Cognition and the means of valid knowledge (Nyāya epistemology)

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sarvavyavahārahetur buddhir jñānam / sā dvividhā smṛtiranubhavaś ca / saṃskāramātrajanyaṃ jñānaṃ smṛtiḥ / tadbhinnaṃ jñānam anubhavaḥ //

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sa dvividho yathārtho 'yathārthaś ca / tadvati tatprakārako 'nubhavo yathārthaḥ / yathā rajata idaṃ rajatam iti jñānam / sa eva pramety ucyate / tadabhāvavati tatprakārako 'nubhavo 'yathārthaḥ / yathā śuktāv idaṃ rajatam iti jñānam //

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yathārthānubhavaś caturvidhaḥ pratyakṣānumityupamitiśabdabhedāt / tatkaraṇam api caturvidhaṃ pratyakṣānumānopamānaśabdabhedāt //

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asādhāraṇam kāraṇaṃ karaṇam /

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kāryaniyatapūrvavṛtti kāraṇam /

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kāryaṃ prāgabhāvapratiyogi /

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kāraṇaṃ trividhaṃ samavāyyasamavāyinimittabhedāt / yat samavetaṃ kāryam utpadyate tat samavāyikāraṇam / yathā tantavaḥ paṭasya paṭaś ca khagatarūpādeḥ / kāryeṇa kāraṇena vā sahaikasminn arthe samavetatve sati yat kāraṇaṃ tad asamavāyikāraṇam / yathā tantusaṃyogaḥ paṭasya tanturūpaṃ paṭarūpasya / tadubhayabhinnaṃ kāraṇaṃ nimittakāraṇam / yathā turīvemādikaṃ paṭasya /

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tad etattrividhakāraṇamadhye yad asādhāraṇaṃ kāraṇaṃ tad eva karaṇam //

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tatra pratyakṣajñānakaraṇaṃ pratyakṣam / indriyārthasannikarṣajanyaṃ jñānaṃ pratyakṣam /tad dvividhaṃ nirvikalpakaṃ savikalpakaṃ ceti / tatra nirvikalpakaṃ jñānaṃ nirvikalpakaṃ yathedaṃ kiṃcit / saparakārakaṃ jñānaṃ savikalpakaṃ yathā ḍittho'yam brahmaṇo'yaṃ śyāmo'yam iti //

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pratyakṣajñānahetur indriyārthasannikarṣaḥ ṣaḍvidhaḥ / saṃyogaḥ saṃyuktasamavāyaḥ saṃyuktasamavetasamavāyaḥ samavāyaḥ samavetasamavāyo viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvaś ceti / cakṣuṣā ghaṭapratyakṣajanane saṃyogaḥ sannikarṣaḥ / ghaṭarūpapratyakṣajanane saṃyuktasamavāyaḥ sannikarṣaḥ cakṣuḥsaṃyukte ghaṭe rūpasya samavāyāt / rūpatvasāmānyapratyakṣe saṃyuktasamavetasamavāyaḥ sannikarṣaḥ cakṣuḥsaṃyukte ghaṭe rūpaṃ samavetaṃ tatra rūpatvasya samavāyāt / śrotreṇa śabdasyākāśaguṇatvāt guṇaguṇinoś ca samavāyāt / śabdatvasākṣātkāre samavetasamavāyaḥ sannikarṣaḥ śrotrasamavete śabde śabdatvasya samavāyāt / abhāvaparatyakṣe viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvaḥ sannikarṣo ghaṭābhāvavad bhṛtalam ity atra cakṣuḥsaṃyukte bhūtale ghaṭābhāvasya viśeṣaṇatvāt / evaṃ snnikarṣaṣaṭkajanyaṃ jñānaṃ pratyakṣam / tatkaraṇam indriyam / tasmād indriyaṃ pratyakṣapramāṇam iti siddham //

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anumitikaraṇam anumānam / parāmarśajanyaṃ jñānam anumitiḥ / vyāptiviśiṣṭapakṣadharmatājñānaṃ parāmarśaḥ / yathā vahnivyāpyadhūmavān ayaṃ parvata iti jñānaṃ parāmarśaḥ / taj janyaṃ parvato vahnimān iti jñānam anumitiḥ / yatra yatra dhūmas tatrāgnir iti sāhacaryaniyamo vyāptiḥ / vyāpyasya parvatādivṛttitvaṃ pakṣadharmatā //

