the fighting men, without the magistrates' . . ."

Gnomes apodemein ("resolve, to go abroad"). When Isocrates says this in the Busiris about the Lacedaemonians, one must say that those who wrote the constitutions of the Lacedaemonians have said the like; for Aristotle says that it was not permitted to the Lacedaemonians to go abroad, lest they grow accustomed to be friends of other laws than their own. But while Isocrates says that only the fighting men were prevented from going abroad, the followers of Aristotle say that all the Lacedaemonians were.

Kainos ("in a new way"). Isocrates in the Panegyricus, that is, "as befits more recent matters." Ephorus explained it in a certain way in his first book.

Kakotechnion ("of malicious contrivance"). The name of a suit, which those who had convicted someone of false testimony brought against the man who produced him; Demosthenes in the speech Against Timotheus for Repayment, if it is genuine, and in the speech Against Euergus and Mnesibulus.

Kakos eidotes ("knowing ill"). Used instead of "being ignorant" by Isocrates in the speech On the Peace.

Kakoseos ("of maltreatment"). The name of a suit, granted to heiresses against those who have married them, to children against their parents, and to those who proceed against guardians on behalf of orphans; Demosthenes Against Timocrates, and Lysias both in the speech Concerning the Estate of Hegesander and in the speech On Behalf of . . . , and Hyperides Concerning the Estate of Pyrrandrus. That it was permitted to anyone who wished to indict for the maltreatment of parents and to come to the aid of heiresses, is made clear both in the speech of Hyperides mentioned above and in the speech of Lysias Against Philonides for Violence, if it is genuine. It was also without water.

Kalaureia. Demosthenes in his letter concerning his own return. It is an island near Troezen, as Hecataeus said in his Description of the Earth. Calauria was formerly called Eirene, as Anticleides says.

Kaneforoi ("basket-bearers"). Lycurgus in the speech Against Lycophron. Concerning the basket-bearers, Philochorus, in the second book of his Atthis, says that in the reign of Erichthonius the maidens of rank were first appointed to carry the baskets for the goddess, on which lay the implements for the sacrifice, both at the Panathenaea and in the other processions.

Karkinos ("crab"). Lysias, in the Defense Concerning the Dog, if it is genuine: "for the bitches kept coming in and damaging my crab." And when the grain takes root in the earth, they say it has "crabbed"; Pherecrates in the Deserters: "whenever you have leisure, sprinkle it, that the crops may crab together." "Karkinos" is also the name of a certain ailment occurring in bodies, which they now call "carcinoma." It is also a proper name, which Isocrates mentions in the Trapeziticus; this would be the Athenian general sent to sail around the Peloponnese. Concerning the tragic poet, the son of Xenocles, Lysias speaks in the speech Against Mnesimachus: "and Carcinus the poet agrees with these, having said, 'It was not wine that drove them out of their senses; for no occasion stirs up wits rightly fixed by nature . . . to err.'"

Karpou dike ("suit for produce"). Lysias in the speech Against Demosthenes for Maladministration of a Guardianship: "for if you make any claim against this young man and he holds anything of yours, bring suit against him according to the laws—if you dispute a plot of land, a suit for produce; if a house, a suit for rent—just as he now sues you for maladministration of a guardianship."

Karuanda. Dinarchus in his speech Against Polyeuctus. It is a city of Caria.

Katabole ("an instalment, an onset"). Demosthenes in the ninth Philippic: "like a period or onset (katabole) of a fever." In recurrent diseases a certain "onset" is so called, because it comes on at a fixed time, just as the members of a loan-club make their instalments (katabolai) of money.

Katadedesthai. Used instead of "to be bewitched and bound with drugs" by Dinarchus in the information Against Pytheas.

Kata demous dikastas ("the deme-judges"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates. Concerning the deme-judges—that formerly they were thirty and went around the demes giving judgment, then became forty—Aristotle has spoken in the Constitution of the Athenians.

Katadikasamenos. Used instead of "having won and caused someone to be condemned" by Isaeus in the speech Against Diocles for Outrage.

Katagein ta ploia ("to bring the ships to land"). Demosthenes in the eighth Philippic. "To bring the ships to land" is used instead of "to use force and do harm, and not to allow those sailing to sail where they wish, but to bring them to land for the pirates at their own places," as Lycurgus too makes clear in the speech Against Leocrates.

Katastasis ("establishment-money"). Lysias: "and that the phylarchs vote to register those who served in the cavalry, that you may exact the establishment-money from them." It seems to be money which the cavalrymen appointed received from the public treasury on their appointment, as the orator himself suggests in what follows. Eupolis too indicates this in the Friends: "you did not act wisely, old man, in taking this establishment-money suddenly before you had even learned horsemanship." It is stated still more clearly in the Syrphax of Plato. The money was repaid by those who had served in the cavalry, when others were established in their place; and the phylarchs demanded it.

Kata ten agoran apseudein ("to tell no falsehood in the marketplace"). Hyperides, in the speech Against Athenogenes, book one: "the law bids one tell no falsehood in the marketplace." The law seems to concern the goods for sale; at any rate Theophrastus, in his work On Laws, says that the market-officers must attend to these two things, the good order in the marketplace and the telling of no falsehood, not only by the sellers but also by the buyers.

Katatome ("the cutting"). Hyperides in the speech Against Demosthenes: "and sitting below, under the cutting (katatome)." Philochorus, in his sixth book, writes thus: "Aeschraeus of Anagyrous dedicated the tripod above the theater, overlaying it with silver, having won as choregus for boys the year before, and inscribed it on the cutting of the rock."

Katapaex ("astonished"). One continually struck; Lysias in the speech Against Aeschines the Socratic, and in the speech Against Andocides for Impiety, if the speech is genuine. Theopompus in the Tisamenus: "but Eileithyia has pardon, being struck astonished (kataplex) at her craft by the women."

Katachusmata ("things poured down"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Stephanus, book one. That the masters poured sweetmeats over the newly-bought slaves, Aristophanes makes clear in the Plutus; and that they did so also for those returning from a sacred mission . . . They poured them also over bridegrooms, as Theopompus shows in the Hedychares.

Katacheirotonia ("condemnation by show of hands"). It was a custom at Athens to lay denunciations against the magistrates and against the malicious prosecutors before the people; and if someone was condemned by show of hands, he was brought into court. The word occurs often both in Demosthenes, in the speech Against Meidias, and in Hyperides, in the speech On Behalf of Chaerephilus Concerning the Salt-Fish. Theophrastus too has treated of condemnation by show of hands in the fourth book of his Laws.

Katapseudomarturesamenos. Used instead of "having produced those who would bear false witness" by Demosthenes in his speech Against Stephanus.

Kateleusan. Used instead of "they cast down with stones" by Hyperides in the speech Against Autocles.

Katoikodomesen. Used instead of "he shut up in a chamber and killed" by Isaeus, often, in the speech Against Diocles.

Kebrena. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. Cebren is a city of the Troad, a colony of the Cymaeans, as Ephorus says in his first book.

Kegchreon ("the millet-house"). Demosthenes in the special plea Against Pantaenetus: "and then he persuaded my slaves to sit down in the millet-house (kegchreon)," instead of "in the cleansing-house," where they dried the millet-ore from the mines, as Theophrastus suggests in his work On Mines.

Keioi. Lysias in the speech On His Own Benefactions: "the Ceans, a city of such size." Ceos is one of the Cyclades islands, lying near Attica. The orator called the island a city. Euripides too called Euboea so: "Euboea is some neighboring city to Athens." And Aristophanes, concerning Sicily, says: "what a wretched city is being utterly ruined."

Keiriades. Isaeus in the appeal Against Boeotus from the demesmen. That Ceiriadae is a deme of the tribe Hippothontis, Diodorus has said in his work On the Demes.

Kekropis. Hyperides in the speech Against Aristogiton. Cecropis was one of the ten tribes at Athens, as Demosthenes says in the Funeral Oration, if it is genuine.

Keleontes ("loom-posts"). Antiphon, in his Defense Against the Indictment of Demosthenes: "where he fixed the loom-posts (keleontes)." Properly the "keleontes" are the loom-uprights, as is clear in Aristophanes the comic poet. But here the orator would use it metaphorically for the upright timbers.

Kerameis. Hyperides in his speech On Behalf of Xenophilus, book one. Cerameis is a deme of the tribe Acamantis, as Diodorus says. Philochorus, in his third book, says these got their name from the potter's craft (keramike techne) and from sacrificing to a certain hero Ceramus.

Kerameikos. Antiphon in the speech Against Nicocles, Concerning Boundaries. That there are two Cerameici, as the orator too says—one within the city, the other outside, where they buried at public expense those who died in war and delivered the funeral orations—Callicrates or Menecles makes clear in the work On Athens.

Kerkidas. Demosthenes, in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, listing the traitors, says "Cercidas of Arcadia." That this man was among those who favored Macedonian interests, Theopompus too has said in the fifteenth book of the Philippics.

Kerkouros. A kind of ship; Dinarchus in the Tyrrhenian speech.

Kerkops ("Cercops"). Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. In the poems ascribed to Homer, in the Cercopes, it is shown that the Cercopes were deceivers and liars. Xenagoras says they were changed into apes, and that the Pithecusae islands were named after them. Aeschrion of Samos, in his iambics, even records their names, Candulus and Atlantus.

Keineas. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is agreed among the historians too that Cineas was one of those who betrayed the affairs of the Thessalians to Philip, and especially by Theopompus in his first book, who at the same time describes the man's character.

Kersobleptes. The orators often mention this man, as also Demosthenes Against Aristocrates. He was a son of Cotys, and being very young was established by his father as king of Thrace. That he once made war on the Athenians concerning the Chersonese, Isocrates too makes clear in the speech On the Peace.

Kestrinoi. Hyperides in the speech On the Salt-Fish. The "kestrinos" is a fish. But one must consider whether it differs at all from the "kestreus" (mullet).

Kefalos. A proper name, a demagogue.

Kefalethen ("from Cephale"). Isaeus in the speech Against Calydon Concerning a Guardianship. Cephale is a deme of the tribe Acamantis, from which the demesman is said to be "from Cephale" (Kephalethen), as Diodorus says.

Kedonides. Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus: "passing over these savage men, Cedonides and Autocleides and Thersander." These were violent lovers of boys.

Kekis ("gall-dye"). A certain dye and astringent, or a fruit of the oak suitable for dyeing; Demosthenes in his speech Against Aphobus, book one.

Kepos ("garden"). Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. There is a city on the Bosporus called Cepos ("Garden").

Kerukeia ("herald's fee"). The pay given to the heralds at the sales that take place; Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes.

Kerukes ("the Heralds"). Isocrates in the Panegyricus. There is a clan at Athens so named; it was called after Ceryx the son of Hermes.

Kettoi. Lysias in the speech Against Nicides for Idleness. It is a deme of the tribe Leontis, as Diodorus the geographer says.

Kefisieus. Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes. It is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis, as he himself says.

Kefisodoros. Lycurgus in the speech Against Menesaechmus. This man was ridiculed in comedy as sluggish. There is another Cephisodorus who, being a cavalry-commander, died at Mantinea together with Gryllus the son of Xenophon, whom Dinarchus mentions in the speech Against Callaeschrus.

Kefisodotos. Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Androtion, in the fifth book of his Atthis, relates that, while besieging Alopeconnesus, he was deposed by show of hands, and being tried was convicted and paid five talents.

Kigklis ("lattice-gate"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristogiton. The doors of the law-courts were called "lattice-gates" (kigklides); Aristophanes in the Banqueters: "and the juror crept toward the lattice-gate."

Kinados ("beast"). Used instead of "wild beast" by Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is found in comedy too, as in Aristophanes. They say that the Sicilians, in a special sense, call the fox "kinadion."

Kinesias. There are two speeches of Lysias Against Cinesias, in which he often mentions the man, saying that he was most impious and most lawless, and that the comic poets write against him every year. This would be the dithyramb-poet, whom the comic poets often mention, and Strattis, who composed a whole play against him, entitled Cinesias, in which he also makes comedy of his impiety.

Kirraion pedion ("the Cirrhaean plain"). Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Cirrha is a city distant thirty stades from Delphi. The orator seems, then, to call "Cirrhaean plain" the plain lying beside this city.

Kisthene. Isocrates in the Panegyricus. A mountain of Thrace. Cratinus: "and thence you will come to the ends of the earth and see the mountain Cisthene."

Kittoforos ("ivy-bearer"). Some write it with a sigma, "kistophoros" ("chest-bearer"); for they said that the so-called chests (kistai) were sacred to Dionysus and to the two goddesses.

Klimazei. Dinarchus, in the work entitled A Speech in Support of Aeschines Against Dinias: "whenever, then, in his defense he 'klimazei' and distorts the laws," instead of "bends aside and perverts." Perhaps one should write "blimazei," so that it means "presses hard and forces."

Klerouchoi ("cleruchs"). Demosthenes in the eighth book of the Philippics. "Cleruchs" were those whom the Athenians sent to the cities they took, distributing allotments (kleroi) to each. Isocrates in the Panegyricus: "for which the right-minded ought to feel great gratitude, far rather than to reproach us for the cleruchies, which we sent out to the depopulated cities for the sake of guarding the territory, and not through greed." But in the speech On the Symmories Demosthenes would mean by "cleruchic property" the property of those sent out to some other land under a cleruchy; "for how can a man not residing at Athens serve as trierarch?"

Klesis ("summons"). The summons, that is, the citation to trial; Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. That they also said "prokleseis," the same author makes clear in the speech Concerning the Estate of Hagnias.

Kleteres ("summons-witnesses"). Kleteres and kleteuein: the "kleteres" are the men through whom those bringing suits against others summon them to the trials; for there had to be present certain persons, as it were witnesses, of the summons; Isaeus in the speech Against Neocles, Concerning a Plot of Land. The word is altogether frequent both among the orators and in the old comedy. "Kleteusai" is to become a summons-witness, as Isaeus says in the speech Against Cleomedon. But "to be summoned" and "to be called out" are also used of witnesses, when they do not respond to give testimony in the courts; and there is a penalty against them of a thousand drachmas, as Isaeus says in the speech On Behalf of Python for Desertion.

Kobaleia ("knavery"). Dinarchus in the information Against Pytheas. "Kobaleia" was the term for pretended jesting with deceit, and "kobalos" the man who used it. It seems synonymous with "bomolochos." Philochorus, in the second book of his Atthis: "for one must not, as some say, suppose Dionysus to be a buffoon and a knave (kobalos)." Aristotle, in the eighth book of the History of Animals, says that the eagle-owl is a knave (kobalos) and a mimic, and is caught while dancing in answer.

Koinon grammateion ("common register"). Koinon grammateion and lexiarchikon: the "common register" is the one in which were enrolled those introduced to the phratry-members and clansmen; the "lexiarchikon" is the one in which were enrolled those registered in the demes, as other orators show and Isaeus in the speech Concerning the Estate of Apollodorus.

Koinonikon ("partnership property"). Demosthenes in the speech On the Symmories. By "partners" (koinonikoi) he would perhaps mean brothers having undivided property, whose father could perform public services, but whose heirs, taking the property singly, were not sufficient each to serve as trierarch; or perhaps also those who had agreed on a voluntary partnership in trade or some other matter, of whom each did not have the whole assessment of the common property.

Koironidai. There is a speech of Lycurgus entitled The Adjudication of the Croconidae against the Coeronidae, which some think to be by Philinus. The Coeronidae are a clan, about whom Ister speaks in his Collection of the Atthis. It would have been named after Coeron, whom they say was the bastard brother of Crocon, on which account the Croconidae are more honored. But the author of the speech, whoever he is, says they were called by three names: Coeronidae and Philieis and Perithoidae.

Kolluteus. Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus. Collytus is a deme of the tribe Aegeis.

Kolonetas. Hyperides, in the speech Against Apellaeus, Concerning the Treasure. They named the hired men "Colonetae," since they stood by the Colonus, which is near the marketplace, where the Hephaesteum and the Eurysaceum are; and this Colonus was called "of the marketplace." There was another Colonus by the shrine of Poseidon, as Hyperides says in the speech Against Autocles; this would be the Colonus "of the knights." Pherecrates in the Petale: "where do you come from, fellow? I was hurrying to Colonus. Not the one of the marketplace, but the one of the knights." Demosthenes, in the speech On the . . . , says "from Colonus." Concerning the Coloni, Diodorus the geographer and Philochorus in the third book of his Atthis have treated.

Komistika ploia ("transport vessels"). Hyperides, in the speech Concerning the Guarding of the Tyrrhenians. The "transport vessels" seem to be those in which the Tyrrhenians carried the spoils they had taken, as the orator himself suggests in the speech.

Kommata ("husks"). Kommata and kyrebia: Dinarchus in the information Against Callisthenes. The "kyrebia" are the bran; the "kommata" seem to be certain parts either of the straw or of the things about the grain itself in the ear, or of the beards of grain.

Kordakismos ("the cordax-dance"). Demosthenes in the Philippics. The "cordax" is a kind of comic dance, as Aristoxenus says in his work On Tragic Dancing. The word is found in the old comedy too, as in Nicophon.

Koroplathos ("doll-moulder"). Isocrates, in the speech On the Exchange of Property. They so named those who moulded girls or boys out of clay or wax or some such material.

Korsiai. Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines. Corsiae is a city of Boeotia, as Theopompus says in his thirtieth book.

Kotulaion oros ("Mount Cotylaeum"). Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. It seems to be a mountain of Euboea; at any rate Archemachus, in the third book of his Euboean History, says: "Cotylus, then, appears to have held the mountain now called Cotylaeum after him."

