Part One: on the universal principles of the science of ethics

al-faṣl al-awwal minhu fī muqaddimātihi wa-mabādīhi

iʻlam anna al-insān lahu quwá thalāth iḥdāhā al-qūwah al-ʻāqilah al-mudrikah lil-kullīyāt bidāyah wa-tusammá nafsan malakīyah . al-thāniyah al-qūwah al-ghaḍabīyah al-bāʻithah li-dafʻ al-muʼdhiyāt wa-tusammá nafsan sabʻīyah . al-thālithah al-qūwah al-shahwānīyah al-ṭālibah lil-mushtahiyāt al-ḥissīyah allatī bihā baqāʼ al-shakhṣ wa-al-nawʻ wa-tusammá nafsan bahīmīyah wa-hādhihi al-nufūs al-thalāth mutakhālifah mutaʻāliyah wa-al-insān fīhā taṣarruf bi-al-ikhtiyār fa-in shāʼa nazala ʻalá darajat al-nafs al-sabʻīyah muṭīʻan lahā fa-ṣāra sabʻan min al-sibāʻ wa-in shāʼa nazala ʻalá manzilat al-nafs al-bahīmīyah muṭīʻan lahā fa-ṣāra bahīmah min al-bahāʼim wa-in shāʼa nazala ʻalá martabat al-nafs al-malakīyah mustaʻliyan ʻalá al-nafsayn al-ākhiriyayn āmir lahumā mutaṣarrifan fīhimā ʻalá wafq al-ʻaql wa-al-sharʻ ḥattá tatajarrad bi-jawharihā al-rūḥānī ʻammā yashfīhā min al-ʻalāʼiq al-jismānīyah ilá mabādīhā al-qudsīyah fa-innahā in istaʻlat iḥdá al-nafsayn al-ākhiriyayn ʻalayhā akkadat ʻalāqatahā maʻa al-badan wa-jadhabatʹhā ilá al-ʻālam al-jismānī fa-idhā fāraqat al-badan taʼallamat ghāyat al-taʼallum li-zawāl al-badan wa-mā yataʻallaq bihi min al-ladhdhāt al-ḥissīyah wa-al-mushtahiyāt al-badanīyah wa-li-mā istaqarra fī al-nafs min al-hayʼāt al-danīʼah al-badanīyah wa-al-ṣifāt al-samijah al-muʼlimah lahā wa-hayʼat istīlāʼ al-nafs al-nāṭiqah ʻalá al-nafsayn al-ākhiriyayn tusammá faḍīlah wa-hayʼat istīlāʼihimā ʻalá al-nāṭiqah tusammá radhīlah . wa-idhā thabatat hādhihi al-hayʼah fī al-nafs wa-istaqarrat tusammá malakah . wa-idhā ʻaraḍat thumma zālat bi-surʻah tusammá ḥālan . fa-al-khulq malakah yaṣdur ʻanhā al-afʻāl al-ikhtiyārīyah bi-lā rawīyah thumma al-afʻāl al-ṣādirah ʻanhā in kānat jamīlah maḥmūdah ʻaqlan wa-sharʻan fa-al-khulq ḥasan wa-illā fa-sayyiʼ . wa-al-faḍīlah wasaṭ bayn ṭarafay al-ifrāṭ wa-al-tafrīṭ wa-kull minhumā radhīlah ka-mā qīla kilā ṭarafay qaṣd (١) al-umūr dhamīm . wa-uṣūl al-faḍāʼil arbaʻah al-ḥikmah wa-al-shajāʻah wa-al-ʻiffah wa-al-ʻadālah . wa-uṣūl al-radhāʼil sabʻah al-jarbazah wa-al-balah wa-humā ṭarafā al-ḥikmah wa-al-tahawwur wa-al-jubn wa-humā ṭarafā al-shajāʻah wa-al-sharah wa-al-jumūd wa-humā ṭarafā al-ʻiffah . al-sābiʻ al-jawr wa-huwa muqābil al-ʻadl li-anna ṭarafay al-ʻadālah jawr (١) wa-ammā furūʻ al-faḍāʼil