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    Enlightenment · English

    An Essay on Crimes and Punishments

    Cesare Beccaria

    An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, by Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794), a public-domain text from Liberty Fund's Online Library of Liberty.

    Chapters
    71
    Variants
    71
    Genre
    Law
    Difficulty
    Advanced

    Chapters

    1. 01Preface of the Translator.prose
    2. 02Introduction.prose
    3. 03An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, Chapter I.: Of the Origin of Punishments.prose
    4. 04Chapter II.: Of the Right to Punish.prose
    5. 05Chapter III.: Consequences of the Foregoing Principles.prose
    6. 06Chapter IV.: Of the Interpretation of Laws.prose
    7. 07Chapter V.: Of the Obscurity of Laws.prose
    8. 08Chapter VI.: Of the Proportion Between Crimes and Punishments.prose
    9. 09Chapter VII.: Of Estimating the Degree of Crimes.prose
    10. 10Chapter VIII.: Of the Division of Crimes.prose
    11. 11Chapter IX.: Of Honour.prose
    12. 12Chapter X.: Of Duelling.prose
    13. 13Chapter XI.: Of Crimes Which Disturb the Public Tranquillity.prose
    14. 14Chapter XII.: Of the Intent of Punishments.prose
    15. 15Chapter XIII.: Of the Credibility of Witnesses.prose
    16. 16Chapter XIV.: Of Evidence and the Proofs of a Crime, and of the Form of Judgment.prose
    17. 17Chapter XV.: Of Secret Accusations.prose
    18. 18Chapter XVI.: Of Torture.prose
    19. 19Chapter XVII.: Of Pecuniary Punishments.prose
    20. 20Chapter XVIII.: Of Oaths.prose
    21. 21Chapter XIX.: Of the Advantage of Immediate Punishment.prose
    22. 22Chapter XX.: Of Acts of Violence.prose
    23. 23Chapter XXI.: Of the Punishment of the Nobles.prose
    24. 24Chapter XXII.: Of Robbery.prose
    25. 25Chapter XXIII.: Of Infamy, Considered as a Punishment.prose
    26. 26Chapter XXIV.: Of Idleness.prose
    27. 27Chapter XXV.: Of Banishment, and Confiscation.prose
    28. 28Chapter XXVI.: Of the Spirit of Family in States.prose
    29. 29Chapter XXVII.: Of the Mildness of Punishments.prose
    30. 30Chapter XXVIII.: Of the Punishment of Death.prose
    31. 31Chapter XXIX.: Of Imprisonment.prose
    32. 32Chapter XXX.: Of Prosecution and Prescription.prose
    33. 33Chapter XXXI.: Of Crimes of Difficult Proof.prose
    34. 34Chapter XXXII.: Of Suicide.prose
    35. 35Chapter XXXIII.: Of Smuggling.prose
    36. 36Chapter XXXIV.: Of Bankrupts.prose
    37. 37Chapter XXXV.: Of Sanctuaries.prose
    38. 38Chapter XXXVI.: Of Rewards for Apprehending, or Killing Criminals.prose
    39. 39Chapter XXXVII.: Of Attempts. Accomplices and Pardon.prose
    40. 40Chapter Xxxviii.: Of Suggestive Interrogations.prose
    41. 41Chapter XXXIX.: Of a Particular Kind of Crimes.prose
    42. 42Chapter XL.: Of False Ideas of Utility.prose
    43. 43Chapter XLI.: Of the Means of Preventing Crimes.prose
    44. 44Chapter XLII.: Of the Sciences.prose
    45. 45Chapter XLIII.: Of Magistrates.prose
    46. 46Chapter XLIV.: Of Rewards, Chapter XLV.: Of Education.prose
    47. 47Chapter XLVI.: Of Pardons.prose
    48. 48Chapter XLVII.: Conclusion.prose
    49. 49Chapter I.: The Occasion of This Commentary.prose
    50. 50Chapter II.: Of Punishments.prose
    51. 51Chapter III.: On the Punishment of Heretics.prose
    52. 52Chapter IV.: On the Extirpation of Heresy.prose
    53. 53Chapter V.: Of Profanation.prose
    54. 54Chapter VI.: Of the Indulgence of the Romans in Matters of Religion.prose
    55. 55Chapter VII.: On the Crime of Preaching; And of Anthony.prose
    56. 56Chapter VIII.: The History of Simon Morin.prose
    57. 57Chapter IX.: Of Witches.prose
    58. 58Chapter X.: On the Punishment of Death.prose
    59. 59Chapter XI.: On Death Warrants.prose
    60. 60Chapter XII.: On Torture.prose
    61. 61Chapter XIII.: Of Certain Sanguinary Tribunals.prose
    62. 62Chapter XIV.: On the Difference Between Political and Natural Laws.prose
    63. 63Chapter XV.: On the Crime of High-treason. On Titus Oates, and on the Death of Augustin De Thou.prose
    64. 64Chapter XVI.: Of Religious Confession.prose
    65. 65Chapter XVII.: Of False Money.prose
    66. 66Chapter XVIII.: On Domestic Theft.prose
    67. 67Chapter XIX.: On Suicide.prose
    68. 68Chapter XX.: On a Certain Species of Mutilation.prose
    69. 69Chapter XXI.: On Confiscation.prose
    70. 70Chapter XXII.: On Criminal Procedure, and Other Forms.prose
    71. 71Chapter XXIII.: The Idea of Reformation.prose

    In the atlas

    fully mapped

    Figures115

    Trajan · Antoninus · Cesare Beccaria · God · Montesquieu · Jesus Christ · Louis XIV · Seneca · Sylla · Theodosius

    Ideas101

    Capital Punishment · The Social Compact · High treason · Imprisonment · Justice · Liberty · Proportionality between Crimes and Punishments · Suicide · Adultery · Attempted crimes

    Places43

    England · Europe · France · Germany · Paris · Rome · Asia · Constantinople · Franche-Comte · Geneva

    Groups64

    Judges and Magistrates · Romans · Jesuits · Jews · Slaves · The Legislator · The Sovereign · Witnesses · Accomplices · Bankrupts

    Events28

    Assassination of Henry IV of France · Assassination of William I, Prince of Orange · Burning of Priests at Orleans · Burning of Servetus · Burning of Simon Morin · Cinq-Mars conspiracy against Richelieu · Duelling · Execution · Execution of Claude Guillon · Execution of the Unwed Mother

    Objects12

    A Coin · Beccaria's Treatise · Code de Testibus · Essay on Crimes and Punishments · Ordinance of Lewis XIV · Ravaillac's engraved knife · The Commentary attributed to Voltaire · The Rack · The Wheel · The cross

    Animals

    Grouse and Pheasant

    42 citations · 85 themes · 426 entity mentions — every one anchored to a verbatim passage. The atlas.