Kotus. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. This man ruled Thrace for twenty-four years; at first he lived in luxury and indulgence, but afterward, as his prosperity increased, he was carried away into savagery and rage, so that he even cut his wife, by whom he had children, in two with his own hands, beginning from the genitals.

Krauallidai. Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Didymus says it should be written "Craugallidae"; for so was called the territory in Phocis near Cirrha, the "Craugallium," as Xenagoras too relates in the fourth book of his Chronicles.

Krastis. Dinarchus in the speech Against Lysicrates. "Krastis" is grass, as Aristophanes too says.

Krithoten. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aristocrates. Crithote is one of the cities in the Chersonese, as Hellanicus says in the first book of his Trojan History. But Ephorus, in his fourth book, says it was settled by the Athenians who came there with Miltiades.

Krioeus. Demosthenes in the speech Against Phaenippus. Crioa is a deme of the tribe Antiochis, as Diodorus says in his work On the Demes.

Krobulos. Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Hegesippus is the one surnamed Crobylus; but properly the "krobylos" is a kind of hair-knot, as Thucydides says in his first book.

Ktesiou Dios ("of Zeus Ctesius"). Hyperides in the speech Against Apellaeus. They set up Zeus Ctesius ("of property") in the storerooms; Menander in the False Heracles: "but now, when I see a parasite going into the women's quarters, and Zeus Ctesius keeping the storeroom unlocked but with little harlots running in."

Ktesifon. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aeschines: "for at the outset, until Philip obtained a hearing concerning the peace, Ctesiphon and Aristodemus bore the first share of the deception." This man was one of the ten envoys who served on embassy with Demosthenes and Aeschines; each of the orators, at any rate, often mentions him in the speech On the Embassy. There would be another man, the one who proposed the decree about the crown for Demosthenes, against whom Aeschines' speech Against Ctesiphon is directed.

Kudathenaieus. Hyperides in the speech Concerning the Estate of the Knight. Cydathenaeon is a deme of the tribe Pandionis, from which the demesman is Cydathenaeus.

Kudantides. Hyperides in the speech Against Polyeuctus. Cydantidae is a deme of the tribe Aegeis.

Kutherios. Demosthenes in the speech Against Phaenippus. Cytherus is a deme of the tribe Pandionis, from which the demesman is called Cytherius.

Kuthnioi. Demosthenes in the speech On the Levy. Cythnos is one of the Cyclades islands, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Cythnians.

Kukloi ("the circles"). Dinarchus in the speech Against Callaeschrus. "Circles" were the places in which certain persons were sold; they were named from the fact that those being sold stood round in a circle. Menander in the Ephesian: "I think now, by the gods, that I see myself stripped in the circles, running round in a circle and being sold."

Kumbion ("the cymbium-cup"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Meidias. The "kymbion" is a kind of drinking-cup. Didymus says it is long and narrow and similar in shape to the boat called a "kymbion."

Kunnidai. Lycurgus in the adjudication of the Croconidae against the Coeronidae. The Cynnidae are a clan among the Athenians.

Kunosarges. Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates. The Cynosarges is one of the gymnasia among the Athenians.

Kuprothemis. A proper name. Demosthenes in the speech On the Freedom of the Rhodians: "Samos, garrisoned by Cyprothemis, whom Tigranes the king's viceroy installed."

Kupassis. Lysias in the speech On Behalf of Bacchius and Pythagoras, if it is genuine. The glossographers say the "kypassis" is a kind of tunic, some saying a woman's, others a man's. Hipponax mentions it, and Hecataeus in his Description of Europe, saying: "the Cissians wear Persian tunics (kypasseis)"; and Aristophanes in the Frying-pan Men.

Kurbeis. Lycurgus in the speech Concerning the Priestess. The "kyrbeis," Apollodorus says in his work On the Gods, have the laws inscribed on them, and they are upright standing stones, which from their standing they called "stelae," but from their upward extension, because they were brought to a point (kekoryphosthai), they called "kyrbeis," just as they called the headdress placed on the head a "kyrbasia." Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says: "having inscribed the laws on the kyrbeis, they set them up in the Royal Stoa."

Kureion ("the Cyrean army"). Isocrates in the Panegyricus. The "Cyrean army" is the one that marched up with Cyrus, when he campaigned against his brother Artaxerxes; in which Xenophon too took part.

Kurebion. Demosthenes in his speech Against Aeschines. That this is a nickname of Epicrates, the brother-in-law of Aeschines, has been shown elsewhere too.

Kuria ekklesia ("sovereign assembly"). Hyperides in the speech Against Demeas for Alien Status, if it is genuine. What the "sovereign assemblies" are, Aristotle has shown in the Constitution of the Athenians, saying that the prytaneis convene the Council and the people—the Council daily, except when there is a holiday, and the people four times in each prytany. He says they announce in advance a "sovereign assembly," in which the magistrates who seem not to govern well must be confirmed or removed by show of hands, and matters concerning the guarding of the territory are dealt with. And he says that on this day those who wish make their impeachments, and so on.

Kursilon. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "having chosen as general Themistocles, who gave this counsel, but stoning to death Cyrsilus, who declared that they should submit."

Kodeia ("poppy-head"). They so call the head of the poppy; Hyperides, and Aristophanes in the Farmers: "a good poppy-head."

Kolias. Demosthenes in his speech Against Neaera, if it is genuine. Colias is a coastal headland of Attica, named by metaphor from the "kolon" (limb); there is there a shrine of Aphrodite. Aristophanes mentions it at the beginning of the Lysistrata.

11. Lagiska. Lysias in the speech Against Lais, if it is genuine. Lagisca the courtesan is mentioned by Strattis the comic poet too, thus: "to see Lagisca, the concubine of Isocrates, while she was still gathering figs in bed, and the flute-bore himself."

Lampadion ("little torch"). What we now call a "lampas" (torch) they used to name thus; Dinarchus in the speech Against Pytheas, and Plato in the first book of the Republic.

Lampas ("torch-race"). Lysias in the speech Against Euphemus. The Athenians hold three torch-festivals: at the Panathenaea, the Hephaestia, and the Promethia, as Polemon says in his work On the Tablets in the Propylaea. But Ister, in the first book of his Atthis, having said that at the festival of the Apaturia the Athenians who have put on the finest robes take kindled torches from the hearth and run, singing the praise of Hephaestus—a memorial of the man who, having understood the use of fire, taught it to the others.

Lamptreis. Demosthenes in the speech Against Callippus. Lamptrae is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis, as Diodorus says. There are two Lamptrae, the coastal and the upper; Aristophanes in the Amphiaraus: "I am a Lamptraean of the lower deme."

Larkos. Lysias in the speech Against Callippides. The "larkos" is a basket into which they put charcoal. Others use the word, and Aristophanes in the Acharnians.

Laruggizein ("to bawl"). To broaden the voice and not to utter naturally, but to make an over-elaborate use of the throat (larynx), was so called; Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

Lebadeia. Lycurgus in the speech Against Lysicles. It is a city of Boeotia.

Lembos. Demosthenes in the speech Against Zenothemis. The "lembos" is a kind of ship; it is often mentioned in comedy.

Leschai ("lounges"). Antiphon in the speech Against Nicocles. They called certain public places "leschai," in which many sat at leisure. Homer: "nor are you willing to go and sleep in the smithy or in the lounge." Cleanthes, in his work On the Gods, says that the "leschai" are assigned to Apollo, and that they are like exedrae, and that among some the god is surnamed "Leschenorios."

Leukas. Demosthenes in the eighth book of the Philippics. It is an island lying off Epirus.

Leuke ("the white poplar"). Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "crowned with fennel and white poplar." Those initiated into the Bacchic rites are crowned with white poplar, because the plant is of the underworld, and Dionysus the son of Persephone is also of the underworld. They say the white poplar grew by the Acheron, whence it is also called "Acherois" in Homer: "he fell as when some oak falls, or a poplar, or a tall pine."

Leuke akte ("White Cape"). Lysias in the speech Against Alcibiades. There being several White Capes, as Demetrius of Magnesia shows, the orator seems now to mean the one in the Propontis.

Leukonoieus. Demosthenes in the speech Against Aphobus. Leuconoion is a deme of the tribe Leontis, as Diodorus says.

Leuktra. Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is a Boeotian place near Thespiae.

Lechaion. In his Defense on the Indictment of Mixidemus, Lysias says that Lechaeum was captured in the archonship of Mnasippus. Lechaeum is the harbor-town of the Corinthians.

Leokoreion. Demosthenes in his speech Against Conon. The Leocoreum, Phanodemus says in the ninth book of his Atthis, is in the middle of the Cerameicus.

Lexiarchikon grammateion ("the deme-register"). Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus: the register into which were enrolled those of the boys who had come of age, to whom it was now permitted to manage their patrimony, whence too the name came, from their having authority over "lexeis"; and "lexeis" are the estates and properties, as Dinarchus too says in his first speech in support of Hegelochus, concerning an heiress.

Lexis ("claim"). The charge, in the sense in which we also say "to obtain a suit by lot"; Isaeus in the appeal Against Boeotus.

Lete. Hyperides Against Demades. Lete is a city of Macedonia, which Marsyas the younger often mentions in the sixth book of his Macedonian History.

Lithos ("the stone"). Demosthenes in his speech Against Conon: "leading us one by one, just so, to the stone and putting us on oath." The Athenians seem to have taken their oaths by a certain stone, as Aristotle in the Constitution of the Athenians and Philochorus in his third book suggest.

Liknoforos ("winnowing-basket-bearer"). Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. The winnowing-basket (liknon) is suitable for every rite and sacrifice; the one who carries it, then, would be called "liknophoros."

Lipara. Dinarchus in the Tyrrhenian speech. Lipara is one of the so-called islands of Aeolus near Sicily, as Eudoxus says in the seventh book of his Description.

Logismos ("calculation"). The art of reckoning; Isocrates in the Busiris.

Logistai ("auditors"). Logistai and logisteria: a magistracy among the Athenians so called; they are ten in number, who audit the accounts of those who have administered office within thirty days, when the magistrates lay down their offices; Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Aristotle has discoursed about them in the Constitution of the Athenians, where it is shown that they differ from the "euthynoi." The comic poets too mention the office; Eupolis in the Cities: "auditors of the choruses subject to audit." "Logisteria" are the offices of the auditors, as Dinarchus shows in the speech Against Timocrates, and Andocides in the speech On the Mysteries.

Logopoios ("story-writer"). What we call the historian; Isocrates in the Busiris, and Herodotus in his second book.

Logou tuchein ("to obtain mention"). Used instead of "praise" by Demosthenes in his speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

Loidias. Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. That it is a river of Macedonia, others relate, and Hecataeus in his Description of Europe.

Loutroforos ("the bath-bearer"). Loutrophoros and loutrophorein: it was a custom for those marrying to send for baths for themselves on the day of the wedding; and they sent for this the nearest male kinsman, and these "bore the bath" (eloutrophoroun). It was also a custom, when the unmarried died, to set a "loutrophoros" upon the tomb; this was a boy holding a water-jar. Dinarchus speaks of these things both in the speech Against Theodotus and in the information Against Callisthenes. That they fetched the baths from the spring now called Enneacrunus, formerly Callirrhoe, Philostephanus says in his work On Springs. The comic poets too mention the custom.

Lousieus. Hyperides in his speech on the indictment Against Demeas. Lousia is a deme of the tribe Oeneis, from which the demesman is Lousieus, as Diodorus says.

Lukeion. Demosthenes in his speech Against Timocrates. The Lyceum is one of the gymnasia among the Athenians, which Theopompus, in his twenty-first book, says Peisistratus made, but Philochorus, in his fourth book, says came to be while Pericles was overseer.

Lukiourgeis ("of Lycian workmanship"). Demosthenes in the speech Against Timotheus. Didymus says that the bowls made by Lycius, the son of Myron, were so called. But the grammarian seems not to know that one would not find such a formation made from proper names, but rather from cities and nations: Critias, in the Constitution of the Lacedaemonians, says "a couch of Milesian workmanship (Milesiourges)." Perhaps, then, one ought to write also in Herodotus, in his seventh book, "Lycian-worked" (Lykiergeas) instead of "Lycurgus-worked" (Lykoergeas) javelins, so that, as in Demosthenes, the things wrought in Lycia might be so named.

Lukourgos. One of the ten orators, whose grandfather was Lycurgus the lawgiver.

Lusandros. A proper name, an admiral of the Lacedaemonians.

Lusimachos. Demosthenes in his speech On the Immunities. He was the son of Aristides, surnamed the Just. There is another Lysimachus whom Lycurgus mentions in the speech On the Administration, as a worthless lyric poet.

maimakterion. MAIMAKTERION The fifth month among the Athenians; Demosthenes in the speech Against Timotheus. It is named after Zeus Maimaktes. A "maimaktes" is one who is impetuous and turbulent, as Lysimachides says in his work On the Months at Athens; for at the time when winter takes its beginning, in this month the air is disturbed and undergoes change.

makrokephaloi. MAKROKEPHALOI ("Long-heads") Antiphon in the work On Concord. There is a people so called, whom Hesiod also mentions in the third book of the Catalogue of Women. Palaephatus, in the seventh book of his Trojan History, says that the Long-heads dwell in Libya, above the Colchians.

malkiomen. MALKIOMEN ("We grow numb") Demosthenes in the ninth of the Philippics says, "we wait and grow soft." In some copies it is written "we grow numb," which means to shiver to the very base of the spine. Aeschylus: "Drive on, pursue with foot unwearied, though it grows numb."

malthe. MALTHE Softened wax; Demosthenes in the speech Against Stephanus. Hipponax: "then having smeared the keel with wax."

mantineon_dioikismos. THE BREAKING-UP OF MANTINEA INTO VILLAGES Isocrates, in the speech On the Peace, speaking of the Lacedaemonians, says they "broke up Mantinea into villages"; and Ephorus in the twentieth book says that the Lacedaemonians broke up the city of the Mantineans into five villages.

margites. MARGITES Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon: "and he gave Alexander the nickname Margites." And Marsyas, in the fifth book of his work On Alexander, records that Alexander was called Margites by Demosthenes. They used to call foolish men by this name, after the Margites attributed to Homer, a poem which Callimachus seems to have admired.

maroneia. MARONEIA Demosthenes in the special plea against Pantaenetus. It is a place in Attica. There is also, however, a city in Thrace called Maroneia, which is said to be the one Homer calls Ismarus; Demosthenes mentions it in the speech Against Polycles, and Ephorus in his fourth book.

massalia. MASSALIA Isocrates says, in the Archidamus, that the Phocaeans, fleeing the dominion of the Great King, migrated to Massalia; but that Massalia had already been settled by the Phocaeans before that time, Aristotle too makes clear in the Constitution of the Massaliots.

masteira. MASTEIRA In the eighth of the Philippics Demosthenes says, "of the evils in Thrace—for what else could one call Drongilus and Cabyle and Masteira?" Perhaps one should write Basteira, or Pisteira, or Epimastus, since we find these cities in Anaximenes in the seventh book of his work On Philip, whereas Masteira is nowhere recorded.

masteres. MASTERES Hyperides in the speech Against Pancalus. It seems to have been a magistracy established to investigate the public affairs of the people, like the inquisitors, and the "mastroi" at Pellene, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Pelleneans.

matruleion. MATRYLEION Deinarchus in the speech Against Proxenus. Heracleon and Didymus say it is a certain place in which old women, lingering there, receive those who wish to drink themselves senseless. Menander in the Arbitrants: "Will he not come to grief, having ruined his life in a brothel?"

mausolos. MAUSOLUS Demosthenes in the speech Against Timocrates. A proper name; a ruler of the Carians. Theopompus says of him that he abstained from no act for the sake of money.

machatas. MACHATAS A proper name.

medimnos. MEDIMNUS Deinarchus in the speech Against Callisthenes. It is a measure of dry goods, such as wheat or barley, and contains forty-eight choenixes, as Nicander of Thyateira says in his works expounding the Attic dialect.

methone. METHONE Demosthenes in the Philippics. He would mean the Methone in Thrace, in besieging which Philip had his right eye struck out. But Demetrius of Magnesia, in his work On Cities of the Same Name, says there are four Methones.

meion. MEION MEION and MEIAGOGOS: Isaeus in the speech Against Stratocles: "he presented a meion." It is a victim which those who introduced their children to the phratry-members offered to them. Eratosthenes, in his works On Comedy, says that, since there was a law not to introduce a victim below a fixed weight, in mockery and jest people used to say that anyone who introduced a victim "introduced a meion" ("a smaller one"), whence the sacrificial animal was called "meion," and the one who introduced it "meiagogos." Apollodorus, in his work On the Gods, says: the phratry-members, in order to receive larger portions, used to cry out, as they stood there, that it must be set up to weigh, for it is "a meion" (too small). Concerning the "meiagogos," Eupolis in the Demes: "Therefore from that time on no general was able, like a meiagogos feasting them, to draw a weight greater than the victory of this man."

meiagogesai_de_esti. MEIAGOGESAI: it is MEIAGOGESAI means to deliver the meion to the phratry-members, as Lysias has it in the speech Against Demosthenes concerning a guardianship.

melanippeion. MELANIPPEION Lycurgus in the speech Against Lycophron. It is a hero-shrine of Melanippus the son of Theseus, as Asclepiades says in the Subjects of Tragedy. But Cleidemus, in the first book of the Atthis, says it is in Melite.

melanopos. MELANOPUS Demosthenes in the speech Against Androtion. A proper name; the father-in-law of Diophantus the orator.