wa-lawāzimuhā fa-lawāzim al-ḥikmah al-lubb wa-thaqābat al-raʼy wa-jawdat al-dhihn wa-surʻat al-fahm wa-mā yushbihuhā wa-lawāzim al-ʻiffah al-ḥurrīyah wa-al-ḥayāʼ wa-al-khayrīyah wa-al-sakhāʼ wa-mā yushbihuhā . wa-lawāzim al-ʻadālah hiya jumlat hādhihi al-lawāzim li-annahā faḍīlah taḥṣul min tarakkub hādhihi al-faḍāʼil al-malzūmah li-hādhihi al-lawāzim fa-lawāzimuhā mā yalzamuhā . wa-ammā lawāzim al-radhāʼil fa-hiya muqābalāt hādhihi fa-lawāzim al-jarbazah al-dahāʼ wa-al-shayṭanah wa-mā yushbihuhā wa-lawāzim al-balah al-ghabāwah wa-al-ḥumq wa-mā yushbihuhu wa-lawāzām al-tahawwur al-takabbur wa-al-tarafuʻ wa-al-ṣalaf (٢) wa-al-qasāwah wa-mā yushbihuhumā wa-lawāzim al-sharah al-waqāḥah wa-al-sharārah wa-al-tabdhīr wa-lawāzim al-jumūd al-taḥabbub wa-al-bukhl wa-amthālihimā wa-lawāzim al-jawr hiya lawāzim hādhihi al-radhāʼil kullihā . wa-ammā ḥudūd hādhihi al-faḍāʼil wa-al-radhāʼil wa-taʻrīfātihā fa-al-jumlah ṣināʻah naẓarīyah bihā yaktasib al-insān maʻrifat al-mawjūdāt ʻalá mā-hiya ʻalayhi ʻalá ḥasab al-ṭāqah al-basharīyah wa-al-shajāʻah muṭāwaʻat al-qūwah al-ghaḍabīyah lil-qūwah al-ʻāqilah fī al-iqdām wa-al-iḥjām ʻalá muqtaḍá al-raʼy al-ṣaḥīḥ . wa-al-ʻiffah qillat shawq al-qūwah al-shahwīyah ilá al-ladhdhāt al-badanīyah bi-ḥaythu yasʹhal ʻalayhā al-ṣabr ʻammā yudhamm ʻaqlan wa-sharʻan . wa-al-ʻadālah hayʼah taḥṣul min ijtimāʻ hādhihi al-faḍāʼil fī al-nafs . wa-ammā ḥudūd lawāzim al-faḍāʼil fa-al-lubb faḍīlah bihā yakūn al-insān mustaqīm al-raʼy fī al-umūr qādiran ʻalá istinbāṭ mā-huwa al-afḍal wa-al-aṣlaḥ fī al-khayrāt al-ʻaẓīmah wa-al-ghāyāt al-sharīqah . wa-thaqābat al-raʼy faḍīlah bihā yaqdir al-insān ʻalá an yuʼahhil nafsahu lil-umūr al-ʻiẓām maʻa istiḥqārihi lahā . wa-al-ḥilm faḍīlah bihā yakūn al-insān ghayr munfaʻil min al-mughḍibāt infiʻālan yaḥmiluhu ʻalá surʻat al-intiqām . wa-al-karam faḍīlah yaltadhdh bihā al-insān li-mā yabdhul min al-khayr . wa-al-raḥmah faḍīlah bihā yataʼallam al-insān min sharr yanāl al-ghayr . wa-al-ḥayāʼ faḍīlah bihā yaḥtariz al-insān ʻan al-umūr al-madhmūmah . wa-al-ḥurrīyah faḍīlah bihā yakūn al-insān ḍaʻīf al-ʻalāqah maʻa al-ashyāʼ al-jismānīyah ḥattá yaqill shaghafuhu bi-al-iṣābah wa-asafuhu ʻalá al-fawāt wa-al-khayrīyah faḍīlah bihā yaltadhdh al-insān wa-yataʼallam bi-khayr wa-sharr yanāl al-ghayr ka-mā yaltadhdh wa-yataʼallam li-nafsihi . wa-al-sakhāʼ faḍīlah bihā yakūn al-insān faʻʻālan lil-jamīl bi-al-māl fa-yaḥṣul