The sources of Tusculan Disputations
Where Tusculan Disputations names another work or author, the harvest records the passage that does it and the book that passage stands in. 199 citations across 5 books, drawn from 159 named sources; 26 of those sources stand in the library. 3 works in the library quote it back.
arrangedby sourcein the order of the textcited by
67 authority 44 neutral 38 refuted 16 extended 34 endorsed Of the 199 citations in Tusculan Disputations, 38 argue against their source.
the sources most drawn on
24 of 33 sources-
Plato 1 extended 2 endorsed 10 citations · 16 passages
Plato's soul theory is repeatedly treated as the highest authority, with the speaker recommending his book as needing no supplement.
His teacher Plato fashioned a threefold soul, whose sovereign part — that is, reason — he placed in the head as in a citadel;
book 1 · reported as an influential and prior teaching ¶ -
Aristotle 2 neutral 2 endorsed 7 citations · 8 passages
Aristotle's fifth-nature theory of the soul is presented with respect and later invoked as the authoritative standard against which Aristoxenus should defer.
Aristotle — far excelling all others, save that I always except Plato, both in genius and in diligence — when he had embraced those four familiar kinds of first principles from which all things arise, holds that there is a certain fifth nature, from which mind comes.
book 1 · reported as a distinctive and influential theory ¶ -
Euripides 6 endorsed 6 citations
Explicitly cited and used approvingly as support for Cicero's argument.
But that which Theseus says he heard from a learned man, Euripides speaks of himself.
book 3 · cites and praises Euripides' dramatization of the premeditation doctrine ¶ -
Homer 2 refuted 2 endorsed 5 citations · 6 passages
Explicitly named as Homer's account and explicitly rejected ('Homer feigned these things').
And so not unskillfully does Dionysius of Heraclea argue against those words which Achilles in Homer complains, in this manner, I think:
book 3 · cites the Homeric passage as a target of philosophical critique ¶ -
Theophrastus 2 neutral 1 refuted 4 citations
Theophrastus is directly named and quoted as a source describing the ancestral nature of philosophy, invoked to support the discussion of humanity's desire for knowledge.
For he who grieves at another's adversities grieves also at another's prosperities, as Theophrastus, deploring the death of his companion Callisthenes, is vexed at the prosperous affairs of Alexander, and so says that Callisthenes fell in with a man of the highest power and the highest fortune, but ignorant of how it befitted him to use prosperity.
book 3 · reports Theophrastus's known reaction as evidence for the linkage of pity and envy ¶ -
Cicero, Marcus Tullius 1 neutral 1 extended 3 citations · 4 passages
Named directly as a prior work by Cicero where the value of philosophy was argued.
Although, concerning philosophy in general — how greatly it is both to be sought and cultivated — enough, as I think, has been said in the Hortensius.
book 3 · cites his own prior work as having covered the general defense of philosophy ¶ -
Aeschylus 1 extended 2 citations · 4 passages
Named directly as the poet whose work is quoted at length to support the argument that suffering is genuine.
How, in him, does Prometheus bear the pain which he undergoes for the theft from Lemnos — \"whence fire is famed to have been secretly parcelled out to mortals;
book 2 · quoted extensively as evidence for the reality and severity of pain ¶ -
Callimachus 2 neutral 2 citations
Explicitly named as Callimachus's epigram on a specific subject.
There is, moreover, that epigram of Callimachus upon Theombrotus of Ambracia, who, he says, though nothing adverse had befallen him, cast himself from the wall into the sea, after reading a book of Plato.
book 1 · Named poetic work reported as an anecdote ¶ -
Terence 2 endorsed 2 citations
Cicero says Terence 'said it so aptly,' a clear mark of endorsement.
\" Therefore, since Terence, having taken this from philosophy, said it so aptly, shall not we, from whose springs it was drawn, both say it better and feel it more steadfastly?
book 3 · cites Terence's poetic adaptation approvingly as evidence for the same doctrine ¶ -
Xenophon 1 endorsed 2 citations
Xenophon is named directly as the author of the praised teaching that Africanus constantly read and endorsed.
And so Africanus always had in his hands the Socratic Xenophon, in whom he chiefly praised this — that he said the same toils are not equally heavy to a general and to a soldier, because the honour itself made the general's toil the lighter.
book 2 · cites Xenophon's Socratic writing as an endorsed source of doctrine on honour lightening toil ¶ -
Consolation Crantor 1 endorsed 2 citations
Crantor's Consolation is explicitly named as the source of the anecdote, presented approvingly.