meline. MELINE ("Millet") Demosthenes in the Philippics. It is the seed of a pulse, and they use the word as masculine; but Sophocles in the Triptolemus uses it as feminine: "shin of millet," and Herodotus: "sowing millet." Xenophon in the first book of the Anabasis: "both of grain and of millet," and in the same work: "much sesame and millet-oil," and in the sixth book: "and all kinds of pulse and millet." Now some consider millet to be a kind of panic-grass, which some call "elymos"; but Theophrastus, in the eighth book On Plants, records these as differing things—panic-grass, or millet, or "elymos."

melite. MELITE Demosthenes in the speech Against Conon. It is a deme of the tribe Cecropis. Philochorus, in his third book, says the deme was named after Melite, daughter (according to Hesiod) of Myrmex, but (according to Musaeus) of Dius the son of Apollo.

mende. MENDE Demosthenes in the speech Against Lacritus. Mende is one of the cities in Pallene, settled by the Eretrians.

menelaos. MENELAUS Demosthenes in the Philippics. The brother of Philip by the same father.

mesegguema. MESENGYEMA ("Money held in escrow") The agreed sum of money placed with a man acting as middle surety for its repayment. And MESENGYESASTHAI means to do this, as Aeschines indicates in the speech Against Ctesiphon.

metageitnion. METAGEITNION Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Xenippus. The second month among the Athenians is so called. In it they sacrifice to Apollo Metageitnios, as Lysimachides says in his work On the Months at Athens.

metalleis. METALLEIS ("Miners") Lysias in the speech Against Diochares, if it is genuine. Those who work the mines are called "metalleis." There is also a play of Pherecrates called the Miners, which Eratosthenes, in the seventh book of his work On Old Comedy, says Nicomachus composed.

metapurgion. METAPYRGION Lysias in the speech On His Own Public Services. The structure between the towers upon a wall was called a "metapyrgion." Thucydides too uses it often, as in the third book.

metoikion. METOIKION ("Resident-alien tax") Hyperides in the speech Against Aristagora. A metic is one who, migrating from another city, settles in a second city, not staying for a short while as a foreign visitor, but having established his dwelling there. They paid each year twelve drachmas, which was called the metoikion, as Eubulus shows in the Plangon. And Isaeus, in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes, indicates that the man paid twelve drachmas as the metoikion, and the woman six, and that while the son was paying, the mother did not pay; but when he was not paying, she paid herself. That slaves freed by their masters also paid the metoikion has been shown by others of the comic poets, including Aristomenes. Menander, in the Anatithemene and in the Twins, says that they paid, in addition to the twelve drachmas, a further three obols, perhaps to the tax-farmer. Metics who did not pay the metoikion were brought before the sellers, and if convicted were sold, as Demosthenes says in the speech Against Aristogeiton. They also used to put the metics aboard the ships, as the same orator shows in the Philippics. The comic poets used to call the metics "trough-bearers" (skapheis), since at the processions they carried the troughs.

metoionisasthai. METOIONISASTHAI For "to change a bad omen"; Deinarchus in the speech Against Demosthenes.

metronomoi. METRONOMOI ("Controllers of measures") There is a magistracy at Athens, that of the controllers of measures, as Deinarchus says in the speech Against Callisthenes. They were ten in number, five for the Piraeus and five for the city; they had the oversight of seeing that the measures of those who sold were just, as Aristotle too shows in the Constitution of the Athenians.

metaulos. METAULOS Lysias in the defence speech On the Murder of Eratosthenes. The "metaulos" is what is called the dirty courtyard, where the fowls were kept; Aristophanes in the Lemnian Women, and Menander in the Thais.

mekuberna. MECYBERNA Hyperides in the speech Against Demades. Mecyberna is a city in Thrace, twenty stades distant from Olynthus.

melobios. MELOBIUS Hyperides in the speech Against Autocles. He is one of the Thirty who held tyrannical power among the Athenians.

meuroion. METROON Lycurgus in the speech Against Aristogeiton. They set up the laws, having inscribed them, in the Metroon; Deinarchus shows this in the speech Against Pytheas.

mikon. MICON Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess: "and they fined Micon the painter for depicting the Greeks too meanly."

molpis. MOLPIS Lysias, in the speech On the Estate of Diogenes, says, "Molpis, one of the ten in the Piraeus." So under the Thirty there were ten men ruling in the Piraeus, one of whom was Molpis, as Androtion says in the third book of the Atthis.

moirokles. MOEROCLES A proper name; a man of Salamis, one of those who took no obscure part in Athenian public life.

moirologchesai. MOEROLONCHESAI For "to obtain one's portion"; Antiphon in the defence speech Against the Indictment of Callias.

mounuchia. MUNYCHIA Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. A place by the sea in Attica. Hellanicus, in the second book of the Atthis, says it was named after a certain Munychus, king, the son of Pantacles.

mountchion. MUNYCHION Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Xenophilus. The tenth month among the Athenians is so called, and in this month they sacrifice to Artemis Munychia.

mousaios. MUSAEUS Lysias, in the speech against the indictment of Mixidemus, if genuine: "and that he had two slave-boys in attendance, of whom he calls the one Musaeus and the other Hesiod." That the man on trial made a practice of so naming his servants is clear; but concerning Musaeus, Aristoxenus, in the Praxidamanteia, says that some have said the man was from Thrace, others that he was an autochthon from Eleusis. Others have spoken of him too, among them Glaucus.

moran. MORA Demosthenes in the Philippics. Certain Laconian military formations are so called. Aristotle has discussed them in the Constitution of the Lacedaemonians. He says there are six divisions called "morae," and that all the Lacedaemonians are distributed into the morae. Xenophon, in the Constitution of the Lacedaemonians, says: "each of the civic morae has one polemarch, four captains, eight commanders of fifty, and sixteen commanders of an enomotia."

mulothros. MYLOTHROS One who owns a mill and works in it; Deinarchus in the speech Against Callisthenes, often. The word is also common among the comic poets.

murioi_en_megalei_polei. THE TEN THOUSAND IN MEGALOPOLIS Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines. It is a common council of all the Arcadians, which the historians often mention. Aristotle too has discussed them in the common Constitution of the Arcadians, at the beginning of the book.

murtanon. MYRTANON Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It was a fort in Thrace, as Marsyas the elder says in the seventh book of his Macedonian History, and Anaximenes in the Philippics.

murtis. MYRTIS Demosthenes, in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, listing those who betrayed each city, says, "of the Argives, Myrtis, Teledamus, Mnaseas." But Theopompus, in his fifty-first book, names Paseas and Amyrtaeus as the Argives who took Macedon's side. One must therefore consider whether these are scribal errors.

muson_leian. THE BOOTY OF THE MYSIANS Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is a proverb so spoken, which Demon, in the first book of his work On Proverbs, says took its origin from the neighbours and brigands who overran Mysia during the absence abroad of Telephus the king. The proverb is used by others, among them Strattis in the Medea and Simonides in his iambics.

nais. NAIS A courtesan; Lysias in the speech Against Philonides, if genuine, and Aristophanes in the Gerytades. Perhaps too in the Plutus, where the comic poet says "Lais loves you, but not for your sake, Philonides," it should be written with an "n," "Nais."

nannion. NANNION Hyperides in the speech Against Patrocles, if genuine. Apollodorus, in his work On Courtesans, says this courtesan was called "Goat" (Aix) because she devoured Thallus the shopkeeper—for that goats delight in young shoots (thallos) Sophocles too shows in the Shepherds: "for early, before any of the herdsmen could see, bringing freshly plucked shoots to the she-goats, I saw an army marching along the seaside headland." There is mention of her also in comedy. And Antiphanes the younger, in his work On Courtesans, says that Nannion was nicknamed "Proscenium" ("Stage-front"), because from the outside she seemed more shapely.

naukleros. NAUCLERUS ("Shipmaster / Tenement-keeper") Hyperides, in the speech On the Salt-fish, uses the word not only as ordinary usage employs it, but also of the man who has rented a house or tenement-block for the purpose of collecting the rents, as the same orator shows in the speech Against Aristogeiton, and Sannyrion in the Laughter, and Diphilus in the Merchant.

naukrarika. NAUCRARIKA Demosthenes in the speech Against Timocrates. Perhaps, however, it is better to read in the Attic copies "Naucratitica," so that it refers to a Naucratite ship or to Naucratites sailing aboard; for Naucratis was of old the trading-post of Egypt. But if it is "naucrarika," it would mean the affairs of the magistrates; for of old they called the magistrates "naucrari," as Herodotus too shows in his fifth book. And Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says: "They appointed demarchs having the same charge as the former naucrari."

nautodikai. NAUTODIKAI ("Sea-judges") Lysias in the speech Against Alcibiades, if the speech is genuine. The "nautodikai" were a magistracy at Athens; Craterus at any rate, in the fourth book of the Decrees, says: "if anyone born of two foreign parents enrols in a phratry, any Athenian who wishes, of those who have a right of action, may prosecute him, and the case shall be entered on the last day of the month before the nautodikai." Aristophanes in the Banqueters: "having dyed him, I want suddenly to bring the foreigner before the nautodikai . . ."

neales. NEALES ("Freshly caught") Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristogeiton, if genuine. The man recently caught was so described, by a metaphor drawn from fish.

nebrizon. NEBRIZON Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Some take it of the celebrant putting on a fawnskin, or also girding those being initiated with fawnskins; others, of tearing fawns to pieces according to some unspeakable doctrine. The "nebrismos" is mentioned also in Arignote's work On the Mysteries.

neelata. NEELATA ("Freshly ground meal") Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, by ellipsis for "freshly ground barley-meal," that is, meal recently milled, which they would moisten with honey, throwing in raisins and green chickpeas, and distribute to those performing the rites. Some called it ambrosia, others "the blessed food."

nemeas_charadra. THE RAVINE OF NEMEA Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. A certain place in the Peloponnese was so called; Ephorus, in his twenty-third book: "near the Ravine of Nemea."

nemeas_auletridos_mnemoneuei_upereides_en. HYPERIDES MENTIONS NEMEAS THE FLUTE-GIRL IN Hyperides mentions Nemeas the flute-girl in the speech Against Patrocles, if genuine. But Polemon, in his work On the Acropolis, cites a decree by which it was forbidden at Athens to give to a female slave or freedwoman or prostitute or flute-girl the name of a quadrennial festival. It is worth puzzling, then, how the flute-girl came to be so named.

nemeseia. NEMESEIA Demosthenes in the speech Against Spudias. Perhaps there was a festival of Nemesis, at which they performed the customary rites for the departed.

neon. NEON Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Concerning this man's friendship with Philip, Theopompus gives an account in the second book of the Philippics.

neoria. NEORIA ("Dockyards") NEORIA and NEOSOIKOI: Perhaps "neoria" is the whole place into which the triremes are hauled up and from which they are again launched, as Lycurgus indicates in the Account of His Public Acts and Andocides in the speech On the Peace, if the speech is genuine.

neosi. NEOS Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines. It is a city in Phocis, which Herodotus in his eighth book calls Neon, but Androtion in the sixth book of the Atthis calls Neones.

nikaia. NICAEA Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. It is a city of Locris, lying by the sea.

nikanor. NICANOR Hyperides in the speech Against Demosthenes. There were three men named Nicanor: one the son of Balacrus, another the son of Parmenion, and a third a Stageirite by birth, whom the orator would now be mentioning.

nike_athena. NIKE ATHENA Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. That a wingless statue of Athena Nike, holding a pomegranate in the right hand and a helmet in the left, was honoured among the Athenians, Heliodorus the guide has shown in the first book of his work On the Acropolis.

notheia. NOTHEIA ("The bastards' portion") What is given to bastards out of the paternal estate is so called; it amounted to as much as a thousand drachmas. Lysias in the speech Against Calliphanes for usurpation of citizenship, if genuine; Isaeus in the speech Against Lysibius concerning an heiress. Aristophanes in the Birds: "And what if my father, dying, leaves me his property, the bastard's share? The law does not allow it." In what matters bastards were not allowed to share, Hyperides has shown in the second speech Against Aristagora. And Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aristocrates, says that they were enrolled in the Cynosarges.

nomofulakes. NOMOPHYLAKES ("Guardians of the laws") A magistracy at Athens was so called, distinct from the Thesmothetae; Deinarchus in the speech Against Himeraeus and in the speech Against Pytheas. Philochorus, in his seventh book, has discussed various matters concerning them, including that they used to compel the magistrates to abide by the laws.

notion. NOTION Lysias in the speech Against Mantias. That it is a place lying before the city of the Colophonians, Theopompus says in his fifteenth book.

numfaion. NYMPHAEUM Aeschines, in the speech Against Ctesiphon, speaks of the Nymphaeum in the Pontus. But Craterus, in the ninth book of the Decrees, says that the Nymphaeum paid a talent to the Athenians.

xenizein. XENIZEIN Demosthenes in the appeal against Eubulides, often. Some take it to mean "to use a foreign idiom," but perhaps it would rather mean "to spend time abroad."

xenikon_en_korinthoi. THE MERCENARY FORCE AT CORINTH Demosthenes in the Philippics, and Aristophanes in the Plutus. Conon first organized it; Iphicrates later took it over, and Chabrias; with it they cut to pieces the Lacedaemonian division, under the generalship of Iphicrates and Callias, as Androtion and Philochorus say.

xeniteuomenous. XENITEUOMENOUS ("Serving as mercenaries") For "serving for pay"; the mercenaries are called "foreigners" (xenoi). Isocrates in the address To Philip and in one of the Letters to Philip. Antiphanes in the Euthydicus: "I served as a soldier, living abroad as a mercenary."

xeraloifein. XERALOIPHEIN ("To anoint dry") Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus. They used "xeraloiphein" of anointing oneself without bathing, as Didymus says in the twenty-eighth book of his Tragic Vocabulary and Nicander in the eighteenth book On the Attic Dialect, adding that perhaps what the trainers call "to be rubbed down dry" was also so described. Sophocles in the Peleus: "anointing oneself dry through the folds of the garment."

xupetaiones. XYPETAIONES Hyperides in the speech Against Archestratides. Xypete is a deme of the tribe Cecropis, from which the demesman is "Xypetaion," as Diodorus says.

xustis. XYSTIS Lysias in the speech Against Nicodemus and Critobulus. The "xystis" is a woman's garment, embroidered, as other comic poets make clear, and Antiphanes in the Euploea: "the man dressed in embroideries as in a xystis." There is also a tragic costume so called, as Cratinus in the Seasons shows; and there is also an equestrian garment, as Aristophanes in the Clouds.

obolostatoi. OBOLOSTATAI ("Petty usurers") For "they lend"; Lysias in the speech Against Nicides, if genuine. In the speech Against Lacrates, explaining it, he says: "not even if one were to reckon a far smaller interest than these petty usurers exact from the rest." They used to call moneylenders "obolostatai," as in Hyperides in the speech Against Polyeuctus and often in comedy.

hodos. HODOS ("Road") Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aristocrates, says "or having cut him down on the road," for "in ambush and in waylaying." They say the Homeric phrase "or to go upon the road" is of this kind too. But if the first vowel is left unaspirated ("odos"), it means a step or threshold, as in Lysias in the speech Against Philip, if the speech is genuine.

othneios. OTHNEIOS ("Alien") Isaeus in the speech Against Stratocles, for "belonging to another," as also in Plato in the first book of the Laws.

oiethen. OIETHEN Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras. Oie is a deme of the tribe Pandionis, as Diodorus says; "Oiethen" is an adverb of place ("from Oie"). Philochorus, in his third book, records Oie as a daughter of Cephalus and the wife of Charops.

oikeos. OIKEOS Lysias, in the speech Against Theomnestus, as if explaining the word, says that "oikeos" means "a servant."

oikema. OIKEMA For "prison," Deinarchus in the Tyrrhenian speech and in the speech Against Posidippus; for "brothel," Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus.

oikiskoi. OIKISKOS For "a certain small house," Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. The Attic writers used to call what we call a "fowl-house" an "oikiskos"; Aristophanes in the Storks, Metagenes in the Breezes. From these passages Didymus seems to go astray in expounding the Demosthenic phrase as well.

oineis. OINEIS Hyperides in the speech Against Aristogeiton. One of the ten tribes among the Athenians.

oinoe. OINOE OINOE and OINAIOS: Hyperides in the speech Against Aristogeiton: "and they said they had heard at Oinoe that a battle had taken place." Oinoe is a deme of the tribe Hippothontis, near Eleutherae; another is of the tribe Aiantis, near Marathon; and from either deme the demesman is called "Oinaios." The orator would now be mentioning the one near Eleutherae, which Thucydides too mentions in his second book.

oion. OION Isaeus in the speech On the Adoption. There are two demes in Attica spoken of in the neuter, called Oion. Philochorus, in his third book, says they were so named because they had no inhabited place at all, but were left solitary; for the ancients called "solitary" (monon) "oion." The Ceramic Oion belongs to the tribe Leontis, and the Decelean Oion to the tribe Hippothontis, as Diodorus says. The demesmen from either were called "from Oion" (ex Oiou). There were others, however, called "from Oie" (Oiethen), as said above.

oios_ei. OIOS EI OIOS EI and OIOS TE EI: the phrase without "te" means "you wish" and "you have chosen"; the one with "te" means "you are able." Lysias used both in the speech Against Lysitheus, if genuine.

oisume. OISYME Antiphon in the speech Against Laispodias. It is a city of Thrace, as others say, including Ephorus in his fourth book.