ʻalá mā-yajib wa-fī al-waqt alladhī yajib wa-bi-al-miqdār alladhī yajib . wa-ammā ḥudūd uṣūl al-radhāʼil fa-al-jarbazah hiya istiqṣāʼ al-rawīyah fī istinbāṭ mā-taṣawwara annahu khayr wa-laysa bi-khayr . wa-al-balah huwa quṣūr al-rawīyah ʻan al-miqdār al-wājib fī maṣāliḥ al-maʻāsh wa-al-maʻād . wa-al-tahawwur huwa an takūn muṭāwaʻat al-nafs fī al-iqdām ashadd min muṭāwaʻatihā fī al-iḥjām bi-ḥaythu yuqdim ʻalá mā-lā yajūz al-iqdām ʻalayhi sharʻan wa-ʻaqlan . wa-al-jubn huwa an yakūn bi-ḥaythu lā-yuqdim ʻalá mā-yajib an yuqdim ʻalayhi . wa-al-sharah shiddat al-shawq wa-al-shabaq ilá al-ladhdhāt al-jismīyah . wa-al-jumūd ʻadam al-shawq ilá mā-yajib ṭalabuhu ʻaqlan wa-sharʻan . wa-al-jawr huwa al-mayl ʻan al-akhlāq al-fāḍilah wa-ihmālihā ka-mā anna al-ʻadl huwa al-ittiṣāf bihā

wa-ammā ḥudūd lawāzim al-radhāʼil fa-hiya muqābalāt ḥudūd lawāzim al-faḍāʼil fa-lā nuṭawwil al-kitāb bi-taʻrīfātihā li-annahā tuʻraf bi-adná taʼammul

wa-ammā kayfīyat taḥṣīl al-akhlāq al-maḥmūdah lil-nafs fa-dhahaba Arisṭū wa-min tābiʻahu ilá anna dhālika yadūm bi-dawām istiʻmāl al-awsāṭ allatī hiya al-faḍāʼil al-maḥṣūrah bayn al-aṭrāf . wa-iʻlam anna al-maqṣūd min ʻilm al-akhlāq huwa ʻilāj al-akhlāq al-fāsidah wa-ḥifẓ al-akhlāq al-fāḍilah ka-mā anna al-maqṣūd min ʻilm al-ṭibb al-jismānī huwa ʻilāj al-maraḍ wa-ḥifẓ al-ṣiḥḥah wa-li-dhālika summiya ʻilm al-akhlāq ṭibban rūḥānīyan li-annahu muḍāhiʼ lil-ṭibb al-jismānī fa-ka-mā anna lil-badan ṣiḥḥah wa-maraḍan ka-dhālika lil-nafs ṣiḥḥah wa-maraḍ . wa-ṣiḥḥatuhā bi-ḥuṣūl al-faḍāʼil wa-maraḍuhā bi-wujūd al-radhāʼil fa-inna radhāʼil al-akhlāq tumriḍ al-nafs wa-tushqīhā ka-mā anna radhāʼil al-akhlāṭ tumriḍ al-nafs wa-turdīhā wa-ka-mā anna lil-ṭibb qawānīn yuʻraf bihā ḥifẓ al-ṣiḥḥah wa-izālat al-maraḍ fa-hākadhā li-hādhā al-ʻilm qawānīn yuʻraf bihā taḥṣīl al-faḍāʼil wa-izālat al-radhāʼil . wa-ka-mā annahu yajib an yakūn lil-abdān aṭibbāʼ ḥattá takūn ṣaḥīḥah muʻtadilah al-mizāj fa-kadhā yajib an yakūn lil-nufūs aṭibbāʼ ḥattá takūn fāḍilah kāmilah al-ladhdhāt . wa-aṭibbāʼ al-nufūs hum al-anbiyāʼ ʻalayhim al-ṣalāh wa-al-salām li-mā basaṭū min al-sharāʼiʻ al-ilāhīyah al-mushtamilah ʻalá ṭuruq iṣlāḥ al-nufūs al-mubayyanah li-maṣāliḥ maʻāshihim wa-maʻādihim wa-min tābiʻahum min al-khulafāʼ al-rāshidīn wa-al-awliyāʼ al-kāmilīn wa-al-ḥukamāʼ al-mutaʼallihīn (١) al-muqarrirīn li-qawāʻid ʻilm al-akhlāq . fa-aqūl baʻd taqdīm hādhihi al-muqaddimah anna