" Something like this is in the Consolation of Crantor:
book 1 · cited approvingly as literary support for the consolatory doctrine that death can be for the best ¶ -
Definitions of fortitude Sphaerus 1 extended 2 citations · 1 passage
Sphaerus's definitions are explicitly invoked as prior authority
or, more briefly, as Chrysippus (for the former definitions were of Sphaerus, a man among the first in defining well, as the Stoics think;
book 4 · Cited as authoritative early Stoic formulation ¶ -
Niptra Pacuvius 1 endorsed 2 citations · 3 passages
Named directly and judged explicitly superior ('Pacuvius does this better than Sophocles'), indicating endorsement.
And so at the end of the Niptra he rebukes others too, and that as he dies:
book 2 · cited work endorsed as the superior treatment of restrained endurance ¶ -
The Twelve Tables Roman law (Decemviri) 2 citations
The Twelve Tables are named directly as the legal source backing the rule against lamenting at funerals.
and this, surely, is that \"lament\" which the Twelve Tables forbade to be employed at funerals.
book 2 · cites the legal code as authoritative support for the prohibition on lament ¶ -
doctrine of the soul's immortality Pherecydes of Syros 2 citations
Pherecydes is explicitly credited as the first, in written record, to state the doctrine that supports the passage's overall argument.
but, as far as is recorded in writing, Pherecydes of Syros first said that the souls of men are everlasting — an ancient indeed, for he lived in the reign of my own kinsman.
book 1 · cited as originating authority for the doctrine of immortality ¶ -
unnamed teaching on the soul Empedocles 2 neutral 2 citations
Empedocles's doctrine on the soul is reported as one view within a survey, without endorsement or refutation at this point.
" Empedocles holds the soul to be the blood suffused about the heart;
book 1 · reported as one opinion among many on the soul's nature ¶ -
unspecified verses praising deeds Epaminondas 2 citations · 1 passage
Explicitly quoted saying attributed by name.
And there is in some life something to be proclaimed and gloried in and displayed, as in Epaminondas:
book 5 · cited as exemplum of a praiseworthy, gloried-in life ¶ -
Academica Cicero 1 citation
Named directly ('four books of my Academica') as a specific prior work relied upon for the case of the Academy.
and as for what was to be said on behalf of the Academy, I think it has been set out accurately enough in the four books of my Academica.
book 2 · self-citation used as authority for the defense of the Academic school ¶ -
Aeschines 1 neutral 1 citation
Aeschines's speech is explicitly cited by content, though the speaker withholds full endorsement, noting rhetoricians are permitted anything.
And so Aeschines inveighs against Demosthenes because he sacrificed victims on the seventh day after his daughter's death.
book 3 · cited as an example of rhetorical excess, its content reported ¶ -
Gorgias Plato 1 citation · 2 passages
Explicitly named dialogue whose content is reported to ground the argument.
As in the Gorgias Socrates, when it had been asked of him whether he did not think Archelaus the son of Perdiccas, who was then held most fortunate, happy, said:
book 5 · cited as authoritative textual source for the doctrine that virtue alone determines happiness ¶ -
Herodotus 1 citation
Explicitly named as the authority ('on the authority of Herodotus') underlying the school tradition described.
— Men are wont in the schools to bring forward the judgements of the immortal gods concerning death — nor indeed do they invent these themselves, but on the authority of Herodotus and several others.
book 1 · invoked as the founding documentary authority for the whole rhetorical topos that follows ¶ -
Iliad Homer 1 citation · 2 passages
Homer is explicitly named twice as the source of the Ajax and Hector episode used as final proof.
\" But without this gladiatorial irascibility we see Ajax in Homer advancing with much cheerfulness, when he was about to fight it out with Hector;
book 4 · cited as poetic authority for the episode proving courage does not require anger ¶ -
Lycurgus 1 citation · 2 passages
Lycurgus' laws are twice invoked as the legitimating authority behind Spartan conduct and discipline.
But why do I commemorate Socrates or Theramenes, men eminent in the renown of virtue and wisdom, when a certain Spartan, whose name has not even been recorded, so despised death that, when he was being led to it, condemned by the ephors, and was of cheerful and glad countenance, and a certain enemy had said to him, "Do you scorn the laws of Lycurgus?
book 1 · invoked as the legal authority whose penalty is accepted as legitimate ¶ -
Meno Plato 1 extended 1 citation
Explicitly named as the dialogue containing the geometry/recollection episode.
