The Ḥanafīs

( al-Ḥanafīyah )

al-Fuqahāʼ al-Ḥanafīyah ulū al-tadqīq wa-al-raʼy wa-al-dhakāʼ , wa-al-khayr min mithlihim in salimū min al-taḥayyul wa-al-ḥiyal ʻalá al-ribā wa-ibṭāl al-zakāh (١) wa-naqr al-ṣalāh wa-al-ʻamal bi-al-masāʼil allatī yasmaʻūn al-nuṣūṣ al-nabawīyah bi-khilāfihā (١) fa-yā rajul daʻ mā yarībuka ilá mā lā yarībuka wa-iḥtaṭ li-dīnika wa-lā yakun hammuka al-ḥukm bi-madhhabika fa-man ittaqá al-shubuhāt fa-qad istabraʼa li-dīnihi wa-ʻirḍihi fa-idhā ʻamilta bi-madhhabika fī al-ṭahārah wa-al-miyāh wa-al-witr wa-al-uḍḥīyah fa-anta anta wa-in

— al-ḥawāshī —

[13] ʻalá mabdaʼ thābit wa-min thammah qāla Mālik : lā tuʻraf tawbat al-zindīq fa-yuqtal wa-in abdá al-tawbah , wa-lā tuqbal tawbatuhu h . Akhdhan bi-ẓāhir qawlihi taʻālá (inna alladhīna āmanū thumma kafarū thumma āmanū thumma kafarū thumma izdādū kufran lam yakun Allāh li-yaghfir lahum) wa-bi-ẓāhir al-ḥadīth fī-man baddala dīnahu wa-bi-mā yurwá ʻan Abī Mūsá wa-in kāna mukhālifan li-mā ʻalayhi ʻUmar wa-man wāfaqahu min al-ṣaḥābah raḍiya Allāh ʻanhum . Wa-jará al-muslimūn ʻalá al-akhdh bi-qawl Mālik idhā istafḥala amr al-zanādiqah al-fawḍawīyīn wa-lam yumkin dafʻ shurūrihim bi-qawl baqīyat al-aʼimmah kamā faʻalū bi-Baghdād ayyām al-Mustaẓhir bi-Allāh al-ʻAbbāsī fī ḥaqq al-Qarāmiṭah wa-bi-Miṣr baʻda zawāl al-dawlah al-ʻUbaydīyah fī ḥaqq adhnāb al-Bāṭinīyah ḥaythu awjabat maṣlaḥat al-muslimīn al-akhdh bi-qawl Mālik , wa-qad khālafahu min aʼimmat al-Maghāribah Baqī ibn Makhlad wa-Ibn al-Mawwāz wa-tābaʻā baqīyat al-aʼimmah , wa-qad yankut baʻḍuhum ʻalá al-sādah al-Mālikīyah fī hādhihi al-masʼalah allatī qad tūjib maṣlaḥat al-muslimīn al-akhdh bihā wa-laysa hādhā al-tankīt wa-al-taʻrīḍ bi-ḥaqīq bi-ahl al-ʻilm wa-fī (Intiṣār al-faqīr al-sālik li-madhhab al-imām al-kabīr Mālik ) : innī samiʻtu rajulan waqaʻa fī kalām ṣaʻb fī jānib al-nubūwah fa-aradtu rafʻahu li-qāḍī al-quḍāh al-Shāfiʻī ( yaʻnī Ibn Ḥajar) wa-akhbartuhu bi-al-qiṣṣah fa-qāla lī ruḥ bihi ilá al-Mālikīyah wa-ijʻalhā fī raqabat Mālik wa-ḥamalahu al-taʻaṣṣub ʻalá mukhālafat madhhabihi li-annahu kāna ḥaqquhu an yasmaʻ al-daʻwá wa-lā yuʻarriḍ bi-al-rajul lil-qatl bi-madhhab yaʻtaqid khaṭaʼahu wa-ṣiḥḥat madhhabihi li-yaqbal al-tawbah wa-madhhab Mālik lā yaqbaluhā fa-ʻarraḍa bi-al-rajul lil-qatl khaṭaʼan ʻalá muʻtaqadihi wa-asāʼa al-adab ʻalá Mālik ah . Wa-kāna man fī dīnihi riqqah yatakhawwaf jiddan min quḍāt al-Mālikīyah ayyām kāna al-qaḍāʼ ilayhim .