qawānīn ṭibb al-abdān fī al-ʻilāj bi-an yufaṣṣal al-maraḍ wa-al-sabab wa-al-ʻaraḍ wa-al-ʻilāj fa-yuʻraf al-maraḍ wa-al-sabab bi-al-ʻaraḍ thumma yuʻālaj bi-al-ḍidd li-yazūl al-sabab fa-yazūl al-maraḍ fa-kadhā yufaṣṣal qawānīn ṭibb al-nufūs ilá al-maraḍ wa-al-sabab wa-al-ʻilāj tafṣīlan kullīyan mughniyan ʻan al-tafṣīl al-juzʼī fī al-taʻlīm . ammā al-maraḍ fa-huwa shiddat mayl al-nafs ilá al-badan wa-maḥabbatuhā lahu wa-hādhā al-mayl wa-al-maḥabbah huwa aṣl sāʼir al-amrāḍ al-nafsānīyah li-annahu yalzam min dhālika al-mayl wa-al-maḥabbah irādat al-muwāfaqāt lil-badan wa-hiya al-ladhdhāt al-ḥissīyah wa-yalzam min hādhihi al-irādah irādat asbāb al-muwāfaqāt wa-hiya al-aḥwāl wa-yalzam min irādat al-aḥwāl irādat ḥāfiẓāt al-aḥwāl wa-hiya al-riʼāsāt thumma yalzam min hādhihi al-irādāt irādāt kathīrah mustanidah ilá al-irādāt al-uwal wa-hiya al-radhāʼil allatī hiya amrāḍ al-nafs . thumma inna hādhihi al-irādāt idhā ishtaddat ṣārat ashwāqan wa-malakāt fa-taḥduth al-shahwah wa-hiya shiddat irādat al-muwāfiq lil-badan wa-huwa al-mulidhdh al-ḥissī ka-al-maʼkūl wa-al-mashrūb wa-al-mankūḥ wa-al-malbūs wa-al-markūb wa-amthāl dhālika min al-ladhdhāt al-badanīyah wa-yaḥduth al-ghaḍab wa-huwa shiddat irādat dafʻ al-mukhālif ʻan al-badan wa-huwa al-muʼlim wa-al-muʼdhī ka-dafʻ al-aʻdāʼ wa-al-dhabb ʻan al-aṣdiqāʼ wa-ladhdhat al-intiqām wa-al-istiʻlāʼ wa-amthāl dhālika . wa-yaḥduth al-bukhl wa-huwa imsāk al-khayr ʻan al-ghayr li-ajl nafsihi . wa-yaḥduth al-ḥasad wa-huwa irādat an lā yakūn al-khayr illā lahu wa-ka-dhālika sāʼir al-irādāt allatī hiya amrāḍ al-nafs . wa-ammā al-sabab fa-huwa al-idrāk wa-al-shuʻūr bi-al-irādāt awwalan thumma yalzam min al-shuʻūr ḥukm al-nafs bi-annahu khayr maʻa annahu laysa bi-khayr wa-hādhā al-ḥukm ammā an yalzam min taqlīdihi wa-ammā an yalzam min raʼy fāsid thumma idhā thabata hādhā al-ḥukm fī al-nafs ṣāra iʻtiqādan wa-idhā thabata al-iʻtiqād lazima minhu al-khulq . wa-idhā taḥarraka al-khulq lazima minhu al-infiʻāl thumma ṣadara ʻanhu al-afʻāl al-madhmūmah ka-al-ḥasad mathalan fa-innahu thabata fī nafs al-ḥāsid iʻtiqād anna al-khayr lā yajūz an yakūn li-ghayrihi wa-yaghtamm bi-ḥuṣūlihi li-ghayrihi thumma idhā ʻaraḍa sabab min al-asbāb al-muḥarrikah ilá al-fiʻl yaḥṣul al-infiʻāl fī nafs al-ḥāsid wa-huwa al-muḥāsadah wa-lazima minhu al-fiʻl wa-huwa al-tawajjuh naḥwa khayr al-ghayr wa-qaṣd dafʻihi ʻanhu wa-manʻihi bi-afʻāl madhmūmah ʻaqlan wa-sharʻan