Section: Opinion and Consultation

Wa-hādhihi al-sifārah mukhtaṣṣah bi-khamsat aṣnāf . Aḥaduhā : al-sifārah bayna al-malik wa-ajnādihi, fa-yaḥmiluhum ʻalá awāmirihi wa-nawāhīhi wa-yatanajjaz lahum min al-malik mā istawjabūhu wa-saʼalūhu ; wa-yaḥtāj fī sifāratihi maʻahum ilá an yajmaʻa bayna al-layn wa-al-ʻunf , wa-al-khushūnah wa-al-luṭf, li-inqiyādihim ilá ṭāʻatihi bi-al-raghbah wa-al-rahbah . Wa-al-thānī al-sifārah bayna al-malik wa-ʻummālihi , fa-yastawfá naẓārat al-aʻmāl wa-yataṣaḥḥaf aḥwāl al-ʻummāl li-yastadrik khalalan in kāna wa-yastadīm ṣalāḥan in wujida ; wa-yaḥtāj fī hādhihi al-sifārah ilá istiʻmāl al-rahbah khāṣṣah li-yakuffahum ʻan al-khiyānah wa-yabʻathhum ʻalá al-amānah . Wa-al-thālith al-sifārah bayna al-malik wa-raʻiyyatihi li-yataṣaddá bi-inṣāfihim ; wa-yaṣghá ilá ẓulāmātihim , fa-yamḍī mā tayassara lahu wa-yunhī mā taʻassara ʻalayhi . Wa-yaḥtāj fī hādhihi al-sifārah ilá istiʻmāl al-layn wa-al-luṭf , li-yaṣilū ilá istīfāʼ al-ẓulāmah , wa-yastadfiʻū dhull al-istiḍāmah . Wa-al-rābiʻ al-sifārah fī istīfāʼ ḥuqūq al-salṭanah al-latī li-al-malik wa-ʻalayhi min ghayri mubāsharat qabḍ wa-lā tanqīṣ . Wa-yaḥtāj fī hādhihi al-sifārah ilá al-rahbah fī-mā yastawfīhi li-al-malik , wa-ilá al-luṭf fī-mā yatanajjazuhu min al-malik . Wa-al-khāmis al-sifārah fī ikhtiyār al-ʻummāl wa-mushārafat al-aʻmāl , li-yunhī ḥāl man yará taqlīdahu wa-ʻazlahu min ghayri an yubāshir taqlīdan wa-lā ʻazlan , li-anna al-taqlīd wa-al-ʻazl dākhil fī wizārat al-tafwīḍ wa-khārij ʻan wizārat al-tanfīdh , wa-al-malik huwa al-ladhī yaʼmur bi-al-taqlīd wa-al-ʻazl in lam yubāshirhu . Wa-shurūṭ hādhihi al-sifārah : an yakūna jayyid al-ḥads , ṣaḥīḥ al-ikhtiyār , qalīl al-ightirār , ʻārifan bi-kafāʼat al-ʻummāl , wa-maqādīr al-aʻmāl , li-yuḥmad ikhtiyāruhu wa-yaqill ʻitháruhu .

Faṣl

( al-raʼy wa-al-mashūrah )

Wa-al-faṣl al-thānī min qawānīn hādhihi al-wizārah : an yamudda al-malik bi-raʼyihi wa-mashūratihi , fa-inna al-malik maʻa jazālat raʼyihi wa-ṣiḥḥat rūyatihi maḥjūb al-shakhṣ ʻan mubāsharat al-umūr . Fa-ṣāra maḥjūb al-raʼy ʻan al-khibrah bihā . Fa-iḥtāja ilá bāriz al-shakhṣ bi-al-mubāsharah , li-yakūna bāriz al-raʼy bi-al-khibrah . Fa-laysa al-shāhid ka-al-ghāʼib ; wa-lā al-mukhbir ka-al-muʻāyin , wa-li-dhālika qāla al-Nabī ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam : « laysa al-khabar ka-al-muʻāyanah » .