hoti_diamartanei_demosthenes_en. THAT DEMOSTHENES IS MISTAKEN IN That Demosthenes is mistaken in the speech Against Neaera, when he says that the Plataeans were depicted in the Painted Stoa; for no one has said this, just as neither has Craterus in his collection of the decrees. THE LAW FROM BELOW: Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristocrates. Didymus says either that the orator means the Heliaea, because of the courts some were called "those above" and some "those below," or, on account of the form of the writing on the wooden tablets, which was written "as the ox plows" (boustrophedon), Demosthenes calls the law that begins from the left-hand side "the law from below"; for that the tablets and the wooden pillars were written boustrophedon, Euphorion has shown in the Apollodorus. Or because, as Anaximenes says in the Philippics, Ephialtes moved the tablets and the pillars down from the acropolis to the council-chamber and the agora.

hoti_exakischilia. THAT SIX THOUSAND That the assessed value of Attica was six thousand talents. Demosthenes, in the speech On the Symmories, says: "but for us the assessed value of the land, providing a fund of eight thousand talents, will be heard." Either, then, this is a scribal error, or perhaps the orator overstates it, so that the city may seem to have a greater fund for the war against the King. For that the assessed value of Attica was six thousand talents he both says in what follows in the speech, when the matter is resolved, giving the reckoning of it in detail, and Philochorus shows in the tenth book of the Atthis.

oligoresete. OLIGORESETE ("You will disregard") For "you will neglect," Demosthenes in the Philippics. "To disregard" (oligorein) means to have "little care" (oligen oran); and "little" here stands for "not even a little," as in the line "and Tydeus begot a son in little like himself"—and "ora" means care.

holoschoinoi. HOLOSCHOINOS Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. Theophrastus, in the fourth book On Plants, having said that there are three kinds of rush, says that the third, differing in size and fleshiness, is called "holoschoinos."

homereuontas. HOMEREUONTAS ("Serving as hostages") Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon, of the Lacedaemonians sent up to Alexander. Cleitarchus, in his fifth book, says the hostages given by the Lacedaemonians were fifty. Hostages (homeroi) are those given as a pledge of an agreement; for "homeresai" means "to make a compact": Homer, "a messenger came to me from my companions in agreement." But Theopompus says that among the ancients "homerein" meant "to follow"; those, then, given to follow up the things agreed are from this called hostages.

homeridai. HOMERIDAI Isocrates in the Helen. The Homeridae are a clan in Chios, which Acusilaus in his third book, and Hellanicus in the Atlantis, say was named after the poet. But Seleucus, in the second book On Lives, says that Crates errs in supposing, in the Hieropoiiai, that the Homeridae are descendants of the poet; for they were named after the hostages (homeroi), since once the women of the Chians, driven mad at the Dionysia, came to blows with the men, and when they had given one another bridegrooms and brides as hostages they ceased, and their descendants are called Homeridae.

homoerkes. HOMOERKES Deinarchus in the speech against the special plea of Callippus, for "under one enclosure," that is, within the same wall.

homose_ienai. HOMOSE IENAI ("To come to close quarters") Hyperides, in the speech Against Athenogenes, says "but I wish to come to close grips with this argument," for "to set myself against it." It is said by a metaphor from going up against spears, that is, advancing from the opposite side to the same point and neither turning nor fleeing.

homou. HOMOU ("Together / nearly") Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aristogeiton, says "the Athenians altogether are nearly twenty thousand," for "approximately." It is common among the Attic writers. And Menander somewhere: "for now she is near to giving birth."

onetor. ONETOR Isocrates in the speech On the Antidosis. To this man would belong the speeches written by Demosthenes concerning ejectment. That he was one of those who served as choregos, see Heliodorus's work On the Tripods at Athens.

onomazon. ONOMAZON ("Naming") For "expressing," "using interpretation," Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

oxuthumia. OXYTHYMIA Hyperides, in the speech Against Demades, says: "concerning whom the monument would far more justly be set up among the oxythymia than in our sacred places." Some, among them Aristarchus, say "oxythymia" are the trees on which some hang themselves, from "using one's anger sharply (oxeos)"; these they cut down, banish, and burn. But Didymus, citing a phrase of Autocleides from the works of the exegetes, says that "oxythymia" are the refuse and offscourings; for these are carried off to the crossroads when they cleanse the houses. In the commentary on the speech Against Demades he says they are the shrines of Hecate at the crossroads, where some carried the things of purification, which are called "oxythymia." Eupolis in the Demes: "whom it were fitting to be burned, gibbering, at the crossroads and among the oxythymia, as a scapegoat for the city." The word is also found in Pytheas in the speech Against Adeimantus.

opisthodomos. OPISTHODOMOS ("Back chamber") Demosthenes, in the speech On the Organization, says: "Some people, you know, opened the back chamber the other day." The chamber behind the temple of Athena is so called, in which they stored the moneys.

orgas. ORGAS Demosthenes in the speech On the Organization. "Orgades" are called the bushy and mountainous tracts that are not cultivated, whence the Megarian Orgas, being such a tract, got its name—the one over which the Athenians went to war with the Megarians.

orgeonas. ORGEONES There is a speech of Isaeus Against the Orgeones; the orgeones are those who come together in honour of gods or heroes; for "to celebrate orgia" (orgiazein) is to sacrifice and perform the customary rites—either from "stretching out the hands" (oregein to cheire), or from the "orgia," or because they performed the rites in the "orgades" (groves) and in the sacred groves. The poets, however, applied the word simply to priests, as Antimachus somewhere and Aeschylus in the Mysians do. Perhaps later it became customary for some to assemble in honour of certain of the dead, and these were likewise called orgeones, as may be gathered from the will of Theophrastus.

orgeon. ORGEON For "of the orgeones," Lysias in the speech On the Estate of Theopompus.

orika_zeuge. ORIKA ZEUGE ("Mule-teams") The teams of mules ("orees," that is, half-asses), Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy; for that they called mules "orees," both Homer and Aristophanes in the Frogs show.

orignethenai. ORIGNETHENAI For "to desire," Antiphon in the first book of the Truth.

orkane. ORKANE Lycurgus in the second speech Against Lycophron. Perhaps the fence, that is, the enclosure and the dry-stone wall, is so called, from "warding off" (erykein) or from being a "fence" (herkos). Homer: "having said that the dry-stone walls were a fence for the threshing-floor."

ornitheutes. ORNITHEUTES ("Fowler") The bird-catcher; Deinarchus in the speech Against Proxenus, Plato or Cantharus in the Symmachia. There is also in the New Comedy a play, the Fowler, by Nicostratus.

horos. HOROS ("Boundary marker") The Attic writers so called the inscriptions placed upon mortgaged houses and lands, showing that they were pledged to a creditor; Demosthenes in the speech Against Spudias, and Menander in the Deposit.

oron. ORON A certain agricultural implement, as Isaeus indicates in the speech Against Diocles. Perhaps, however, "oron" in Aeschylus in the Cercyon and in Menander in the second Heiress means a certain wooden press, with which they press the trodden grapes.

orrodein. ORRODEIN For "to fear," Andocides in the speech On the Indemnity. The word is common among them. ORRODIA means fear; Demosthenes in the prefaces to his public speeches.

orugma. ORYGMA ("The pit") This was the special name for the place at Athens where malefactors were punished; Lycurgus in the speech Against Aristogeiton.

hosion. HOSION ("Profane / secular") Hyperides, in the speech Against Aristogeiton, says "both the sacred and the secular moneys"; and Isocrates in the Areopagiticus, "both the sacred and the secular." That "the secular" (hosia) means "the public" Demosthenes clearly teaches in the speech Against Timocrates concerning these matters: "and the sacred moneys—the tithes of the goddess and the fiftieth parts of the other gods—they have plundered," and a little later, "and the secular moneys, which were ours, they have stolen." But Didymus says they used "hosion" in two senses, both for the sacred and for the private.

oschoforoi. OSCHOPHOROI Hyperides in the speech Against Demeas, if genuine. Concerning the oschophoroi others have spoken, including Philochorus in his second book. But Ister, in the thirteenth book speaking of Theseus, writes thus: that for the sake of the common safety it was ordained to enrol as the so-called oschophoroi two of those pre-eminent in birth and wealth. The "osche" is a vine-branch with the clusters hanging from it; some call this "oreschas."

hoti_nomos_estin_uper. THAT THERE IS A LAW THAT ONE OVER That there is a law that a man over forty years old may serve as choregos for boys, both Aeschines says in the speech Against Timarchus and Aristotle in the Constitution of the Athenians.

hoti_xenous_tinas. THAT CERTAIN FOREIGNERS That Satyrus begged from Philip certain foreign prisoners of his own, who were digging in Philip's vineyard and were kept bound during the drinking, Aeschines says in the speech On the Embassy; but Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aeschines, says that he begged off the daughters of Apollophanes, and he seems to be nearer the truth; for Aristotle too, in one of the letters to Philip, says that he released the daughters of Apollophanes to Satyrus the actor.

hoti_oi_alontes_ep. THAT THOSE CONVICTED OF That those convicted of involuntary homicide retained the power to administer their own property, Demosthenes indicates in the speech Against Aristocrates, and Theophrastus shows in the thirteenth book of the Laws.

hoti_oi_poietoi. THAT ADOPTED SONS That adopted sons had no authority to return to the paternal household unless they left legitimate sons in the household of the adopter, Antiphon shows in the guardianship-speech Against Callistratus, and Solon in the twenty-first book of the Laws.

hoti_ta_epikeruttomena_tisi_chremata_epi. THAT THE MONEYS PROCLAIMED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS WERE PLACED UPON That the moneys proclaimed for certain persons were placed upon the altars, Isaeus has said in the speech Against Eucleides the Socratic, if the speech is genuine.

hoti_pros_ten_fulen. THAT TO THE TRIBE That suits against slaves were entered before the tribe of the owner, Isaeus shows in the defence in a desertion suit Against Apollodorus.

hoti_paidi_kai_gunaiki_ouk. THAT WITH A CHILD AND A WOMAN IT WAS NOT That with a child or a woman it was not permitted to make a contract beyond a medimnos of barley, Isaeus says in the speech On the Estate of Aristarchus.

hoti_chilias. THAT A THOUSAND That women who behaved indecently in the streets were fined a thousand drachmas, Hyperides has said in the second speech Against Aristagora. And Crobylus the comic poet says that the law laid down concerning these matters is that of Philippides.

ouk_epi_tes_autes_ormei_tois_pollois. HE DOES NOT RIDE AT THE SAME ANCHOR AS THE MANY Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is a proverb spoken elliptically; one must therefore supply from outside the word "anchor."

ousias_dike. SUIT FOR PROPERTY Those who went to law over lands or houses against those holding them tried, as their second action, the property-suit; the first action being, for houses, for the rent, and for lands, for the produce; and the third, after these, the ejectment-suit. The winners were allowed to take possession of the properties even if they lost the suit for the produce or the rent and even if they lost the second suit, that of the property; but if they were also convicted in the ejectment-suit, they were no longer allowed to keep possession, but had then to withdraw from the properties in favour of those who had won the judgment against them. These matters are found in other orators too, but are stated most precisely by Isaeus both in the speech Against Timonides concerning land and in the speech Against Dorotheus concerning ejectment. Theophrastus too has discussed the suit in the eighteenth book On the Laws.

ofrunion. OPHRYNION Demosthenes in the speech Against Apaturius. It is a city of the Troad, as Androtion shows in the third book of the Atthis.

ocheion. OCHEION For "vehicle," Deinarchus in the defence Against Antiphanes concerning the horse; but for "appointed for covering," the same author in the same speech; for he says, "they buy the horse from me for covering." Lycurgus, in the speech On the Organization, says "the neighbours of the ocheion." Perhaps it refers to a certain place in which the covering of beasts takes place, or vehicles are let out for hire.

pagasai. PAGASAE Demosthenes in the Philippics. Pagasae is the seaport of the Pheraeans, as Theopompus shows in the fifth book of the Philippics.

paianieis. PAIANIEIS PAIANIEIS and PAIONIDAI: Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon: "when he indicted before the Areopagus Demomeles of Paeania, who was his cousin." Didymus says it should be written "Paeanea," without the "i." There are two demes of the Paianieis of the tribe Pandionis, which Diodorus says are called Upper Paeania and Lower Paeania; and from either deme alike the demesman, he says, is called "Paianieus." These differ from the Paionidai, as Ister indicates in the Disorderly Miscellany. The orators mention these too, as Deinarchus does in the speech Against Stephanus concerning the conduit. This is a deme of the tribe Leontis, as the same Diodorus shows.

palinairetos. PALINAIRETOS ("Re-elected") Deinarchus in the indictment of Polyeuctus after he had been expelled by ballot. Perhaps the orator calls Polyeuctus "re-chosen," since, after bringing malicious charges against certain men, he then took bribes and came to the aid of those very men, as is shown in the speech itself; or because, convicted as a malicious prosecutor, he was fined, and was therefore barred from speaking until he had paid the fine he incurred, and then, having paid it, he spoke again, as this too is shown in the speech. For that they called such men "palinairetoi," and also those who had been voted out of office and then voted in again, both Eupolis in the Baptae shows and Archippus in the Fishes, who says: "choosing managers of affairs and rejecting them, then approving them again—if then we do this, there is a danger that all of us alike may come to be 're-chosen.'" Of buildings demolished and rebuilt, Pindar uses it in the Dithyrambs.

palinskion. PALINSKION Isaeus, in the speech Against the Orgeones, "nor that the place become shaded over," for "thick-shaded"; Archilochus in trimeters, "they leaned against the wall in shadow," for "in the dark"; and Sophocles in the Inachus, "with shadowing storm," for "gloomy."

palimbolon. PALIMBOLON ("Shifty") Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. The man often turned over and over in trafficking, "re-sold," is called "palimbolos," as is clear from Deinarchus's speech Against Polyeuctus and from Menander's Sicyonian.

palleneus. PALLENEUS Hyperides in the defence On Behalf of Chaerephilus. Pallene is a deme of the tribe Antiochis. The adverb of place Deinarchus, in the speech Against Stephanus, gives as "from Pallene" (Pallenethen), and the demesman is "Palleneus." That there is also a Pallene in Thrace is well known.

palamnaios. PALAMNAIOS Hyperides in the speech Against Demades. Those who slew people with their own hand (palame) they called "palamnaioi," as Autocleides too indicates in his exegetical work.

pambotades. PAMBOTADES Demosthenes in the speech Against Nicostratus. Pambotadae is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis.

pandaisia. PANDAISIA Isaeus in the speech Against Medon. The word occurs often also in the Old Comedy; "pandaisia" is to have everything in abundance and to lack nothing at the feast. For Didymus's explanation is over-elaborate.

pandemos_afrodite. APHRODITE PANDEMOS Hyperides in the speech Against Patrocles, if genuine. Apollodorus, in his work On the Gods, says that at Athens the Aphrodite established around the old agora was called "Pandemos" ("of all the people"), because there in old times all the people used to gather in the assemblies, which they called "agorai." Nicander, in the sixth book of his Colophonian History, says that Solon, having purchased comely persons, set them up in a house for the sake of the young men, and out of the moneys thus accruing founded a temple of Aphrodite Pandemos. "Pandemos" means "common to all."

pandia. PANDIA A festival at Athens held after the Dionysia.

pandosia. PANDOSIA Demosthenes in the Philippics. Concerning the capture of the cities in Cassopia, among which is Pandosia, Theopompus has given an account in his third book.

pandionis. PANDIONIS Demosthenes in the speech Against Meidias. It is one of the ten tribes among the Athenians, named after Pandion the son of Erichthonius, as many others say and Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Phormisius.

panathenaia. PANATHENAEA Demosthenes in the Philippics. Two Panathenaea were held at Athens, the one each year, the other every fourth year, which they also called the Great Panathenaea. Isocrates, in the Panathenaicus, says "a little before the Great Panathenaea." Erichthonius the son of Hephaestus first held the festival, as Hellanicus and Androtion say, each in his first book of the Atthis. Before him it was called the Athenaea, as Ister has shown in the third book of his Attic History.

panaktos. PANACTUS Demosthenes in the speech Against Conon. It is a city between Attica and Boeotia, as Euripides too mentions in the Aegeus. Thucydides calls the place in the neuter, both elsewhere and in his fifth book, but Menander in the Psophodees (The Timid Man) uses the masculine.

pandrosos. PANDROSOS A woman's name.

paragrafe. PARAGRAPHE ("Special plea / marginal mark") The orators use the word not only in the common and familiar sense, but Isocrates, specially, in the speech On the Antidosis says, "read, beginning from the paragraphe," meaning from the line which to this day we call a "paragraph"; and the sense is, "from where I made a marginal note"—that is, "from where I set it down." But Hyperides, in the speech Against Demosthenes, says "not even up to the paragraphe," for "not even up to some fixed and marked-off time"—that is, a bounded time.

paraggelia. PARANGELIA ("Canvassing") Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aeschines: "how great the zeal and canvassing has been concerning this contest." Aeschines too used the same notion in a way in the speech Against Ctesiphon: "you see the preparation, men of Athens, and the array, how great it has become, and the solicitations in the marketplace which certain people have employed." Deinarchus, in the impeachment Against Polyeuctus: "both the private canvassings that have taken place and the solicitations."

parakaesis. PARAKLESIS For "exhortation." Isocrates in the Precepts: "wherefore we, having devised not an appeal (paraklesis) but having written a precept (parainesis)." It is set down, however, rarely, also for "entreaty"; Lycurgus, in the speech On the Priestess, having said earlier "if the contest were over some private matter, I would beg you to hear me with goodwill," a little later says "but as it is, I think you yourselves will do this even without any appeal from me."