fa-hādhā huwa taḥqīq asbāb al-maraḍ . wa-ammā al-ʻaraḍ fa-huwa al-ʻalāmāt al-ṣādirah ʻan tilka al-infiʻālāt min al-afʻāl al-madhkūrah al-madhmūmah ka-al-saʻy fī ṣarf al-khayr ʻan al-ghayr . wa-ammā al-infiʻālāt fa-hiya ayḍan aʻrāḍ khafīfah fī al-nafs yaʻrifuhā aṣḥāb tilka al-infiʻālāt wa-ammā al-afʻāl fa-hiya al-aʻrāḍ al-ẓāhirah al-ṣādirah min al-nafs al-munāsibah li-tilka al-infiʻālāt fa-takūn hādhihi al-afʻāl dalāʼil ʻalá tilka al-infiʻālāt wa-hiya al-ʻalāmāt allatī tuʻraf bihā al-akhlāq al-fāsidah wa-al-malakāt al-madhmūmah . wa-ammā al-ʻilāj fa-huwa bi-istiʻmāl al-aḍdād li-anna al-ḍidd yuqmaʻ bi-al-ḍidd al-ākhar . wa-dhālika innamā yakūn bi-ithbāt al-aḥkām al-lāzimah ʻan al-raʼy al-ṣaḥīḥ fī al-nafs bi-an irādat al-badan wa-tawābiʻ al-badan min al-mulāʼimāt al-ḥissīyah innamā hiya amrāḍ lil-nafs muḍirrah lahā fī al-ḥāl wa-al-maʼāl . ammā fī al-ḥāl fa-li-anna kull wāḥid minhā muʼlim li-anna ṣāḥibahu yakūn dāʼiman fī al-hamm wa-al-ghamm bi-sabab ḥuṣūl al-khayr lil-ghayr wa-bi-sabab ṣuʻūbat izālatihi ʻanhu wa-bi-sabab munāzaʻat al-khuṣūm wa-al-ḥussād wa-munāzaʻat al-aʻdāʼ wa-al-aḍdād . wa-ammā fī al-maʼāl fa-li-mā taḥaqqaqa tāratan min al-anbiyāʼ ʻalayhim al-salām bi-mā akhbarū mimmā yalqá al-ashrār wa-hum aṣḥāb hādhihi al-amrāḍ min al-ʻadhāb al-alīm ka-mā qāla taʻālá « ammā man ṭaghá wa-āthara al-ḥayāta al-dunyā fa-inna al-jaḥīma hiya al-maʼwá » wa-tāratan min al-ḥukamāʼ bi-mā barhanū ʻalayhi min al-shaqāʼ al-ʻaẓīm li-nufūs al-ashrār wa-al-fujjār fī al-maʻād baʻd mufāraqat al-abdān . thumma idhā taḥaqqaqa bi-al-raʼy al-ṣaḥīḥ anna hādhihi al-amrāḍ muḍirrah fī al-dārayn yalzam an yaḥtariz al-insān al-ʻāqil ʻanhā wa-an lā yafʻal mā yaḍurruhu fī al-dunyā wa-al-ākhirah bal yajib an yafʻal mā yanfaʻuhu fīhimā wa-huwa iqtināʼ al-faḍāʼil al-nāfiʻah fī al-ḥāl wa-al-maʼāl li-annahā muqābalah li-tilka al-radhāʼil fī kull mā dhakarnāhu min al-aḥwāl ka-mā qāla Allāh taʻālá « inna al-abrāra la-fī naʻīmin wa-inna al-fujjāra la-fī jaḥīmin » wa-idhā thabatat hādhihi al-aḥkām al-lāzimah min al-raʼy al-ṣāʼib fī al-nafs lazima minhu tark al-irādah al-ūlá wa-lazima min tark al-irādah al-ūlá tark al-irādāt al-tābiʻah lahā li-annahu idhā baṭalat al-ʻillah baṭala al-maʻlūl . thumma idhā taḥaqqaqat hādhihi al-aḥkām fī al-nafs wajaba an yukhṭirahā bi-al-bāl wa-yuqarriruhā wa-yukarriruhā fī al-nafs dāʼiman ilá an taṣīr malakāt wa-kullamā takarrarat khuṭūruhā bi-al-bāl lā