The sources of An Essay on Crimes and Punishments

1. Book of Deuteronomy Moses 1 authority · 1 refuted 2 citations

   ch. 55 · ch. 69

   The Deuteronomy passage on false prophets and death for those urging worship of strange gods is quoted and then explicitly argued to be inapplicable to the Calvinist and Jesuit executions.

   Or have they built on this passage in Deuteronomy:

2. An Essay on Crimes and Punishments Cesare Beccaria 1 authority 1 citation

   chapter xii.: on torture.

   The passage explicitly names and defers to Beccaria's own treatise as the authoritative prior treatment of the subject under discussion, relying on it to support the argument against torture.

   I am ashamed of having said any thing on this subject, after what hath been already said by the author of the Essay on Crimes and Punishments.

3. Cesare Beccaria 1 authority 1 citation · 3 passages

   ch. 49 · chapter ii.: of punishments. · chapter v.: of profanation.

   The commentary explicitly relies on Beccaria's Essay on Crimes and Punishments as its founding authority, citing it repeatedly by title and praising its author.

   Having read, with infinite satisfaction, the little book on Crimes and Punishments, which in morality, as in medicine, may be compared to one of those few remedies, capable of alleviating our sufferings;

4. Gospel of Matthew Matthew (the Evangelist) 1 neutral 1 citation

   ch. 68

   The Gospel of Matthew is explicitly cited as the scriptural source of the passage Origen is said to have interpreted literally in castrating himself.

   Matthew, which says, There be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven’s sake.

5. Voltaire 1 neutral 1 citation

   preface of the translator.

   The translator merely identifies and reports the attribution of the Commentary to Voltaire without endorsing, refuting, or extending it.

   With regard to the Commentary, attributed to Mons.

Each stands at a single passage. The chapter carries the anchors.

introduction. 1 source

The Spirit of Laws

chapter x.: of duelling. 1 source

unspecified remedy for duelling

ch. 15 1 source

The evidentiary maxim permitting slighter conjectures to suffice in the most atrocious crimes

ch. 17 1 source

Montesquieu's comparison of public accusation in republics and monarchies

chapter xvi.: of torture. 1 source

Church teaching on the purgatorial purification of sin

ch. 33 2 sources

Civil-law doctrine authorizing torture in crimes of difficult proof · Conventional moral teaching on gallantry and conjugal infidelity

ch. 40 1 source

Civil-law doctrine on suggestive interrogations

chapter v.: of profanation. 4 sources

Montesquieu's writings on religion and civil law · Mosaic Law (commandment against taking the Lord's name in vain) · Ordinance of Lewis XIV against blasphemy · legal maxim on judicial discretion (Pro qualitate personae...)

ch. 54 5 sources

Panegyric on Trajan · historical writings of Cicero · historical writings of Livy · the Roman legal maxim on offences against the gods · the Troad (tragic chorus denying an afterlife)

ch. 55 2 sources

account of Anthony's history · the Gospel (on hearing the church)

ch. 64 2 sources

De Bello Belgico (history of the Netherlands) · the canons of the Lateran council

chapter xix.: on suicide. 5 sources

Summa Theologica (writings on self-sacrifice) · a law of Mark Antony (Roman law on suicide) · a treatise on suicide · the Decalogue · the canon law

ch. 68 1 source

the Pandect

ch. 69 2 sources

1 Kings (the account of Naboth's vineyard) · 2 Samuel (the account of Mephibosheth and Ziba)

ch. 70 3 sources

Code de Testibus (the law concerning witnesses) · the criminal procedure of the Romans · the ordinance of Louis XIV (1670)

ch. 71 4 sources

De Republica · an abridgement of the chronological history and laws of Germany · an account referencing Guy Vances (cited by page number) · an epigraph on mortality attributed to Seneca

The harvest records where a citation is made: the paragraph in the citing book, and the chapter that paragraph stands in. It does not record which page of this book is meant. Where the citing text names a locus, you will find it in the quotation.

1. An Essay on Crimes and Punishments Cesare Beccaria 1 authority 1 citation

   chapter xii.: on torture.

   The passage explicitly names and defers to Beccaria's own treatise as the authoritative prior treatment of the subject under discussion, relying on it to support the argument against torture.

   I am ashamed of having said any thing on this subject, after what hath been already said by the author of the Essay on Crimes and Punishments.