paralos. PARALUS Demosthenes in the Philippics. One of the triremes dispatched by the Athenians for public services, taking its name from a certain hero, Paralus. Those who served aboard her were called "Paraloi," who for this service received four obols and stayed at home for the greater part of the year, and certain other privileges were theirs from the city, as Hyperides says in the speech Against Archestratides. Phylarchus too, in his twenty-first book, mentions the hero Paralus.

parabuston. PARABYSTON A certain one of the courts at Athens was so called, in which the Eleven gave judgment; Antiphon in the speech Against Nicocles concerning boundaries. Others of the comic poets mention it, including Timocles in the Orestautocleides. There was also, in bridal chambers, a couch called "parabystos," which Hyperides mentions in the speech Against Patrocles. These things seem to be said by metaphor from the stuffings (parabysmata)—that is, the packings—in cargoes.

parapeptokos. PARAPEPTOKOS For "subject to," Demosthenes in the speech Against Stephanus.

parakataboae. PARAKATABOE PARAKATABOE and PARAKATABALLEIN: those disputing over certain moneys confiscated to the city, and those contending with private persons over inheritances or heiresses, used to deposit a sum of money; and they had to forfeit this if they lost the suit. Now in disputes with the public treasury it is clear that a fifth part of the amount in dispute was deposited. Concerning the public cases this has often been said by Lysias, as in the speech Against Alcibiades concerning a house and in the speech Against Asopodorus concerning a house; and concerning the inheritance cases other orators again have spoken, including Hyperides in the second speech On the Estate of Hippeus. Demosthenes, however, in the special plea against Pantaenetus, concerning a private suit, says: "and after this he summons me to trial again, since he had quickly taken back the deposits."

parabaloito. PARABALOITO For "he should pass it on," Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon.

paredros. PAREDROS ("Assessor") Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. The word is common both among the orators and in the Old Comedy. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, says: "Both the archon and the polemarch take assessors, two each, whomever they wish; and these are examined in the court before they sit as assessors, and they render account when they have served as assessors."

pareiai_ofeis. PAREIAI OPHEIS ("Cheek-snakes") Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Certain snakes are called "pareiai" from having larger cheeks (pareiai), as Cratinus too indicates in the Trophonius. But Hyperides, in the speech Against Demades, writes thus: "that the orators are like snakes; for all snakes are hateful, but of the snakes themselves the vipers harm men, while the cheek-snakes devour the vipers themselves."

parresias. PARRESIAS For "abuse and reviling," Isocrates in the Busiris.

parakrouetai. PARAKROUETAI ("He cheats") For "he deceives." It is common both among the other Attic writers and in Demosthenes in the Philippics. The word is transferred from the practice of those who weigh or measure something striking the measures and shaking them down for the sake of gaining advantage, as Sophocles somewhere: "so that you neither strike short nor pour over the brim."

paraskenia. PARASKENIA Demosthenes in the speech Against Meidias. It seems that "paraskenia" is, as Theophrastus too indicates in the twentieth book of the Laws, the place appointed beside the stage for the preparations for the contest. But Didymus says that the entrances on either side of the orchestra are so called.

parasemos_retor. PARASEMOS RHETOR ("Counterfeit orator") Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is said by a metaphor from coins, which they call "parasema" ("counterfeit"), either because they are marked underneath by the money-changers with a certain sign that shows their baseness, or because they are struck and stamped falsely. For that "parasemos" is said of coins, the orator has shown in the speech Against Timocrates.

parastasis. PARASTASIS ("Court-fee") Isaeus in the speech On the Estate of Pyrrhus. The word is found in many of the Attic writers; it is a drachma paid by those bringing private suits. Menander in the Misogynist: "and there one draws out a two-leaved tablet, and one parastasis, a drachma." Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, speaking of the Thesmothetae, says thus: "there are indictments brought before them, for which a parastasis is paid: for usurpation of citizenship and for fraudulent acquisition of citizenship, if anyone by giving bribes escapes the charge of usurpation, and for false registration and false summons and conspiracy and non-registration and adultery." But Demetrius of Phalerum, in his work On Legislation, says that the arbitrators received the drachmas: one from the entering of the suit, which they called the parastasis, and another at each adjournment on oath.

parafruktorein. PARAPHRYKTOREIN Deinarchus in the indictment Against Deinias. To use the beacon-fires contrary to what is fitting—that is, to the advantage of the enemy and to the harm of one's friends—was so expressed, as the orator himself explained it in the speech.

paregguesen. PARENGYESEN PARENGYESEN and PARENGYETHENTOS: Isaeus, in the defence in the guardianship-suit Against Diophanes, says "the one being present, and the other taking it over from others, he handed it on (parengyesen)," for "he delivered it, charging each, the one to take and the other to give." And again he says "of the sums I had settled, two talents and thirty minas, and the part taken over by the farmer," for "received."

parelthein. PARELTHEIN For "to win," Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

parousia. PAROUSIA For "abundance," or "a cause of wealth, substance"; Demosthenes in the speech On the Organization, and Deinarchus in the speech On Behalf of the Ship. And Crates in the Beasts: "having a life of ease and an abundance of money."

parrasios. PARRHASIUS Isocrates in the speech On the Antidosis. That Parrhasius was a painter is plain to all; Juba, in the eighth book On Painters, goes through the man's career, and says he was the son and pupil of Euenor, and an Ephesian by birth.

pasinos. PASINOS Isocrates in the Aeginetic speech. A proper name.

pasion. PASION A proper name; a banker.

pataikion. PATAIKION A proper name; a thief and house-breaker.

pediaka. PEDIAKA Lysias in the speech Against Philip concerning a guardianship, if the speech is genuine. It is a district of Attica, which from its character was called "the Plain" (Pedion); it had pastures for sheep, and the things from there, it seems, were called "pediaka." The word is found in other orators too.

pedaritos. PEDARITUS Isocrates in the Archidamus. He is one of those sent out from Lacedaemon, a man of harmost rank, of noble birth, as Theopompus says in the second book of the Hellenica.

pezetairoi. PEZETAIROI ("Foot-companions") Demosthenes in the Philippics. Anaximenes, in the first book of the Philippics speaking of Alexander, says: "Then, having accustomed the most distinguished to ride, he called them Companions (hetairoi); the greater number and the foot-soldiers he divided into companies and squads and the other commands and named them 'foot-companions,' so that each group, sharing in the royal companionship, might remain most loyal."

pelanos. PELANOS Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. The word occurs often in many of the ancients. Apollonius of Acharnae, in his work On Festivals, writes thus: "and likewise the so-called pelanos." It is said to be certain cakes made for the gods from the grain taken off the threshing-floor. Sannyrion, in the Laughter, says: "a pelanos . . . which you mortals solemnly call barley-meal." Didymus says it is properly the cake made from fine flour (paipale), from which they make cakes, or from "being flattened out," or because they are white—Homer, "when snow has whitened the fields"—or from being bright, that is, white. Euripides, however, in the Orestes uses it in a special sense: "and wipe the foaming pelanos from his wretched mouth," which means the foam upon the mouth.

pentakosiomedimnon. PENTAKOSIOMEDIMNOI ("Five-hundred-measure men") Lysias in the speech On the Daughter of Onomacles. That Solon made four classes of all the Athenians, among whom were the five-hundred-measure men, Aristotle has shown in the Constitution of the Athenians.

pepirethos. PEPARETHUS Demosthenes, in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, says "and the ravaging of Peparethus." This is an island not far from Euboea.

peison. PEISON Lysias in the speech Against Eratosthenes. One of the Thirty who held tyrannical power among the Athenians.

penestai. PENESTAI Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristocrates. The "Penestai" among the Thessalians are those who among the Lacedaemonians are the Helots; Xenophon at any rate, in the third book of the Hellenica, says of a certain person that "he also armed the Penestai against their masters." Staphylus has discussed them more fully in the third book On the Thessalians. He says they are called not only "Penestai" but also "Thessalictae."

pentekontarchos. PENTECONTARCHUS The commander of the fifty-oared ship, as Demosthenes shows in the speech On the Trierarchic Crown. That the ship rowed by fifty men was called a "penteconter" is evident.

pentekoste. PENTECOSTE ("The fiftieth") PENTECOSTE and PENTECOSTEUESTHAI and PENTECOSTOLOGOI: the "pentecoste" is a certain tax, and the "pentecostologoi" are those who collect this tax, and "pentecosteuesthai" is to be made to pay the fiftieth. These may be found both in the speech Against Meidias and in the special plea Against Lacritus of Demosthenes, and in Hyperides in the speech On the Gifts of Eubulus.

peplos. PEPLOS ("Robe") Isaeus in the speech On What Was Said in Macedonia. Concerning the robe carried up to Athena at the Great Panathenaea there is mention not only among the orators but also among the comic poets.

pergasethen. PERGASETHEN Isaeus in the speech Against Thoutimus. Pergase is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis; the demesman, they say, is named in two ways, "Pergaseus" and "Pergasethen."

periandros. PERIANDER A proper name.

peri_tes_en_delfois_skias. CONCERNING THE SHADOW AT DELPHI Demosthenes in the Philippics. Didymus says that the proverb "about the shadow of an ass" has been altered by the orator, who says "concerning the shadow at Delphi"; and it is said of those who quarrel about things of no worth.

perithoidai. PERITHOIDAI Demosthenes in the speech Against Polycles. It is a deme of the tribe Oineis.

perilaos. PERILAUS Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is a proper name.

periodos. PERIODOS ("Cycle") Demosthenes, in the Philippics, says "since indeed it is like the cycle or onset of a fever." Doctors call "periodic" those diseases that remit at fixed times and again grow more severe, such as tertian and quartan fevers; for in these the sick seem, on the days of remission, to suffer no illness at all, but to be well.

perioikion. PERIOIKION Isaeus in the speech Against Menecrates, "both the perioikion and the house." Perhaps it is what we call an "epoikion" (a farmstead).

peripolos. PERIPOLOS ("Patroller") Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, speaking of the ephebes, says thus: "In the second year, an assembly having been held in the theatre, after they have given the people a display in regard to their drill and have received a shield and a spear from the people, they patrol the country and pass their time in the guard-posts." It must therefore be observed that Aristotle says the ephebes spend one year among the patrollers, but Aeschines two; and perhaps for this reason the orator mentioned the matter, though all the ephebes of necessity patrol, namely because he himself spent two years among the patrollers; wherefore in giving testimony he made it clear.

peristatoi. PERISTATOI Isocrates in the speech On the Antidosis: "by feats of jugglery that are of no benefit, but by the foolish are crowded round (peristatoi)," for "round which the spectators stand in a circle." The word is also in the Archidamus and in Eupolis in the Flatterers.

peristasin. PERISTASIN Deinarchus in the Tyrrhenian speech: "after this, when I was already about to put to sea, Damon, having made a crowd around me and demanding that I bear witness," and so on. Perhaps what is meant is this: "he himself and those present with him stood around me in a circle and compelled me to bear witness," so as to have the same sense as "they made me hemmed in." In some copies it is written PARASTASIN.

peristoichizetai. PERISTOICHIZETAI ("He hems in") Demosthenes, in the Philippics, says "he hems us in while we delay and sit idle," by a metaphor from hunters; for in the sallies of wild beasts they set up upright stakes, which they call "stoichoi" or "stochoi," spreading nets out over them, so that if the beasts escape these they may fall into the nets, as Xenophon indicates in the treatise On Hunting. In some copies, however, it is written PERISTOICHIZETAI, in others PERISCHOINIZETAI.

peristoichoi. PERISTOICHOI Demosthenes, in the speech Against Nicostratus concerning the slaves of Arethusius: "he broke off the olive-saplings set in rows (peristoichoi)." Didymus calls a certain kind of olives "peristoichoi," which Philochorus named "stoichades." But perhaps the orator has called "peristoichoi" those planted in a row in a circle around the field.

pefasmenes. PEPHASMENES Lycurgus, in the speech Against Lycophron, for "having come to pass." But Lysias, in the speech Against Theomnestus, if genuine, says that "pephasmenos" means "openly."

peforiosthai. PEPHORIOSTHAI Lysias, in the letter to Polycrates against Empedus, if genuine, says "that one eye is greyer, or has grown filmed over," of an eye that is closed up, just as Euphorion uses the word; for there are certain eyes that have the lids relaxed and as it were half-closed. But if it is written PEPHORINOSTHAI, it would mean "to be thickened," from "phorine" (hide); for that they apply "phorine" to human beings too, Antiphon makes clear in the second book of the Truth.

pegai. PEGAE Andocides in the speech On the Peace, if genuine. Pegae is a place in Megara, as Hellanicus says in the fourth book of the Atthis.

pelex. PELEX Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. Peleces is a deme of the tribe Leontis, as Diodorus the guide says.

pinakia. PINAKIA ("Tablets") The tablets let down in place of lots by those drawing lots. They seem to have been of bronze, as Demosthenes indicates in the speech On the Name. But in the Philippics, when he says "a small tablet, men of Athens, a small tablet is everything there," perhaps he means the tablet on which are inscribed the charges against those impeached, as is also shown in Deinarchus in his support of Aeschines.

pittheus. PITTHEUS Pitthos is a deme of the tribe Cecropis.

pleisteriasantes. PLEISTERIASANTES For "having bid higher in the price of things being sold," Lysias in the speech Against Andocides, if genuine. Plato the comic poet too uses the word in the Gryphons.

plerotes. PLEROTES Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristogeiton. They called "plerotai" those who paid up the loan-fund contribution to those who had either drawn it by lot or purchased it. These would be those we call "managers of loan-clubs." The word "plerotes" is also in the speech Against Meidias, and in Deinarchus's speech Against the Children of Patrocles.

plintheion. PLINTHEION The place in which the brick is moulded; Lysias in the speech Against Lysitheus.

paunteria. PLYNTERIA Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. A festival among the Athenians.

plotheus. PLOTHEUS Demosthenes in the appeal against Eubulides. Plotheia is a deme of the tribe Aegeis, whence the demesman is "Plotheus."

podostrabe. PODOSTRABE Hyperides both in the speech Against Athenogenes and in the speech Against Autocles. They called "podostrabai" certain devices contrived by hunters, into which the wild beasts, stepping, were caught. Xenophon has discussed their construction and use in his work On Hunting.

podokakke. PODOKAKKE ("Foot-stocks") Demosthenes in the speech Against Timocrates. The wooden frame in the prison was so called, either with the second "k" inserted, being a "torment of the feet" (podon kakosis), or by syncope, as Didymus says, as it were "a holding fast of the feet" (podokatoche). Lysias, in the speech Against Theomnestus, if genuine, explains the word; for he says, "the podokakke is what is now called 'to be bound in the stocks.'"

politeia. POLITEIA The orators are accustomed to use the word in a special sense for democracy, as both Isocrates in the Panegyricus and Demosthenes in the Philippics.

polemarchos. POLEMARCHUS Isaeus in the defence in a desertion-suit Against Apollodorus. There was a magistracy at Athens so called; it is one of the nine archons. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, having gone through all that the polemarch administers, adds: "and he himself introduces the suits both of desertion and of want of a patron and of inheritances and of heiresses pertaining to the metics, and all the other matters that the archon handles for the citizens, the polemarch handles for the metics." Fittingly, then, the orator in the aforesaid speech says that Apollodorus was bound over before the polemarch; for Apollodorus was a metic, a Samian by birth. That Polemarchus is also a proper name—the brother of Lysias—both Lysias himself in the speech Against Eratosthenes and Plato both in the first book of the Republic and in the Phaedrus say.

poliochos. POLIOCHUS POLIOCHUS and POLYALCES: proper names.

pompeias. POMPEIAS ("Abuse") POMPEIAS and POMPEUEIN: for "abuse" and "to abuse," Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. He transfers it from those who at the Dionysiac processions abuse one another from the wagons. Menander in the Perinthia: "from the wagons come certain very abusive jeerings."

pompeia. POMPEIA ("Procession-gear") POMPEIA is the name for the implements prepared for the processions, as the same orator indicates in the speech Against Androtion. Philochorus says that the Athenians formerly used as procession-gear the things made from the property of the Thirty. Late, he says, Androtion too had other things made.

porios. PORIOS Demosthenes in the appeal against Eubulides. Porus is a deme of the tribe Acamantis; the demesman is "Porios."

porthmos. PORTHMOS Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is a city of Euboea.

polugnotos. POLYGNOTUS Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. Concerning Polygnotus the painter—a Thasian by birth, son and pupil of Aglaophon, who obtained Athenian citizenship either because he painted the Painted Stoa for nothing, or, as others say, the paintings in the Theseum and the Anaceum—others have given accounts, including Artemon in his work On Painters and Juba in his works On Painting.

polustratos. POLYSTRATUS Lysias in the speech Against Thrasybulus, if genuine. Polystratus, charged with mutilating the Hermae, was put to death by the Athenians. There would be another Polystratus, concerning whom there is a speech of Lysias entitled "Defence on Behalf of Polystratus on a charge of subverting the democracy." And there would be yet another Polystratus, whom Demosthenes mentions in the Philippics, saying that he once maintained a mercenary force at Corinth. Perhaps, however, here one ought to write "Polytropus" instead of "Polystratus"; for Didymus says that in no author has he found Polystratus commanding the mercenary force at Corinth. Polytropus, indeed, I found in the sixth book of Xenophon's Hellenica; but Xenophon neither said that this force was maintained by the Athenians, nor was Polytropus himself an Athenian.

poseideon. POSEIDEON Hyperides in the speech Against Mantitheus. The sixth month among the Athenians is so called.