tazāl tanfasikh tilka al-irādāt ilá an taḍʻuf wa-kullamā infasakhat tilka al-irādāt allatī hiya al-radhāʼil lā tazāl tathbut muqābalātuhā bi-al-tadrīj wa-hiya al-faḍāʼil hādhā huwa al-qānūn al-kullī li-izālat amrāḍ al-nafs . wa-ammā ḥifẓ ṣiḥḥatihā wa-huwa muḥāfaẓat al-faḍāʼil fa-huwa an yataʻahhad al-nafs abadan bi-murāʻāt al-akhlāq al-fāḍilah wa-al-muḥāfaẓah ʻalayhā bi-al-ārāʼ al-ṣaḥīḥah wa-yajʻal hādhihi al-ārāʼ al-ṣaḥīḥah fī taʻahhud al-akhlāq malakah dāʼimah wa-yajib an lā yaghfal ʻan ṣadmat ihmāl al-nafsayn fa-innahumā in uhmilatā ʻādatā ilá ṭabīʻatihimā al-khāṣṣah bihimā wa-an lā yuḥarrikahumā bi-al-takhayyul wa-al-tafakkur wa-al-tadhakkur fī shayʼ min asbāb ḥarakatihimā wa-hayjānihimā wa-idhā ittafaqa an khaṭara shayʼ min asbāb hayjānihimā bi-al-bāl fa-yajib an yukhṭir naqāʼiṣahā bi-al-bāl ḥattá takrahahā al-nafs wa-tatrukuhā wa-min al-umūr al-muʻtabarah al-wājibah fī ḥifẓ ṣiḥḥat al-nafs al-muwāẓabah ʻalá al-waẓāʼif al-ʻamalīyah wa-al-ʻilmīyah fa-inna ihmāl al-waẓāʼif al-ʻamalīyah yūrith al-kasal al-mūjib lil-ḥirmān min al-saʻādah al-dunyawīyah wa-al-ukhrawīyah wa-ibṭāl al-waẓāʼif al-ʻilmīyah yubṭil istiʻdād al-nafs li-qubūl al-anwār al-ilāhīyah wa-al-mawāhib al-qudsīyah wa-minhā al-mujālasah maʻa al-abrār wa-istimāʻ naṣāʼiḥihim wa-al-mujānabah ʻan al-fujjār wa-istimāʻ aḥādīthihim . wa-qad qīla balīd nashaʼa fī al-ʻulamāʼ afḍal min al-labīb nashaʼa fī al-juhalāʼ . wa-minhā iṣlāḥ al-rūḥ al-nafsānī allatī fī al-dimāgh bi-ḥasab al-kayfīyah wa-al-kammīyah wa-al-qawām bi-ṣināʻat al-ṭibb al-jismānī fa-inna lahu atharan ʻaẓīman fī ḥifẓ al-faḍāʼil al-muʼaddiyah ilá al-saʻādah al-ʻājilah wa-al-ājilah wa-iʻlam anna daʻwat al-ʻulamāʼ ilá al-faḍāʼil al-khulqīyah bi-al-barāhīn al-dāllah ʻalá wujūb al-takhalluq bi-makārim al-akhlāq wa-taʻawwuduhā bi-maḥāsinihā wa-daʻwat al-awsāṭ ilayhā bi-al-jadalīyāt wa-al-iqnāʻīyāt al-dāllah ʻalá wujūb al-takhalluq bihā wa-daʻwat al-niswah wa-al-ṣibyān wa-min fī marātibihim mimman lā yafham al-ḥujjah wa-al-burhān bi-madḥ al-afʻāl al-jamīlah wa-taḥsīnihā lahum wa-dhamm al-afʻāl al-radīʼah wa-tahjīnihā wa-takrīhihā lahum wa-ḥikāyat shamāʼil al-akhyār min al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ wa-ḥusn sīratihim wa-maḥāsin ʻawāqibihim wa-sūʼ khātimat al-ashrār wa-mā yalḥaquhum min tabaʻāt afʻālihim fī al-dunyā wa-al-ākhirah wa-qad jamaʻa Allāh taʻālá daʻwat hādhihi al-firaq al-thalāth fī qawlihi ( udʻu ilá sabīli