For in that book which is entitled Meno, Socrates asks a certain little boy some questions of geometry about the measuring of a square.
book 1 · Named source for the recollection demonstration, developed further by Cicero's discussion ¶
index of sources
9 entriesO
- On the Commonwealth Cicero, Marcus Tullius book 4 1 citation
- On the Happy Life Theophrastus book 5 1 citation
- Orestes Euripides book 4 1 citation
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126 sources are named once. Each stands in the run of its own book, below — in the order of the text.
in the order of the text
5 of 5 books citeBook 1
46 sources · 78 anchorsPlato 12 · Aristotle 6 · Euripides 2 · Homer 1 · Theophrastus 1 · Callimachus 2 · Consolation 1 · doctrine of the soul's immortality 2 · unnamed teaching on the soul 2 · Herodotus 1 · Lycurgus 2 · Meno 1 · Phaedrus 1 · Statius 1 · Thyestes 2 · Timaeus 1 · Apokarteron 1 · Cato 1 · Consolation (Cicero's) 4 · Lesbiaci 1 · Origines 1 · Praise of Death 1 · Republic (Cicero's, Book 6) 1 · Stoic doctrine of the soul's temporary survival 2 · argument against the soul's immortality (from birth and sickness) 2 · argument that death removes us from evils, not goods 1 · atomist theory of the soul 2 · charge that sensation persists after death 1 · doctrine that naming things is the mark of highest wisdom 1 · epigram on his own likeness 1 · epitaph for the Spartans at Thermopylae 1 · gathered lore on burial customs 1 · harmony theory of the soul 2 · harmony theory of the soul (again) 1 · no-soul doctrine (dialogue set at Corinth) 3 · opinion on death and dying 1 · opinion on the soul's survival after death 1 · philosophical teaching (Socratic method) 1 · report on the ancients (casci) and Romulus's apotheosis 2 · theatrical description of the underworld 1 · theory of the soul as inflamed breath 1 · theory of the soul as number 1 · tragedy on Hector's death (Iliona or similar) 1 · unspecified saying about his own funeral 1 · unspecified saying about mourning at death 1 · unspecified written history 1
Book 2
21 sources · 32 anchorsPlato 1 · Aristotle 1 · Aeschylus 3 · Xenophon 1 · Niptra 3 · The Twelve Tables 1 · Academica 1 · Sophocles 2 · Trachiniae 3 · Epigoni 1 · Hortensius 1 · doctrine of bodily happiness 1 · doctrine on pain and the wise man's endurance 3 · doctrine that freedom from pain is the highest good 1 · doctrine that pain is not an evil 2 · doctrine that pain is the highest evil 2 · maxim on seeds and soil 1 · unspecified (doctrines of the philosophers on the ideal wise man) 1 · unspecified Stoic teaching on pain 1 · unspecified philosophical teaching (that nothing is good but the honourable) 1 · unspecified tragedy featuring Neoptolemus 1
Book 3
38 sources · 75 anchorsAristotle 1 · Euripides 4 · Homer 3 · Theophrastus 2 · Cicero, Marcus Tullius 3 · Aeschylus 1 · Terence 2 · Aeschines 1 · Iliad (mourning of Agamemnon) and tragedy of Accius 1 · Melanippus 2 · On the Highest Good 2 · Peripatetic doctrine of moderate disturbances (metriopatheia) 1 · Stoic doctrine of disturbances (pathē) 14 · book sent to the Carthaginian captives 1 · criticism of Chrysippus's praise of Euripides 2 · definition of distress requiring 'freshness' 1 · definitions of the several names for distress 1 · disputation recorded in Clitomachus's book 1 · doctrine of the Cyrenaics 5 · doctrine on removing the opinion of duty to grieve 2 · doctrine on the cause of distress 1 · doctrine on the office of the consoler 3 · doctrine on unexpected evils 2 · etymology of lypē 1 · line on wisdom beneath a sordid cloak 1 · passage on Medea's miseries 1 · poem lamenting the fall of Troy 3 · quoted declarations on foreseen mortality 1 · reported saying on the death of his son 1 · restatement of the Epicurean happy life 1 · speeches of Gracchus 1 · the Twelve Tables (legal text) 1 · unspecified Epicurean writings/doctrine 3 · view that Nature compels grief 1 · view that distress concerns only bodily/fortune discomforts 1 · views on unforeseen misfortune 1 · witty saying about the bald king 1 · writings reporting Carneades's criticism 1
Book 4