potamos. POTAMOS Lysias in the speech Against Nicides for idleness. Potamos is a deme of the tribe Leontis, of which the demesman is "Potamios." They were ridiculed in comedy for readily admitting men fraudulently enrolled, as others show and Menander in the Twins.

proballomenous. PROBALLOMENOUS For "putting forward as a basis," as it were casting before the mind prior to the action, as Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. In the speech Against Aeschines he said "the policy of the state put forward and held in distrust," for "kept cautiously and on guard." But in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon he says "thus put forward as Pylagoras even with three or four electing him." And in the speech Against Meidias, "and I lodged a complaint that this man did wrong concerning the festival," for "I employed the customary and lawful complaint (probole) against those who do wrong concerning the festival." But in the Philippics he says "to ward off, or to look the enemy in the face, he neither knows how nor wishes," for "to extend the hands as if for battle."

probolas. PROBOLAS For "defences" made out of cities or walls or some other forces for safety and mastery, Demosthenes in the speech On the Treaty with Alexander, if genuine. But in Aeschines, in the speech On the Embassy, the word "probole" arises from "lodging a complaint" (proballesthai) that someone does wrong.

probouleuma. PROBOULEUMA What is decreed by the Council before it is brought before the people; Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines.

probolion. PROBOLION A kind of spear, which hunters use for the hunting of boars. Hyperides, in the speech On the Guarding of the Tyrrhenians, used the word figuratively, by metaphor. That it often means a kind of spear can be learned from Xenophon's work On Hunting.

proboloi. PROBOLOI The rocks jutting out into the sea, like certain headlands; Demosthenes in the Philippics.

proedroi. PROEDROI ("Presidents") They were chosen by lot by the prytaneis for each assembly, one from each tribe except the one holding the prytany, and they managed matters concerning the assemblies. They were called "proedroi" because they presided (proedreuon) over all the rest. The word is common among the orators, as in Demosthenes in the speech Against Androtion and in Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. That the so-called epistates chooses them by lot, Aristotle has said in the Constitution of the Athenians.

proerosia. PROEROSIA Hyperides in the Delian speech. The name of a sacrifice.

prothesmias_nomos. THE LAW OF LIMITATION Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Phormio. The orator would mean the five-year limitation, as he indicates in the speech, and Lysias in the speech Against Menestratus, if the speech is genuine.

proklesis. PROKLESIS ("Challenge") When people were going to law, they were accustomed sometimes to demand maidservants or servants for examination by torture or for testimony in the matter, and this was called "to challenge" (prokaleisthai), and the document written concerning it was named a "proklesis." It is found in many orators. Demosthenes, in the speech Against Stephanus, also shows in what matters a "proklesis" is made.

prokonia. PROKONIA Lycurgus in the speech Against Menesaechmus. Didymus says "prokonia" are wheat-grains smeared with honey. But Aristophanes the grammarian and Crates say that the things made from unroasted barley are so named. It seems to be made both from wheat and from barley, as Autocleides indicates in his exegetical works. And Demon, in his work On Sacrifices, says "prokonia" are parched grains crushed up with spices.

prometretas. PROMETRETAS ("Measurers-out") Hyperides in the speech On the Salt-fish. Deinarchus, in the speech Against Agasicles: "He was the son of Scythes the measurer-out, and he himself became a demesman and has continued measuring out grain in the marketplace."

pronaia. PRONAEA Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. At Delphi a certain Athena was called "Pronaea" because she was established before the temple (pro tou naou). Herodotus, in his eighth book, calls her "Pronaie." Others have given accounts of her, including Staphylus in his work On the Aeolians.

propempta. PROPEMPTA Lysias in the speech against the indictment of Mixidemus, if genuine, and Demosthenes in the speech On the Estate of Hagnias. Didymus says perhaps these are certain penalties before the deposit; for there are some who say that the fifth parts of the valuations were deposited, as Lysias indicates in the speech Against Apollodorus. Unless indeed "propempta" means, as in Demosthenes, "five days before"; for in the great suits a single day did not suffice for the trial.

propepokotes. PROPEPOKOTES For "having betrayed beforehand." It is said by metaphor. Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. At the beginning of the Myrmidons, Aeschylus: "These things you behold, glorious Achilles, the spear-wasted toils of the Danaans, whom . . . within the tent."

propulaia_tauta. THESE PROPYLAEA Demosthenes in the Philippics. It may be said with a gesture of pointing, since the Propylaea are visible from the Pnyx; but it is better to understand it referentially; for in speaking of very well-known things they are accustomed to speak thus. At any rate, in the speech Against Aeschines Demosthenes himself says "he asked Satyrus here, this comic actor." Concerning the Propylaea of the acropolis—that in the archonship of Euthymenes the Athenians began to build them, with Mnesicles as architect—others have given accounts, including Philochorus in his fourth book. And Heliodorus, in the first book of his work On the Acropolis at Athens, says among other things this: "in five years it was wholly completed, and two thousand and twelve talents were spent; and they made five gates, through which they enter the acropolis."

prosepoiesato. PROSEPOIESATO For "he laid claim against," Isaeus in the speech Against Nicodemus: "no one ever yet laid claim or disputed with him the inheritance."

prosklesis. PROSKLESIS ("Summons") The summons to court, and PROSKALESASTHAI means to give notice to appear for trial; Demosthenes in the speech On the Estate of Hagnias, Hyperides in the speech Against Damippus.

prospaltioi. PROSPALTIOI Lysias in the speech On the Estate of Macartatus. Prospalta is a deme of the tribe Acamantis.

prostates. PROSTATES ("Patron") Those who stood as patrons of the metics at Athens were called "prostatai"; for it was necessary for each of the metics to assign a certain Athenian citizen as his patron; Hyperides in the speech Against Aristagora. Menander too mentions it at the beginning of the Perinthia.

prostasia. PROSTASIA Demosthenes, in the speech Against Onetor: "is this not an acknowledged protection?" for "help from one who stands forth as champion and comes to the aid of the wronged man." Aeschines, in the speech On the Embassy: "that the Propylaea of the Athenian acropolis must be removed to the defence (prostasia) of the Cadmea." Didymus says that "prostasia" here stands for "prostasis," that is, what some call a "prostas" (porch).

pros_tei_pulidi_ermes. THE HERMES BY THE LITTLE GATE Demosthenes in the speech Against Euergus. Philochorus, in the fifth book of his Athenian History, says that when the Athenians began to fortify the Piraeus the nine archons dedicated this Hermes and inscribed: "These men, the first to begin to fortify, set it up, obeying the decrees of the Council and the people."

prostimemata. PROSTIMEMATA ("Additional penalties") There are certain penalties fixed in the laws against wrongdoers, such as the "epobelia" in Isaeus in the speech Against Diocles; and there are others which the court assesses in addition, as Demosthenes shows in the speech Against Timocrates.

prostropaion. PROSTROPAION Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy: "will you then permit him, such a prostropaion," for "such a pollution and defilement." And PROSTROPE is said in relation to this; at any rate, in the speech Against Ctesiphon the orator sets the words side by side. This word is found also in Deinarchus in the speech Against Phormisius for impiety.

proteleia. PROTELEIA Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. The things done or given before something referred to the divine is accomplished are called "proteleia" (preliminary offerings).

profereis. PROPHEREIS Those who, being young, appear older; Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus.

prosfora. PROSPHORA For "revenue," Antiphon in the speech On the Tribute of the Lindians. The word is also in other writers.

procheirotonia. PROCHEIROTONIA At Athens something of this sort seems to take place: whenever, the Council having framed a preliminary decree, the proposal is brought before the people, first there is a show of hands in the assembly as to whether it seems good that the people deliberate concerning the matters preliminarily decreed, or whether the preliminary decree suffices. These things are indicated in Lysias's speech against the indictment of Mixidemus.

proschaireteria. PROSCHAIRETERIA Lycurgus in the adjudication of the Croconidae. A festival held among the Athenians when the Maiden is thought to depart.

prutaneia. PRYTANEIA ("Court-deposits") Isocrates in the special plea against Callimachus. The "prytaneia" are also in the other Attic writers; it was a sum of money which both litigants deposited, both the defendant and the prosecutor.

prutaneias. PRYTANEIAS Antiphon in the speech Against Nicocles. The "prytaneia" is a number of days, either thirty-six or thirty-five, during which each tribe holds the prytany. Aristotle has discussed these matters in the Constitution of the Athenians.

prutanepsonta. PRYTANEPSONTA Properly for "being prytanis"; but for "administering," Demosthenes in the Philippics. In another Philippic he says "being made subject to prytany," for "being administered and maintained."

prutaneis. PRYTANEIS The tenth part of the Council of five hundred, fifty men from one tribe, who administered all the business transacted by the Council, were called "prytaneis." The ten tribes held the prytany in succession to one another, drawn by lot, as Aeschines says in the speech Against Ctesiphon.

ptoiodoros. PTOEODORUS Demosthenes. A proper name.

puanopsia. PYANOPSIA Lycurgus in the speech Against Menesaechmus: "and we call this festival Pyanopsia, but the other Greeks call it Panopsia, because they saw all the fruits with the eye." Apollonius and almost all who have written about the festivals at Athens say that the Pyanepsia are held for Apollo on the seventh of Pyanepsion. They say one ought to say "Pyanepsia," and the month "Pyanepsion"; for they boil beans (pyana) at it, and the harvest-wreath is carried.

ppsgela. PYGELA Lysias in the speech On Behalf of Bacchius, if genuine. Pygela is a city in Ionia, which Theopompus says, in his sixth book, got its name because certain of the companions of Agamemnon stayed there on account of a disease about the buttocks (pygai).

ptomata_elaion. THE FALLINGS OF OLIVE-TREES Lysias in the speech Against Nicides. He would mean either the fruit fallen from the trees, or the trees themselves fallen by some chance.

puelida. PYELIDA What we call a seal-case; Lysias in the speech Against Euphemus, and Aristophanes in the Heroes.

puthaea. PYTHAEA Hyperides in the speech Against Apellaeus. It is hard to see how in Didymus it has been formed from this; for in fact, by the passages the grammarian cites, he called the Pythia a festival, not Pythian Apollo.

pukni. PNYX Hyperides, in the first speech On Behalf of Chaerephilus, says "and the Pnyx finding so much." The assembly of the Athenians was so called. There is much mention of it among the Attic writers. Cleidemus, in the third book of the Protogonia, says that they used to come together "to the Pnyx, so named because the place of meeting was densely packed (pyknoumene)."

puaai. PYLAE PYLAE and PYLAIA and PYLAGORAS: "Pylae" is the name for Thermopylae; Demosthenes in the Philippics. They were so called because of the narrowness of this entrance for those journeying from Thessaly into Phocis. "Pylaia" was the name for the assembly of the Amphictyons at Pylae; Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. That a certain assembly of the Amphictyons took place at Pylae, both Hyperides in the Funeral Oration and Theopompus in his thirtieth book have said. From the cities sharing in the Amphictyony certain men were sent who were called "Pylagorai"; many mention these too, as Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon and Aristophanes in the second Women at the Thesmophoria.

purilampes. PYRILAMPES Antiphon in the speech On the Peacocks. A proper name.

purra. PYRRHA Lysias in the speech Against Thrasybulus, if genuine. Pyrrha is one of the cities in Lesbos, as those who have written geographies testify.

poletai. POLETAI ("Sellers") POLETAI and POLETERION: the "poletai" are a magistracy at Athens, ten men in number, one from each tribe; they manage all the things sold by the city—taxes and mines and leases and confiscated property; Hyperides in the second speech Against Aristagora. Aristotle has discussed them in the Constitution of the Athenians. The "poleterion" is the name for the place where the sellers hold their sessions; Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras, often.

polas. POLAS For "sales," Hyperides in the speech Against Apellaeus. The word is also in Sophron's Andreioi.

polosi. POLOSI Demosthenes, in the speech Against Neaera: "or who sell something openly in the marketplace." Didymus says it stands for "prostitute themselves openly"; for "to sell" (polein) is to offer oneself to those who wish, whence also "to play the prostitute" (porneuein), which is "to traffic" (pernanai). But I say that the orator has here used "to sell" in its proper sense; for he says the law does not allow a paramour to be taken in the case of such women as sit in a workshop or sell something openly in the marketplace.

pomala. POMALA For "by no means," Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines. The "po" is Doric, set for "whence" (pothen); and "mala" either is redundant or is used in measure: "pomala," as it were "not much," "not at all." It is common in the Old Comedy; Aristophanes: "Was there some quarrel between you?" "By no means—I said nothing at all."

hraisas. RHAISAS For "being easier from the illness," Demosthenes in the Philippics.

hrenaia. RHENAEA Hyperides in the Delian speech. It is an island near Delos.

hretorike_grafe. RHETORICAL INDICTMENT Isaeus in the speech Against Eucleides. The "rhetorical indictment" seems to be the one against an orator who has written or said or done something unlawful, just as the "prytanic" is called the one against a prytanis and the "epistatic" the one against an epistates. Perhaps too they are called "rhetorical indictments" in this respect, that under different laws the indictments against the orators are brought, as Antiphon in the speech Against a Prytanis, if genuine, indicates.

hrinon. RHINON Isocrates in the special plea against Callimachus. A proper name.

hrodogotne. RHODOGUNE The wife of Hystaspes, and mother of Xerxes and Darius.

hrodonia. RHODONIA Demosthenes in the speech On the Slaves of Arethusius. A "rhodonia" is a planting of roses, just as an "ionia" is a planting of violets, as Hecataeus shows in the first book of his Description of the World.

hrothion. RHOTHION Hyperides in the speech On the Generalship of Polyeuctus. "Rhothion" is named from the rushing sound (rhothos) heard from the oars when they row vigorously. The word is in many writers, both in Aristophanes in the Knights and in Thucydides in his fourth book.

hroptron. RHOPTRON Lysias in the speech Against Andocides for impiety: "he tied the horse to the sacred door-ring." Here he means the ring of the door, as others do too: Aristophanes in the Amphiaraus, Xenophon in the sixth book of the Hellenica.

hruta. RHYTA With short pronunciation, it is a kind of drinking-cup; Demosthenes in the speech Against Meidias. With long pronunciation, the things called by that name among us, likewise; Cratinus in the Seasons.

saboi. SABOI Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Some say the "Saboi" are those initiated to Sabazius, that is, to Dionysus, just as those initiated to Bacchus are called Bacchi. That Sabazius and Dionysus are the same, others say, including Nymphis in the second book On Heracleia. So too some say that the Greeks call the Bacchi "Saboi." But Mnaseas of Patara says that Sabazius is the son of Dionysus.

seirina. SEIRINA Lycurgus in the speech On the Organization. They called "seirion" a thin, undressed garment, like a summer wrap, as the glossographers say. And SEIREN is the thin and transparent tunic, suitable for the season when the Dog-star (Seirios) is up. There is also an Italian city, Seiris, and perhaps the orator meant the textiles from there, or some other "seirina." In some copies, however, it is written "seirina" without the "e."

semnai_theai. THE AUGUST GODDESSES Thus the Athenians call the Furies.

serreion_teichos. SERREION TEICHOS SERREION TEICHOS and SIRION: names of places.

sesemasmenoi. SESEMASMENOI For "sealed," Demosthenes in the speech On the Name, Hyperides in the speech Against Antias concerning an orphan.

seuthes. SEUTHES Lysias in the speech Against Thrasybulus. He is one of the kings in Thrace.

sekos. SEKOS ("Enclosure") A certain speech of Lysias is entitled "Defence on a charge of impiety concerning the sacred olive (sekos)," in which it is clear that the speech concerns an olive-tree that had been cut down. The orator writes also this: "who for two years farmed the land, having taken over neither a private olive nor a sacred one (moria) nor a sekos." Perhaps, then, they call the private olives just "olives," the public ones "moriai"; and "sekos," it seems, and "moria" they name the same thing.

seraggion. SERANGION Lysias in the speech Against Androtion. A certain place in the Piraeus was so called. Aristophanes too mentions it in the Farmers.

semeia. SEMEIA ("Seals") Thus they call the seal-impressions. Demosthenes in the speech Against Phaenippus.

sthenelos. STHENELUS Lysias in the speech Against Diogenes. In the Records of Dramatic Performances Sthenelus too is found as a tragic poet. The author of the Spartans attributed to Plato satirized him as appropriating other men's verses.

sigeion. SIGEUM Demosthenes in the Philippics. It is a city of the Troad, not far from Ilium.

simos. SIMUS Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. This man is one of the Aleuadae, of those thought to have aided the Macedonian.

simulos. SIMYLUS Demosthenes, in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon, says "but having hired himself out to the deep-groaning actors Simylus and Socrates."

simon. SIMON A proper name.

sinope. SINOPE Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. Herodicus, in the sixth book of the Persons Satirized in Comedy, says that Sinope the courtesan was called "Abydus" because she was an old woman.

sipua. SIPYA Lysias in the speech concerning the half-share of the property of Macartatus. The "sipya" is a grain-vessel; it occurs often in the ancient comic poets: Eupolis in the Golden Race, Aristophanes in the Telmessians.

siteresion. SITERESION What is given to certain persons for sustenance; Demosthenes in the speech On the Trierarchy.

sitos. SITOS ("Maintenance") Demosthenes in the first speech Against Aphobus. "Sitos" is the name for the allowance given for the sustenance of women or orphans, as may be learned from other sources and from the first axon of Solon and from Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians. Timachidas thinks that among the Attic writers "sitos" means interest, but he is unaware that never among them, one term for the other, is interest called "sitos."