Wa-al-wazīr akhaṣṣ bi-hādhihi al-martabah , fa-kāna aḥaqq bi-al-raʼy wa-al-mashūrah . Wa-dhukira fī kutub al-Furs : inna li-al-wazīr ʻalá al-malik thalāthan : rafʻ al-ḥijāb ʻanhu , wa-ittihām al-wushāh ʻalayhi , wa-ifshāʼ al-sirr ilayhi . Wa-qīla fī ḥikmat āl Dāwūd : al-fiḍḍah wa-al-dhahab yuthbitān al-qadam , wa-afḍal minhumā al-mashūrah al-ṣāliḥah . Wa-li-al-wazīr an yastashīr fī-mā yushāwir fīhi al-malik idhā lam yakun sirran maktūman . Wa-laysa li-ghayri al-wazīr an yastashīr fī-mā yustashār li-wuqūʻ al-farq baynahumā min wajhayn . Aḥaduhumā : anna al-wazīr mukhtaṣṣ min maṣāliḥ al-malik bimā yaqṣur ʻanhu min ʻadāhu , fa-lazimahu min al-istiẓhār mā-lā yalzam min siwāhu . Wa-al-thānī : inna istishārat al-wazīr ʻāʼidah ilá maṣāliḥ al-malik fa-ʻammat , wa-istishārat ghayrihi ʻāʼidah ilá raʼyihi fa-khaṣṣat , wa-yakhtalif ahl al-shūrá bi-ikhtilāf al-arab al-maqṣūd . Kamā qāla al-ḥukamāʼ : shāwirū al-shujaʻāʼ fī ūlá al-ʻazm , wa-al-jubanāʼ fī ūlá al-ḥazm ; li-takhruj min maʻarrat taqṣīr al-jabān , wa-tahawwur al-shujʻān , wa-yatakhallaṣ laka min al-raʼyayn natījat al-ṣawāb . Wa-li-al-wazīr fī al-mashūrah ḥālatān . Aḥdāhumā : an yabtadiʼhu al-malik bi-al-istishārah , fa-yalzimuhu an yushīr bi-raʼyihi fīhā sawāʼ ikhtaṣṣat bi-mulkihi aw taʻaddatʹhu ilá ghayrihi . Wa-qāla ʻAlī bn Abī Ṭālib karrama Allāh wajhahu : rubbamā akhṭaʼ al-baṣīr qaṣdahu ; wa-aṣāba al-aʻmá rushdahu . Wa-ʻalá al-wazīr fīhā ḥaqqān . Aḥaduhumā ijtihād raʼyihi fī fī īḍāḥ al-ṣawāb . Wa-al-thānī ibānat ṣiḥḥatihi bi-taʻlīl al-jawāb , li-yakun muḥtajjan fa-yakfī tawahhum al-zalal wa-yaslam min maẓinnat al-irtiyāb . Wa-al-ḥāl al-thāniyah : an yabtadīʼ al-wazīr bi-al-mashūrah ʻalá al-malik , fa-lahu fīhā ḥālatān . Aḥdāhumā an lā yataʻallaq bi-mashūratihi ijtilāb nafʻ wa-lā istidfāʻ ḍarar fa-hādhā tajawwuz min al-wazīr wa-tabassuṭ ʻalá al-malik in ankarahu fī-ḥaqqihi , wa-in iḥtamalahu fa-bi-faḍlihi . Fa-qad qīla : kathrat al-naṣḥ tahjum ʻalá sūʼ al-ẓann .

Wa-al-thāniyah an yataʻallaq bi-mashūratihi ijtilāb nafʻ wa-istidfāʻ ḍarar , fa-in ikhtaṣṣa bi-al-mamlakah kāna min ḥuqūq al-wizārah wa-in jāwazahā kāna min nuṣḥ al-wazīr . Wa-ʻalayhi an yadhkur sabab ibtidāʼihi wa-yūḍiḥ ṣawāb raʼyihi , wa-idhā istaqarra al-aḥzam ʻalá mā iqtaḍāhu al-raʼy lazimahu fī-mā yuʼaddá bihi min al-istishārah wa-yubdī bihi min al-mashūrah an yaktumahu ʻalá kull khāṣṣ wa-ʻāmm li-amrayn . Aḥaduhumā : inna al-raʼy yajib an yaẓhar bi-al-afʻāl dūna al-aqwāl li-anna ẓuhūrahu bi-al-fiʻl ḍarar wa-ẓuhūrahu bi-al-qawl khaṭar . Wa-qad qīla : min wahn al-amr iʻlānuhu qabla iḥkāmihi . Wa-al-thānī : annahu min asrār al-malik al-ladhī yajib an tuktam fī al-ṣudūr wa-tuṣān fī al-ẓuhūr li-al-jamʻ bayna taʼdiyat al-amānah wa-ṭalab al-salāmah , fa-inna fī ifshāʼ asrār al-malik khaṭaran bihi wa-bi-man afshāhā . Wa-qad qīla : kashf al-asrār min shiyam al-ashrār . Fa-li-dhālika qīla : al-wāqiyah khayr min al-rāqiyah . Wa-la-qall mā taʻfū al-mulūk ʻamman yafshī asrārahā , li-taraddudihi bayna khiyānah wa-jināyah . Wa-aḥsan aḥwālihi fīhā in salima an yaghuḍḍa ʻanhu fa-yadhill aw yakhfá fa-yaqill . Wa-qad qīla fī baʻḍ asfār banī Isrāʼīl : lisān al-jāhil wa-qalbuhu wāḥid . Wa-qīla fī manthūr al-ḥikam : lisān al-jāhil miftāḥ ḥatfihi . Wa-li-dhālika qīla : ṣudūr al-aḥrār qubūr al-asrār . Wa-qad yasʻad bi-katm asrārihim man taʻarrá ʻan ghayrihi min al-faḍāʼil , wa-tajarrad ʻammā siwāhu min al-wasāʼil , li-annahu qad ṣāra khāzinan li-ahl al-dhakhāʼir , wa-muʼtamanan ʻalá anfas al-wadāʼiʻ ; idhā salima min al-idlāl bihā . Fa-in tazill al-aqdām ʻinda al-mulūk bi-mithl al-idlāl . Wa-la-qall mudill salima min dhull . Wa-li-an tazdāda inqibāḍan idhā basaṭahu fa-tazdāda ikrāman awlá bi-dhī li-ḥaṣāfah min ḍiddihā . Wa-qad qīla : man basaṭahu al-idlāl qabaḍahu al-idhlāl . Wa-qad qīla fī manthūr al-ḥikam : idhā zādaka al-malik taʼnīsan fa-zidʹhu ijlālan .