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anumānaṃ dvividhaṃ svārthaṃ parārthaṃ ca / tatra svārthaṃ svānumitihetuḥ / tathā hi svayam eva bhūyo darśanena yatra dhūmas tatra agnir iti mahānasādau vyāptiṃ gṛhītvā parvatasamīpaṃ gatas tadgate cāgnau sandihānaḥ parvate dhūmaṃ paśyan vyāptiṃ smarati yatra dhūmas tatrāgnir iti / tadantaraṃ vahnivyāpyadhūmavān ayaṃ parvata iti jñānam utpadyate / ayam eva liṅgaparāmarṣaṃ ity ucyate / tasmāt parvato vahnimān iti jñānam anumitir utpadyate / tad etat svārthānumānam / yat tu svayaṃ dhūmād agnim anumāya parapratipattyarthaṃ pañcāvayavavākyaṃ prayukte tat parārthānumānam / yathā parvato vahnimān dhūmavattvāt / yo yo dhūmavān sa vahnimān yathā mahānasaḥ / tathā cāyam / tasmāt tatheti / anena pratipāditāl lingāt paro'py agniṃ pratipadyate //

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pratijñāhetūdāharaṇopanayanigamāni pañcāvayavaḥ / parvato vahnimān iti pratijñā / dhūmavattvād iti hetuḥ / yo yo dhūmavān sa so'gnimān yathā mahānasa ity udāharaṇam / tathā cāyam iti upanayaḥ / tasmāt tatheti nigamanam //

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svārthānumitiparārthānumityor liṅgaparāmarśa eva karaṇam / tasmāl liṅgaparāmarśā'numānam //

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liṅgaṃ trividham / anvayavyatireki kevalānvayi kevalavyatireki ceti / anvayena vyatirekeṇa ca vyāptimad anvayavyatireki / yathā vahnau sādhye dhūmavattvam / yatra dhūmas tatrāgnir yathā mahānasa ity anvayavyāptiḥ / yatra vahnir nāsti tatra dhūmo'pi nāsti yathā mahāhrada iti vyatirekavyāptiḥ / anvayamātravyāptikaṃ kevalānvayi yathā ghaṭo'bhidheyaḥ prameyatvāt paṭavat / atra prameyatvābhidhyatvayor vyatirekavyāptir nāsti sarvasyāpi prameyatvād abhidheyatvāc ca / vyatirekamātravyāptikaṃ kevalavyatireki yathā pṛthivī tarebhyo bhidyate gandhavattvāt / yad itarebhyo na bhidyate na tad gandhavat / yathā jalam / na ceyaṃ tathā / tasmān na tatheti atra yad gandhavat tad itarabhinnam ity anvayadṛṣṭanto nāsti pṛthivīmātrasya pakṣatvāt //

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saṃdigdhasādhyavān pakṣaḥ / yathā dhūmavattve hetau parvataḥ //

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niścitasādhyavān sapakṣaḥ / yathā tatraiva mahānasaḥ //

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niścitasādhyābhāvavān vipakṣaḥ / yathā tatraiva mahāhradaḥ //

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savyabhicāraviruddhasatpakṣāsiddhabādhitāḥ pañca hetvābhāsāḥ //

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savyabhicāro'naikāntikaḥ / sa trividhaḥ / sādhāraṇāsādhāraṇānupasaṃhāribhedāt / tatra sādhyābhāvavadvṛttiḥ sādhāraṇo anaikāntikaḥ / yathā parvato vahnimān prameyatvād iti prameyatvasya vahnyabhāvavati hrade vidyamānatvāt / sarvasapakṣavipakṣavyāvṛtto'sādhāraṇaḥ / yathā śabdo nityaḥ śabdatvād iti / śabdatvaṃ sarvebhyo nityebhyo'ntyebhyaś ca vyāvṛttaṃ śabdamātravṛtti / anvayavyatirekadṛṣṭāntarahito'nupasaṃhārī / yathā sarvam anityaṃ prameyatvād iti / atra sarvasyāpi pakṣatvād dṛṣṭānto nāsti //

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sādhyābhāvavyāpto hetur viruddhaḥ / yatra śabdo nityaḥ kṛtakatvād iti / kṛtakatvaṃ hi nityatvābhāvenānityatvena vyāptam //

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yasya sādhyabhāvasādhakaṃ hetvantaraṃ vidyate sa satpratipakṣaḥ / yathā śabdo nityaḥ śrāvaṇatvāc chabdatvavad iti / śabdo'nityaḥ kāryatvād ghaṭavad iti //