sitofulakes. SITOPHYLAKES ("Grain-wardens") Deinarchus in the impeachment Against Callisthenes. There was a magistracy at Athens which took care that the grain should be sold justly, and the barley-meal and the loaves. They were ten in number, five in the city and five in the Piraeus, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

skambonidai. SCAMBONIDAE Lycurgus in the adjudication of the Croconidae. It is a deme of the tribe Leontis.

skafeforoi. SKAPHEPHOROI ("Trough-bearers") Deinarchus, in the speech Against Agasicles, says "who instead of trough-bearers will go up as ephebes to the acropolis, owing no thanks to you for their citizenship, but to this man's money"—for "as metics"; for these used to bear the troughs at Athens. Demetrius, at any rate, in the third book of his Legislation says that the law commanded the metics, in the processions, themselves to carry the troughs, and their daughters water-jars and parasols. Theophrastus too has discussed these matters in the tenth book of the Laws.

skafion. SKAPHION Antiphon in the defence against the indictment of Demosthenes. That "skaphion" is a kind of haircut, Aristophanes too shows in the Old Age.

skeuopoiounta_to_pragma. CONTRIVING THE MATTER Hyperides in the speech Against Mantitheus, for "scheming and fabricating and fashioning."

skenites. SKENITES Isocrates in the Trapeziticus: "for Pythodorus, called the tent-man (skenites)." It seems to be a nickname. Perhaps he is called "skenites" as a man of the market, since many of the goods were sold in tents (skenai).

skenen_de_en_echousin_oude_gar_tauten_labontes_anaferousi. AND THE SKENE WHICH THEY HAVE—FOR NOT EVEN THIS, WHEN THEY HAD TAKEN IT, DO THEY RENDER UP Demosthenes in the speech Against Spudias. It seems to be a certain article, which some say is a kind of woman's ornament, others a parasol.

skepsis. SCEPSIS Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristocrates. It is a city in the Troad, which others mention, including Ephorus in his fifteenth book.

skiathos. SCIATHOS Demosthenes in the Philippics. It is an island near Euboea.

skiapodes. SKIAPODES ("Shade-foots") Antiphon in the work On Concord. It is a Libyan people. Ctesias, in the Circumnavigation of Asia, says: "above these are the Shade-foots, who have their feet very broad, like those of geese; and when it is hot, lying back on their backs and lifting their legs, they shade themselves with their feet."

skiron. SKIRON Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. The Skira is a festival among the Athenians, from which the month Scirophorion is named. Those who have written about the months and festivals at Athens, among them Lysimachides, say that the "skiron" is a large parasol, under which, as it is carried from the acropolis to a place called Skiron, there go the priestess of Athena and the priest of Poseidon and the priest of Helios; and the Eteobutadae carry it. This becomes a sign that one ought to build and make shelter, this being the best time for building. The Athenians also honour Athena Skiras, whom Philochorus, in the second book of the Atthis, says was named after a certain Skiros, an Eleusinian seer, but Praxion, in the second book of the Megarian History, after Sciron.

skirafia. SKIRAPHIA Deinarchus in the speech Against Proxenus. They called the gambling-dens "skiraphia," since the gamblers spent their time at Skiron, as Theopompus indicates in his fiftieth book.

skuthikai. SCYTHIANS Lysias in the speech On Behalf of Bacchius and Pythagoras, if genuine. The "Scythians" are a kind of footwear. And Alcaeus in his eighth book: "and having put on Scythian shoes."

smikuthion. SMICYTHION Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristocrates. A proper name.

soloi. SOLI Isocrates in the Evagoras. Soli is partly the Cyprian city, partly the one in Cilicia, as others record, including Ephorus in his fifth book.

spartolos. SPARTOLUS Antiphon in the speech entitled "Guardianship-speech for Timocrates." Spartolus is a city of Bottice.

spermologos. SPERMOLOGOS ("Seed-picker") Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. A certain small bird, like a jackdaw, is called "spermologos," named, it seems, from gathering up seeds, which Aristophanes mentions in the Birds. From this, then, the worthless and contemptible man is called "spermologos," and perhaps one who lives off others' goods is a "spermologos."

stasiotes. STASIOTES Antiphon, in the speech On the Revolution: "now concerning the charges Apolexis has brought, that I was a partisan (stasiotes), and my grandfather too." It seems the orator has here used the word in a special sense for a bodyguard; at any rate in what follows he says that "their ancestors would not have been able to punish the tyrants, while finding the bodyguards beyond them."

stafuloboleion. STAPHYLOBOLEION Isaeus in the speech Against Diocles. It is what is called the wine-press (pateterion), as Androtion or Philippus says in the Georgicon.

stefaneforos. STEPHANEPHORUS Antiphon in the speech Against Nicocles. There was, it seems, a hero-shrine of Stephanephorus at Athens. Stephanephorus would be either one of the sons of Heracles born from the daughters of Thestius, whom Hellanicus mentions in the tenth book of the Phoronis; or perhaps the shrine belonged to the Attic Stephanephorus, whom again the same Hellanicus mentions in the second book of the Atthis.

stefanon_tous_nenikekotas. CROWNING THE VICTORS Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines, for "honouring." And Lycurgus, in the speech On the Organization, says "but indeed you also crowned Callisthenes with a hundred minas." Others too use "to crown" in this sense, as Theopompus in his fifty-seventh book and Menander in the Self-Mourner.

steirieus. STEIRIEUS Hyperides in the speech Against Archestratides. Steiria is a deme of the tribe Pandionis.

strateia_en_tois_eponumois. THE CAMPAIGN BY THE EPONYMI Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. What the campaign "by the eponymi" was, Aristotle has shown in the Constitution of the Athenians, saying: "for there are eponymi, ten of the tribes, and forty-two of the age-classes. The ephebes when first enrolled used formerly to be enrolled on whitened tablets, and there were inscribed over them both the archon under whom they were enrolled and the eponymus who had served the year before; but now they are recorded in the Council." And a little later: "They use the eponymi also for the campaigns, and whenever they send out an age-class, they post up from what archon-eponymus to what one men must serve." Philochorus too has discussed these matters in the fourth book of the Atthis.

strategoi. STRATEGOI ("Generals") Demosthenes in the Philippics. The generals elected each year were ten, as may be learned both from Hyperides' speech Against Autocles and from Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians.

strabax. STRABAX A proper name.

strepsa. STREPSA Aeschines in the speech On the Embassy. It is a city of Thrace, as Hellanicus indicates in the second book of the Persica. The citizens of Strepsa are called "Strepsaioi."

streptous. STREPTOUS Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. The "streptoi" are a kind of cake, as in other writers too.

strombichides. STROMBICHIDES Lysias in the speech On Behalf of Dexius for desertion. A proper name.

strouthes. STROUTHES Lysias in the speech Against Thrasybulus. He was a certain satrap of the King.

strofades_nesoi. THE STROPHADES ISLANDS Deinarchus in the Tyrrhenian speech. They are certain islands lying between Zacynthus and Elis.

strume. STRYME Demosthenes in the speech On the Trierarchy. Heracleides or Philostephanus, in the work On Islands, says: "there are colonies of the Thasians upon the Thracian coast, Galepsus and Stryme the island." It is a trading-post of the Thasians. Philochorus, in his fifth book, mentions the dispute between the Thasians and the Maronites over Stryme, bringing in Archilochus as a witness.

sturax. STYRAX Lysias in the speech Against Lysitheus. The "styrax" is the little neck at the bottom of the spear, which they are accustomed to fix into the ground, as Thucydides somewhere says, "using the butt-spike (styrakion) of a javelin instead of a peg for the bolt."

stroter. STROTER Lycurgus in the speech Against Ischyrius. The small beams placed above the joist-supports they called "stroteres," as Didymus says. The word is also in the Babylonians of Aristophanes.

suaas. SYLAI ("Reprisals") Demosthenes in the speech On the Crown of the Trierarchy. And in the special plea Against Lacritus: "having excepted the case when there are not reprisals against the Athenians." And in what follows, as if explaining it, he says "but we have been plundered of our own goods by the Phaselites, as though reprisals had been granted to the Phaselites against the Athenians. For when they will not give back what they took, what other name could one give to such a thing than that they are seizing others' goods?" They used "sylai" for "seizures."

sulloges. SYLLOGES The name of a magistracy. Isaeus in the metic-speech shows it most clearly.

sumbola. SYMBOLA ("Conventions") The agreements which the cities, having made with one another, enjoin upon their citizens, so as to give and receive justice. Often in the seventh of the Philippics of Demosthenes, and in Isaeus in the speech Against Elpagoras.

summoria. SYMMORIA ("Tax-group") Demosthenes in the first speech Against Aphobus. Not the whole multitude, as among us, was divided into the tax-groups at Athens, but only the rich and those able to contribute to the city. At any rate Demosthenes, in the speech On the Symmories, speaking of the twelve hundred wealthiest men, says: "out of these, then, I think we ought to make twenty tax-groups, as there now are, each containing sixty persons." But Hyperides, in the speech Against Polyeuctus, says: "for in each tax-group there are fifteen men." One ought not to wonder how Demosthenes says the tax-group has sixty men, but Hyperides fifteen; for in the speech Against Pasicles he gives the reason, writing this: "as long as the wealthiest, cheating the city, performing the trierarchy five and six together, spent moderate sums, these men kept quiet; but when Demosthenes, perceiving this, made laws that the three hundred should perform the trierarchy, and the trierarchies became burdensome, now Phormio is filching himself away." That those made citizens by decree were also enrolled in the tax-groups Hyperides has shown often in the speech Against Polyeuctus. The "symmoritai" are those sharing in the same tax-group with one another, as Hyperides shows in the same speech. The Athenians were first divided into tax-groups in the archonship of Nausinicus, as Philochorus says in the fifth book of the Atthis.

suggrafeis. SYNGRAPHEIS ("Drafting commissioners") Isocrates in the Areopagiticus. It was customary among the Athenians, whenever there was need, to choose a body of men to bring proposals before the people by a fixed day. This happened also before the establishment of the Four Hundred, as Thucydides says in his eighth book: "at this juncture the party of Peisander, on arriving, at once set about the rest, and first, having gathered the people together, proposed a motion to choose ten men as drafting commissioners with full powers, and that these, having drawn up a proposal, should bring it before the people on a fixed day, as to how the city might best be governed." The drafting commissioners then chosen were thirty in all, as Androtion and Philochorus say, each in his Atthis; but Thucydides mentioned only the ten, the preliminary councillors.

sundikoi. SYNDIKOI ("Public advocates") Isaeus, in the speech Against Elpagoras and Demophanes, says: "who after the return from the Piraeus, as I hear, were syndikoi, before whom the confiscated property was brought." And Lysias, in the speech Against Dexippus, if genuine: "and where else is this man brave? Bringing indictments before the Thesmothetae, registering inventories before the syndikoi." Perhaps, then, it was a magistracy established after the return from the Piraeus.

sunegoroi. SYNEGOROI ("Advocates") Antiphon both in the defence against the indictment of Demosthenes and in the speech On the Tribute of the Lindians. It seems that among the Athenians certain men were elected as advocates for the purpose of pleading.

sugkletos_ekklesia. EXTRAORDINARY ASSEMBLY Of the assemblies, some took place by custom and monthly; but if anything pressed suddenly so that an assembly had to be held, this was called an "extraordinary assembly"; Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines.

suntaxis. SYNTAXIS For "an organized administration"; Demosthenes in the Philippics: "and that there be one and the same arrangement (syntaxis) both of receiving and of doing what is needful." They also called the tributes "syntaxeis," since the Greeks bore the name "tribute" with difficulty, Callistratus having so named them, as Theopompus says in the tenth of the Philippics. Hyperides in the Delian speech: "giving a contribution at present to no one, though we once thought it right to receive one."

sunteleis. SYNTELEIS Those who jointly bear expense and jointly contribute; and the matter is . . .

sunteleia. SYNTELEIA . . . is called SYNTELEIA, as may be found in Antiphon's speech On the Tribute of the Samothracians. Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon.

sfettos. SPHETTUS Isaeus in the speech Against the Demesmen concerning land. Sphettus is a deme of the tribe Acamantis.

sfodrias. SPHODRIAS Isaeus in the speech Against the Megarians, if genuine. Sphodrias was a general of the Lacedaemonians. Callisthenes, in the second book of the Hellenica, says that he was too simple and rash in his hopes.

taureas. TAUREAS A proper name.

tamiai. TAMIAI ("Treasurers") Isaeus in one of the inheritance speeches. There was a magistracy at Athens, the treasurers, ten in number. These take over the statue of Athena and the Victories and the rest of the adornment and the moneys, in the presence of the Council, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians. There are also certain treasurers of the sacred triremes, as the same philosopher says. That treasurers also accompanied the trierarchs, Eupolis has shown in the Maricas.

tamunai. TAMYNAE Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. There is a city in Euboea, in the territory of the Eretrians, Tamynae, where there is also a temple of Apollo, as those who have written the Euboean histories testify, and Simonides in the dirge for Lysimachus the Eretrian.

ta_ton_foron_kreitto. THE THINGS OF THE THIEVES ARE TOO MANY Hyperides in the second speech Against Athenogenes. It is a proverb spoken against those who carry off more than the wrongs they have suffered.

tetartemorion. TETARTEMORION ("Quarter-obol") Deinarchus in the impeachment Against Callisthenes. The "tetartemorion" is the fourth part of an obol, that is, two coppers.

tetrakosioi. THE FOUR HUNDRED Antiphon in the speech On the Revolution. The Four Hundred were established seven years before the Thirty Tyrants among the Athenians, and they ruled the city for four months, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

tetrarchia. TETRARCHY Demosthenes in the Philippics. Thessaly being in four parts, each part was called a "tetras," as Hellanicus says in the Thessalica; and he says the names of the four parts are Thessaliotis, Phthiotis, Pelasgiotis, Hestiaeotis. Aristotle too, in the common Constitution of the Thessalians, says that in the time of Aleuas son of Pyrrhus, Thessaly was divided into four portions. Demosthenes, then, would be speaking of the tetrarchy. That Philip set up a ruler over each of these portions, others have shown, including Theopompus in his forty-fourth book.

tetrupemene. TETRYPEMENE ("Pierced") Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus. Aristotle, in the Constitution of the Athenians, writes this: "the ballots are two, of bronze, having a little tube in the middle, half of them pierced and half solid. When the speeches have been made, those appointed to the ballots give to each juror two ballots, a pierced and a solid one, in plain view of the litigants, so that no one may take two solid or two wholly pierced ones."

tetufomai. TETYPHOMAI Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. For "I am dazed, I am out of my senses," either from "thunder" (bronte), or from the lightning-bolts referred to Typhon, or from the so-called Typhonic winds, which when they burst all at once also derange men; for Alcaeus too says, "and the whirlwind utterly took your wits away."

telefanes. TELEPHANES A flute-player; Demosthenes in the speech Against Meidias. A proper name.

tenos. TENOS One of the Cyclades islands.

tetes. TETES For "this year," Lysias in the defence Against Pythodemus, if genuine, Aristophanes in the Old Age, and the others.

tilfossaion. TILPHOSSAEUM Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines. It is a mountain a little distance from Lake Copais, as Theopompus says in the Philippics.

timema. TIMEMA ("Assessment") For "pledge" and as it were "security," Lysias in the speech On Behalf of Callias: "these men, claiming that they would lease it for more and would establish a security (timema)." This in what follows he calls "apotimema." It is also set for "capital sum," as in the speech On the Symmories of Demosthenes. The amount contributed from each man's property is also called "timema" by the same author in the speech Against Aphobus. But in the speech Against Meidias it is used of the penalty.

titakidai. TITACIDAE Isaeus in the speech Against Nicocles. The Titacidae are a deme of the tribe Aiantis, as Nicander of Thyateira shows in his work On the Demes. Perhaps they were named after Titacus, whom Herodotus mentions.

topeion. TOPEION Isaeus in the speech Against Diocles. They call ropes "topeia." Strattis in the Macedonians: "and this robe countless men haul, working the windlass with ropes, to the top, like the mast of a ship." Archippus in the Ass: "with pulleys and ropes they set these up, not without toil." As for what is in Demosthenes' Philippics, and that once notorious "secret," Theopompus has shown in his thirty-first book. For he says: "and he sends to Philip as ambassadors Antiphon and Charidemus to treat also of friendship, who on arriving tried to persuade him secretly to cooperate with the Athenians so that they might take Amphipolis, promising Pydna in return. But the ambassadors of the Athenians reported nothing to the people, wishing to keep the Pydnaeans in ignorance, since they meant to betray them, but acted secretly together with the Council."

torone. TORONE Isocrates in the Panathenaicus. A city in Thrace, as Ephorus records in his fourth book.

tous_eterous_tragoidous_agonieitai. HE WILL CONTEND WITH THE OTHER TRAGEDIANS Lycurgus in the speech Against Demades. Didymus says it is a proverb applied to those who array and exalt themselves against their opposites.

tous_choris_oikountas. THOSE LIVING APART Demosthenes in the Philippics: "and after this it was resolved that the metics should embark, and those living apart from their masters." Yet even without the addition the meaning would be plain, namely that the freedmen lived by themselves, apart from those who freed them, whereas in the meantime, while still slaves, they lived together with them.

tragikos_pithekos. TRAGIC APE Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. The orator seems to mean by this that Aeschines was unsuccessful in his acting too, imitating tragic actors rather than being able to act tragedy.