rabbika bi-al-ḥikmati wa-al-mawʻiẓati al-ḥasanati wa-jādilhum bi-allatī hiya aḥsanu ) wa-fī al-jumlah al-saʻādāt al-jamīlah wa-al-akhlāq al-ḥamīdah innamā taḥṣul bi-al-ijtināb ʻan al-afʻāl al-radīʼah wa-takrār al-afʻāl al-jamīlah wa-al-iʻtiyād bihā wa-ithbātihā marrah baʻd ukhrá wa-al-mubālaghah fīhā wa-al-muḥāfaẓah ʻalayhā ḥattá tastaqīm al-nafs wa-tastawí ka-al-khashabah al-muʻawwajah allatī yurād taqwīmuhā wa-taswiyatuhā fa-innahā innamā tastawí idhā inthanat ilá ḍidd jihat iʻwijājihā ḥattá taqif ʻalá al-istiwāʼ wa-al-istiqāmah allatī hiya al-wasaṭ bayn al-jihatayn . wa-iʻlam anna al-nafs al-nāṭiqah ka-al-malik al-sāʼis al-mudabbir lil-madīnah wa-al-qūwah al-ghaḍabīyah ka-al-jund alladhī yastaʻīn bihi al-malik ʻalá taqwīm al-raʻīyah wa-al-qūwah al-shahwānīyah wa-al-quwá allatī tatbaʻuhā ka-al-raʻīyah wa-ka-mā anna ṣalāḥ al-madīnah wa-intiẓām umūrihā lā yakūn illā bi-an yakūn al-malik ʻāliman bi-manāhij al-siyāsāt muḥīṭan bi-wujūh al-tadābīr ʻārifan bi-ʻawāqib al-umūr sāʼisan lil-jund muqawwiman lil-raʻīyah wa-an yakūn junduhu aqwiyāʼ munqādīn lahu muṭīʻīn li-amrihi wa-ishāratihi wa-an takūn al-raʻīyah ḍuʻafā qābilīn lil-taqwīm wa-al-taʻdīl ḥattá law quddira al-amr bi-khilāf mā dhakarnā imtanaʻa ṣalāḥ al-mulk wa-istiqāmat ḥāl al-raʻīyah . fa-ka-dhālika al-ʻadl al-khulqī lā yantaẓim fī al-ʻālam al-insānī illā bi-an takūn al-nafs al-nāṭiqah mustawliyah ʻalá al-nafsayn al-ukhrayayn mutaṣarrifah fīhimā ʻalá muqtaḍá al-raʼy al-ṣāʼib wa-al-nafsān munqādatān lahā muṭīʻatān li-amrihā wa-ishāratihā ghayr mutābaʻatayn li-muqtaḍá ṭāʻatihimā fī istīfāʼ ladhdhat al-intiqām

— al-ḥawāshī —

[23] « ١ » al-qaṣd hunā al-wasaṭ bayn al-ifrāṭ wa-al-tafrīṭ min qawlihim qaṣada fī al-amr qaṣd ay tawassaṭ ah

[24] ( ١ ) qawluhu li-anna ṭarafay al-ʻadālah al-kh bayān dhālika anna al-ʻadl huwa ijzāʼ al-aḥkām al-sharʻīyah aw al-qānūnīyah allatī qannanahā ulū al-dirāyah ʻalá ḥasab mā yulāʼim al-ḥāl wa-al-zamān ʻalá al-afrād bi-al-musāwāh fa-law furiḍa anna al-qāḍí bayn ithnayn tajāwaza fī al-ḥukm al-ḥadd al-muqannan kāna jāʼiran ʻalá al-maḥkūm ʻalayhi wa-idhā lam yaṣil ilá al-ḥadd al-muqannan kāna jāʼiran ʻalá al-maḥkūm lahu fa-tabayyana ḥīnaʼidhin anna al-ḥadd al-wasaṭ bayn hādhayn al-ṭarafayn huwa al-ʻadl wa-huwa ijrāʼ al-ḥukm ʻalá wafq al-qānūn ah

[24] ( ٢ ) al-ṣalaf huwa mujāwazat qadr al-ẓarf ah .

[28] ( ١ ) ay al-mutaʻabbidīn maʼkhūdh min taʼalluh bi-maʻná taʻabbud ah