37 sources · 52 anchorsPlato 1 · Consolation 1 · Definitions of fortitude 1 · The Twelve Tables 1 · Iliad 2 · On the Commonwealth 1 · Orestes 1 · Comic verse on grief 1 · Comic verse on lustful anticipation 2 · Critique of Plato on love 1 · Critique of Stoic definitions 1 · Definition of love 1 · Doctrine that all the foolish are insane 1 · Leucadia 2 · Origins 1 · Peripatetic doctrine on moderate disturbances 9 · Prohibition on applying remedy to fresh grief 1 · Saying on anger as the beginning of madness 1 · Saying on anger toward his bailiff 1 · Saying on the beginning of infamy 1 · Tragedy of the Argonauts 1 · Tragic dialogue of the brothers (Atreus and Thyestes) 1 · Unnamed tragedy on Medea 1 · Unspecified Stoic saying 1 · Unspecified verses (tragedy, Ajax) 1 · Verse on Hector's gladness 1 · Verse on love's power over minds 1 · Verses on love's inconstancy 1 · comic scene (father and dissolute son) 1 · definition of pathos 2 · history/account of Publius Rupilius 1 · letter to Quintus Tubero 1 · line on panic 1 · the Misogynist 1 · the modesty of the Academics (position statement) 1 · unspecified teaching (pathē doctrine) 4 · verses on Pacideianus 1
Book 5
32 sources · 47 anchorsPlato 2 · Homer 2 · Theophrastus 1 · Cicero, Marcus Tullius 1 · Xenophon 1 · unspecified verses praising deeds 1 · Gorgias 2 · On the Happy Life 1 · Arbitration of the Peripatetic-Stoic dispute 1 · Carneades' argument against the Stoics on natural goods 3 · Doctrine on the wise man's constant pleasure 1 · Epicurean doctrine on pleasure and pain 5 · Greek banquet custom/law on drinking 1 · Peripatetic doctrine of three kinds of goods 3 · Positions of the Peripatetics and Stoics on external and bodily goods 1 · Sayings on withdrawal from unbearable circumstances 1 · Stoic doctrine on the end of goods 2 · Tradition of the Socratic-Platonic school on goods of the mind 1 · doctrine that nothing is good save freedom from pain 1 · epitaph of Sardanapalus 1 · letter of Anacharsis to Hanno 1 · precept of Epicurus on avoiding public affairs 1 · saying about Hermodorus 2 · saying of Teucer 1 · unspecified account/writing on Pythagoras at Phlius 1 · unspecified book written by Brutus 1 · unspecified historical record of Dionysius' life 1 · unspecified precept (tragedy) 1 · unspecified saying on forestalling Fortune 1 · unspecified sayings/doctrine on pleasure and virtue 1 · unspecified writings on the threefold division of goods and the happiest life 1 · verses inscribed on Archimedes' tomb 3
cited by
3 citations · from 3 worksThe harvest records where a citation is made: the paragraph in the citing book, and the book that paragraph stands in. It does not record which page of this book is meant. Where the citing text names a locus, you will find it in the quotation.
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On Fate Cicero, Marcus Tullius 1 citation
Explicitly named by Hirtius as a known work of Cicero's demonstrating his Academic method of disputation.
‘But since your rhetorical works are known to me, and I have often heard you in them and shall hear you again, and since your Tusculan Disputations show that you have taken up this practice of the Academics of arguing against a proposition, I should like, if it is no trouble to you, to lay down some thesis for me to listen to.
on fate ¶ -
The Rights of War and Peace Hugo Grotius 1 endorsed 1 citation
Explicitly cited and its point endorsed.
Cicero in the fifth of his Tusculan questions, speaking of Cinna, beautifully and justly points out this abuse of the word, lawful.
ch. 34 ¶ -
Apologeticum Tertullian 1 neutral 1 citation
The Tusculans is named directly as Cicero's work exhorting endurance of death, contrasted with Christian teaching by deeds.
Cicero in the Tusculans, Seneca in his work On Chance, Diogenes, Pyrrho, Callinicus.
apologeticum ¶
the marks
- authority
- relied on as a source of legitimacy
- neutral
- identified or reported
- refuted
- argued against
- extended
- developed or continued
- endorsed
- agreed with
- roman
- the cited text is in the library and opens in the reader
- italic
- named by this text, not held by the library — the corpus's wanted list
- ¶
- the passage in this text that does the citing
- 7
- beside a chapter, the passages anchored there. A single citation can quote more than one passage, which is why a row carries two figures: the citations the harvest recorded, and the passages its chapters add up to.
Every count on this page is a link to the passages behind it. A name without a link is recorded but not yet paged. How the harvest reads.