trapezoforos. TRAPEZOPHORUS ("Table-bearer") Lycurgus, in the speech On the Priestess, that the "trapezophoros" is the name of a priestly office. That both she and the Kosmo jointly administer everything with the priestess of Athena, both the orator himself has shown in the same speech and Ister in the thirteenth book of the Attic Collections.

triakas. TRIAKAS ("The thirtieth day") For the dead the thirtieth day after death was observed, and was called "triakas," as Hyperides shows in the speech On the Estate of Hippeus, calling the day "triakad" in the singular and "triakadas" in the plural.

triboneuomenoi. TRIBONEUOMENOI Antiphon in the speech On the Tribute of the Lindians. Either for "causing delays (tribai)," or for "playing tricks," from being old hands (tribones) at affairs.

trigonon_dikasterion. TRIANGULAR COURT Lycurgus in the speech Against Aristogeiton. It is the name of a court, perhaps also triangular in shape. Others mention it, including Menander in the . . .

trierarchema. TRIERARCHEMA The expenditure for the trierarchy; Demosthenes in the speech On the Trierarchy. EPITRIERARCHEMA is what is spent after the term of the trierarchy.

trikaranon. TRICARANON Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of the Megalopolitans. It is a fort of the Argive territory so called.

trikefalos. TRICEPHALUS ("Three-headed") Isaeus in the speech Against Eucleides: "a little above the three-headed one, along the road by the Hestia." The full phrase is "the three-headed Hermes." Philochorus, in his third book, says that Eucleides dedicated this at Ancyle.

triptera. TRIPTER Isaeus in the speech Against Diocles. Nicander, in the sixteenth book of the Attic Dialect, says that the "tripter" is a wide, shallow jar, like the vats by the wine-press. It would be used in this sense here in the orator; for the word means many other things besides.

tritemorion. TRITEMORION ("Third-part") Deinarchus in the speech Against Callisthenes. That the "tritemorion" is six coppers, Philemon teaches at the beginning of the Sardius.

triton_emidrachmon. TRITON HEMIDRACHMON ("Two and a half drachmas") Deinarchus in the speech Against Lycurgus. The ancients were accustomed thus to name two and a half drachmas.

tritopatores. TRITOPATORES Demon, in the Atthis, says the Tritopatores are winds. But Philochorus says the Tritopatores were the first of all to come to be; for the men of that time knew the earth and the sun, whom they also called Apollo, to be their parents, and those born from these the "third fathers." Phanodemus, in his sixth book, says that only the Athenians sacrifice and pray to them for the birth of children, when they are about to marry. In the Physica of Orpheus the Tritopatores are named Amalkeides and Protocles and Protocreon, being doorkeepers and guardians of the winds. But the author of the Exegeticon says they are sons of Uranus and Ge, and that their names are Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges.

tritomenis. TRITOMENIS Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. They called the third of the month "tritomenis." Athena seems to have been born then; Ister says she is also called Tritogeneia for this reason, being considered the same as Selene.

trittus. TRITTYS ("Third") Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. The "trittys" is the third part of a tribe; for the tribe is divided into three parts—trittyes and clans (ethne) and phratries—as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

turmeidai. TYRMEIDAI Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Xenophilus. The Tyrmeidai are a deme of the tribe Oineis, as Diodorus says.

turtaios. TYRTAEUS Lycurgus in the speech Against Leocrates. The poet of the elegies.

huakinthides. HYACINTHIDES Lycurgus in the impeachment Against Lycophron. They are the daughters of Hyacinthus the Lacedaemonian.

hubadai. HYBADAE Lysias in the speech On the Daughter of Onomacles. It is a deme of the tribe Leontis.

hugieia_athena. ATHENA HYGIEIA Lycurgus in the speech On the Priestess. It is an epithet of Athena; for she is called both Hygieia (Health) and Nike (Victory) and Hippia (of horses) and Ergane (the Worker).

hupagousin. HYPAGOUSIN For "they lead forward," Demosthenes in the Philippics.

huperbolos. HYPERBOLUS Antiphon in the speech Against Nicocles. He was a demagogue, whom Thucydides, in his eighth book, says was ostracized.

huperemeroi. HYPEREMEROI ("Defaulters") Those who, having lost any suit and not paying the penalties to the winners within the appointed time-limits, were called "hyperemeroi," and the matter HYPEREMERIA, as Isaeus indicates in the speech Against Aristocles, if the speech is genuine.

hupo_gen_oikountes. THOSE DWELLING BENEATH THE EARTH Antiphon in the work On Concord. He would mean those called by Scylax in the Circumnavigation "Troglodytes," and those named by Hesiod in the third book of the Catalogue "Underground-dwellers" (Katoudaioi).

hupokudeis_gar_eisin_oi_topoi. FOR THE PLACES ARE WATERY Deinarchus in the speech Against Stephanus. "Hypokudes" means "moist through," as is clear from the third book of Ctesias. Euphorion: "as of a watery (hypokudes) water-meadow." In some of the copies, however, in the orator it is written "hypokoiloi" (hollow underneath).

hupologon. HYPOLOGON Lysias in the speech On Abortion, if genuine, "not being reckoned (hypologon)," for "not taken into account." Deinarchus in the speech Against Pytheas: "no allowance has been made to the Council," for "no pardon, no excuse."

huponomeuontes. HYPONOMEUONTES For "digging underground passages (hyponomoi)," Deinarchus in the speech Against Callippus.

hupostesas. HYPOSTESAS For "having suborned," Hyperides in the speech Against Antias.

hupofonia. HYPOPHONIA ("Blood-money") The moneys given on account of murder to the relatives of the slain, so that they may not prosecute; Deinarchus both in the speech Against Callisthenes and in the speech Against Phormisius, Theophrastus in the sixteenth book of the Laws.

hupomosia. HYPOMOSIA The deferring of a suit on the plea of absence abroad or illness or some similar cause, on oath, was so called, and to do this was HYPOMNYSTHAI, as is clear both from other sources and from Demosthenes in the speech Against Olympiodorus.

husiai. HYSIAE Hyperides in the speech On Behalf of Xenophilus. Hysiae is a city of Boeotia, which Euripides too mentions in the Antiope.

falaggia. PHALANGIA Hyperides in the second speech Against Aristagora, that the "phalangion" is one of the biting creatures. Xenophon too makes this clear in the first book of the Memorabilia.

faleron. PHALERUM Lysias in the speech Against Lysitheus. Phalerum is a deme of the tribe Antiochis, from which the demesman is "Phalereus."

fanias. PHANIAS A proper name; one of those who had served as general.

fanostrate. PHANOSTRATE Demosthenes in the speech Against Androtion. Apollodorus, in his work On the Courtesans at Athens, says she was nicknamed "Phtheiropyle" ("Louse-gate"), since, standing at the door, she would pick off her lice.

farmakos. PHARMAKOS ("Scapegoat") Lysias in the speech Against Andocides for impiety, if genuine. They used to lead out two men at Athens to be purifications for the city at the Thargelia, one on behalf of the men, one on behalf of the women. That "Pharmacus" is also a proper name—and that, having stolen the sacred bowls of Apollo and being caught, he was stoned to death by the followers of Achilles, and that the rites performed at the Thargelia are imitations of these—Ister has said in the first book of the Epiphanies of Apollo. Since Demosthenes, in the speech Against Aristogeiton, says "this scapegoat (pharmakos), then, will get him off," Didymus thinks the word should be accented with the circumflex on the penultimate; but we have not found the usage so anywhere.

farmakonta. PHARMAKONTA Demosthenes in the speech Against Stephanus. The "pharmakon" is the man harmed by drugs (pharmaka), as Theophrastus too indicates in the fifteenth book of the Laws.

fasis. PHASIS ("Information") It is said both of a public charge, when someone informs that a person holds public property without having bought it, and also in the matter of orphans' estates. For when the guardians did not lease out the estate of their wards, anyone who wished informed against them before the archon, so that it might be leased; and he also informed if it had been leased for less than its worth. Of the former kind the testimonies may be found in Deinarchus and Demosthenes; of the information concerning orphans' estates, in Lysias in the speech "On the Information concerning an Orphan's Estate."

faskolon. PHASKOLON A kind of pouch was so called among them; Isaeus and Lysias in the speech Against Dion, Aristophanes in the Women at the Thesmophoria.

faullos. PHAYLLUS Demosthenes in the speech Against Aristocrates. Onomarchus was tyrant of the Phocians; with him, while he lived, his brother Phayllus shared the rule.

fellea. PHELLEA Isaeus in the speech On the Estate of Ciron. They called the rocky tracts, grazed by goats, "phelleae"; Cratinus in the Seasons, Aristophanes in the Clouds.

fegaieusi. PHEGAIEIS Lysias in the speech On His Own Public Services. Phegaea is a deme of the tribe Aiantis, as Diodorus says.

felomata. PHELOMATA Antiphon in the work On Concord: "deceptions"; for "to phelo" is to deceive.

fegousion. PHEGUSIUM Lysias in the speech On the Murder of Batrachus. Phegus is a deme of the tribe Erechtheis.

fthoen. PHTHOE Demosthenes in the speech Concerning the Children of Lycurgus, and Isocrates in the Aeginetic speech. What is now called "phthisis" (consumption) they called "phthoe."

filammon. PHILAMMON Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon: "Philammon the Athenian boxer."

filepsios. PHILEPSIUS Demosthenes in the speech Against Timocrates. The poets of the Old Comedy mention Philepsius for telling tales between the public speeches; he is also satirized for knavery.

filiskos. PHILISCUS Demosthenes. A proper name.

filosofein. PHILOSOPHEIN For "to labour and to train," Isocrates in the speech On the Peace. Menander in the Thrasyleon: "he philosophizes about this, how he may accomplish the marriage."

filotesia. PHILOTESIA Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines. The cup which they drank to their friends in friendship was called "philotesia," as Hyperides says, and Alexis.

fimoi. PHIMOI Aeschines in the speech Against Timarchus: "and dice-boxes and other gaming implements." The "phimos" is what is called the "kemos" (funnel), into which the dice were thrown, as the glossographers say. Diphilus in the Synoris: "draw the dice-box into the middle, so that he may throw."

fluea. PHLYA Isaeus in the speech On the Estate of Ciron. Phlya is a deme of the tribe Cecropis. From this deme was Euripides the tragic poet.

forbanteion. PHORBANTEION Hyperides in the speech Against Patrocles. That the Phorbanteion at Athens was named after Phorbas, who reigned over the Curetes and was slain by Erechtheus, Andron has shown in the eighth book of the Kinships; and Phorbas was a son of Poseidon, as Hellanicus says in the first book of the Atthis.

forine. PHORINE Antiphon in the second book of the Truth. That "phorine" (hide) was said also of human skin, Aristomenes in the Sorcerers makes clear.

frateres. PHRATERES Demosthenes in the speech On the Name. The "phratry" is the third part of a tribe, and the "phrateres" are those sharing in the same phratry, and PHRATRIZEIN is to share in the same phratry; the PHRATRIARCHOS is the ruler of the phratry.

frearrios. PHREARRHIUS Demosthenes in the speech On Behalf of Ctesiphon. It is a deme of the tribe Leontis.

froudos. PHROUDOS Antiphon in the speech On the Murder of Herodes, for "gone away." The word is common among many writers.

fruktoron. PHRYKTOROI "Phryktorein" properly means to signal anything by beacon-fires held aloft; Deinarchus in the speech supporting Aeschines against Deinias.

frunondas. PHRYNONDAS Aeschines in the speech Against Ctesiphon. He was notorious among the Athenians for villainy, no less than Eurybatus.

frunon. PHRYNON Demosthenes in the speech Against Aeschines. This man was one of the ten ambassadors, those who went with Aeschines and Demosthenes.

fularchos. PHYLARCHUS Demosthenes in the Philippics. The "phylarch" is the commander of the cavalry of each tribe, subordinate to the hipparch, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

fule. PHYLE Isocrates in the speech On the Peace. Phyle is a deme of the tribe Oineis; Menander in the Dyscolus: "they hold the place to be Phyle of Attica, and the Nymphaeum, whence I come, belongs to the Phylasians." Philochorus, in the seventh book of the Atthis, says it is a fortress.

charaka. CHARAX ("Palisade") Demosthenes. The palisade which some throw around a camp for safety. Menander in the Aspis: "for many, having abandoned the palisade, plundered the villages."

chalkeia. CHALKEIA Hyperides in the speech Against Demeas for usurpation of citizenship. The Chalkeia is a festival among the Athenians held for Athena on the last day of Pyanepsion, common to all craftsmen but especially to bronzeworkers, as Apollonius of Acharnae says. But Phanodemus says the festival is held not for Athena but for Hephaestus. There is also a play of Menander called Chalkeia.

charikles. CHARICLES One of the Thirty; Lysias.

chernibon. CHERNIBON ("Lustral waters") Demosthenes in the speech Against Androtion: "and about to touch the lustral waters and the baskets." It would be from the nominative "chernips," the genitive plural "chernibon"; for the comic poets too mention the "chernips" as employed in the sacrifices. Aristophanes at any rate, in the Birds, says: "Boy, boy, take up the basket and the lustral water."

chilioi_diakosioi. THE TWELVE HUNDRED Isaeus, in the speech Against Ischomachus, says "no one named Lysides is among the twelve hundred." The wealthiest of the Athenians were twelve hundred, who performed the public services. Other orators mention them too, and Philochorus in his sixth book. But Lysias, in the speech Against Cleinias, and Isaeus, in the speech supporting Nicias, used the round number, saying "a thousand."

chiliothenta. CHILIOTHENTA Lycurgus in the speech Against Aristogeiton, for "fined a thousand drachmas." The same orator, in the speech Against Cephisodotus, also says "to have been fined a thousand."

chilon. CHILON A proper name; Aeschines.

chledos. CHLEDOS ("Rubbish") Demosthenes in the speech Against Callicles concerning damage to land: "and then, having thrown the rubbish (chledos) into the road, by which it has come about that the same road is made higher and narrower." Any heap is called "chledos," and it is like a kind of pile, especially of sweepings and refuse, and the alluvial deposit of rivers, and still more of torrents, which is also called "cherados." Here the orator seems to mean that Callicles has thrown into the road a heap of earth and brushwood from the field, as he himself indicates in what follows. Many use the word. Aeschylus in the Argives: "casting both javelins and curved darts and rubbish."

choes. CHOES Demosthenes in the speech On the Name. It was a festival held among the Athenians on the twelfth of Anthesterion. Apollodorus says that the whole festival held for Dionysus is called in common "Anthesteria," but in its parts "Pithoigia," "Choes," "Chytroi."

cholargeus. CHOLARGEUS Isaeus in the speech On the Estate of Ciron. Cholargia is a deme of the tribe Acamantis.

cholleidai. CHOLLEIDAE Lysias. A deme of the tribe Leontis.

chrestai. CHRESTAI The word means two opposite things; for it means creditors, as in Isaeus in the speech Against Calydon and in Aristophanes in the Clouds—for he says "by harsh interest and most troublesome creditors I am hauled, I am carried off, my goods are taken in pledge"—and it is used of the borrower by others, including Demosthenes in the special plea On Behalf of Phormio. And in the special plea Against Zenothemis he says "but the lenders, deceived from the first, seeing that they had, instead of their money, a worthless debtor (chrestes) and nothing else."

chrusis. CHRYSIS The bowl; Demosthenes in the speech Against Androtion, Aristophanes in the Peace.

chrusochoein. CHRYSOCHOEIN ("To smelt gold") Deinarchus in the speech Against Pytheas: "for again, having gone off from Aeschines and studied under this man, he clearly was learning to smelt gold, but not to do or suffer the matter before him." Plato too uses the proverb, in the first book of the Republic, saying: "What? said Thrasymachus; do you think these men have now come here to smelt gold, and not to hear arguments?" They say the proverb arose from this: a rumour once fell among the Athenian multitude that on Hymettus much gold-dust had appeared and was being guarded by warlike ants. Taking up arms, they rushed out against them; but returning empty-handed, having toiled in vain, they mocked one another, saying, "And you thought you would smelt gold," which means, "you thought that, having gathered much gold-dust and smelted it, you would grow rich." They were ridiculed too by the comic poets; Eubulus at any rate, in the Glaucus, says: "we once persuaded the sons of Cecrops to take up arms and go out to Hymettus with three days' provisions against the ants, since gold-wrought dust had appeared."

chutroi. CHYTROI Lysias in the speech Against Aeschines concerning the confiscation of the property of Aristophanes: "since, then, Demaratus was convicted of betraying Chytroi." It is a city in Cyprus so called, as Xenagoras says in the Islands. There is also a certain Attic festival, the Chytroi, which Deinarchus mentions in the speech Against Pytheas. The festival was held on the thirteenth of Anthesterion, as Philochorus says in his work On Festivals.

pseudeggrafe. PSEUDENGRAPHE ("False registration") It is the name of a suit, which those entered as owing money to the public treasury bring in on the ground that the man who registered them has falsely entered them on the tablet placed beside the goddess, as having been unjustly registered as owing money to the treasury. Lycurgus in the speech Against Aristogeiton and Isaeus in the speech Against Medon mention the name.

pseudokleteia. PSEUDOKLETEIA ("False summons") It is the name of a suit, which those entered as owing money to the public treasury bring in, when they charge that certain men have falsely produced witnesses to a summons against them, in regard to the suit through which they incurred the debt. It is found in other orators, and in Isaeus in the speech Against Nicocles concerning land.

psithuristes_ermes. WHISPERING HERMES Demosthenes in the speech Against Neaera. There was at Athens a Hermes so called. There was also honoured at Athens a Whispering Aphrodite and a Whispering Eros.