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asiddhas trividhaḥ / āśrayāsiddhaḥ svarūpāsiddho vyāpyatvāsiddhaś ceti / āśrayāsiddho yathā gaganāravindaṃ surabhy aravindatvāt sarojāravindavat / atra gaganāravindam āśrayaḥ / sa ca nāsty eva / svarūpāsiddho yathā śabdo guṇaś cākṣuṣatvāt / atra cākṣuṣatvaṃ śabde nāsti śabdasya śrāvaṇatvāt / sopādhiko vyāpyatvāsiddhaḥ / sādhyavyāpakatve sati sādhanāvyāpaka upādhiḥ / sādhyasamānādhikaraṇātyantābhāvāpratiyogitvaṃ sādhyavyāpakatvam / sādhanavann iṣṭātyantābhāvapratiyogitvaṃ sādhāraṇāvyapakatvam / parvato dhūmavān vahnimattvād ity atrārdrendhasaṃyoga upādhiḥ / tathā hi / yatra dhūmas tatrārdrendhnasaṃyoga iti sādhyavyāpakatā / yatra vahnis tatrārdrendhanasaṃyogābhāvād iti sādhanāvyāpakatā / evaṃ sādhyavyāpakatve sati sādhanāvyāpakatvād ardrendhanasaṃyoga upādhiḥ / sopādhikatvād vahnimattvaṃ vyāpyatvāsiddham //

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yasya sādhyābhāvaḥ pramāṇāntareṇa niścitaḥ sa bādhitaḥ / yathā vahnir anuṣṇo dravyatvād iti / atrānuṣṇatvaṃ sādhyaṃ tadabhāva uṣṇatvaṃ spārśanapratyakṣeṇa gṛhyata iti bādhitatvam //

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upamitikaraṇam upamānam / saṃjñāsaṃjñisaṃbandhajñānam upamitiḥ / tatkaraṇaṃ sādṛśyajñānam / atideśavākyārthasmaraṇam avāntaravyāpāraḥ / tathā hi kaś cid gavayaśabdārtham ajānan kutaś cid āraṇyakapuruṣād gosadṛśo gavaya iti śrutvā vanaṃ gato vākyārthaṃ smaran gosadṛṣaṃ piṇḍaṃ paśyati / tadanantaram asau gavayaśabdavācya ity upamitir utpadyte //

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āptavākyaṃ śabdaḥ / āptas tu yathārthavaktā / vākyaṃ padasamūhaḥ / yathā gām ānayeti / śaktaṃ padam / asmāt padād ayam artho boddhavya itīśvarasaṃketaḥ śaktiḥ //

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ākāṅkṣā yogyatā saṃnidhiś ca vākyārthajñānahetuḥ / padasya padāntaravyatirekaprayuktānvayānanubhāvakatvam ākāṅkṣā / arthābādho yogyatā / padānāmavilambenoccāraṇaṃ saṃnidhiḥ //

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ākāṅkṣādirahitaṃ vākyam apramāṇam / yathā gaur aśvaḥ puruṣo hastīti na pramāṇam ākāṅkṣāvirahāt / agninā siñced iti na pramāṇaṃ yogyatāvirahāt / prahare prehare'sahoccāritāni gām ānayetyādipadāni na pramāṇaṃ saṃnidhyabhāvāt //

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vākyaṃ dvividham / vaidikaṃ laukikaṃ ca / vaidikam īśvaroktatvāt sarvam eva pramāṇam / laukikaṃ tv āptoktaṃ pramāṇam / anyad apramāṇam //

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vākyārthajñānaṃ śabdajñānam / tatkaraṇaṃ śabdaḥ //

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ayathārthānubhavas trividhaḥ saṃśayaviparyayatarkabhedāt / ekasmin dharmini viruddhanānādharmavaiśiṣṭyāvagāhi jñānaṃ saṃśayaḥ / yathā sthāṇur vā purṣo veti / mithyājñānaṃ viparyayaḥ / yathā śuktāv idaṃ rajatam iti / vyāpyāropeṇa vyāpakāropas tarkaḥ yathā yadi vahnir na syāt tarhi dhūmo'pi na syād iti //

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smṛtir api dvividhā / yathārthāyathārthā ca pramājanyā yathārthā / apramājanyāyathārthā //