[14] (١) al-taḥayyul al-mufḍī ilá ilghāʼ al-ḥukm fī tashrīʻ al-aḥkām lā yaṣdur illā mimman ḍaʻufa dīnuhu wa-mariḍa yaqīnuhu wa-ammā taṭallub al-makhlaṣ min al-maʼāziq min ghayr ibṭāl ḥaqq wa-lā iḥqāq bāṭil bi-tadābīr laṭīfah lā taṣṭadim maʻa al-nuṣūṣ fa-mā nadaba Allāh wa-rasūluhu ilayhi wa-jará salaf al-aʼimmah wa-khalafuhum ʻalayhi , wa-tabyīn wujūh dhālika yadull ʻalá barāʻah wa-qūwat dhakāʼ bi-sharṭ an lā yuʼaddī ilá mā aslafnāhu , wa-ajraʼ al-mutafaqqihīn ʻalá al-tawassuʻ fī al-taḥayyul adwamuhum ṣilah bi-al-qaḍāʼ , wa-min wujūh al-taḥayyul al-dhamīm al-iftāʼ bi-aqwāl shādhdhah lā tadʻamuhā al-ḥujaj wa-bi-riwāyāt ḍaʻīfah lā taqwá amām al-naqd bahrajahā al-mumawwah wa-zukhrufahā , wa-man yaqaʻ minhu hādhā bi-qillat waraʻ fa-Allāh ḥasībuhu , ammā mā yuʻzá li-Abī Yūsuf min annahu ittaṣala bi-al-Rashīd bi-ḥiyal sharʻīyah ajābahu bihā fa-wallāhu al-qaḍāʼ fa-kadhib mukhtalaq ʻalayhi — ka-takhṣīṣ Mālik al-Rashīd bi-rukhaṣ — li-annahu waliya al-qaḍāʼ qabla al-Rashīd fī ʻahd al-Hādī wa-istamarra ʻalayhi fī zaman al-Rashīd kamā dhakarahu al-Samʻānī wa-ghayruhu wa-lam yakun min khilālihi al-muḥābāh kamā yaẓhar min ( Kitāb al-kharāj ) lahu wa-min sīratihi al-maʻrūfah , wa-qad allafa al-Dhahabī fī tarjamatihi juzʼan khāṣṣan yuthnī fīhi ʻalá ʻilmihi wa-zuhdihi wa-waraʻihi wa-yuṭrīhi maʻa anna al-Dhahabī mimman ʻurifa bi-al-iqtiṣād fī tarājim hāʼulāʼ . Wa-ammā mā dhakarahu al-ʻAbbās ibn Muṣʻab fī tārīkh al-Marwazīyīn ʻinda dhikr ʻAqīl ibn ʻAnbasah : ḥaddathanā Yūsuf ibn ʻĪsá ʻan ʻAqīl ibn ʻAnbasah qāla : qultu li-Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan inna lī mālan wa-lam tajib ʻalayya al-zakāh mundhu sinīn . Qāla kayfa hādhā ? Qāla qultu idhā kāna ʻindī al-māl aqall min sanah fa-qabla an yaḥūl al-ḥawl ahab li-waladī qāla innaka la-faqīh h . Fa-mardūd li-anna Ibn ʻAnbasah majhūl lā yuʻraf bi-al-fiqh ʻinda al-aṣḥāb wa-lā bi-al-riwāyah wa-laysa fī kutub Muḥammad shayʼ min hādhā al-qabīl wa-huwa alladhī yaqūl fī bayʻ al-ʻīnah : hādhā ka-amthāl al-jibāl ʻindī dhamīm . Wa-ḥamalū tajwīz Abī Yūsuf hādhā al-bayʻ ʻalá ṣūrat ʻadam ʻawd al-ʻayn ilá ṣāḥibihi fa-aṣaḥḥā

[15] ʻalá ittifāq fī al-masʼalah , wa-qāla al-Dhahabī fī juzʼ allafahu fī tarjamat Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan bi-ṭarīq al-Ṭaḥāwī ʻan Aḥmad ibn Abī ʻImrān ʻan Muḥammad ibn Samāʻah annahu qal samiʻtu Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan yaqūl : hādhā al-kitāb ( yaʻnī kitāb al-ḥiyal ) laysa min kutubinā innamā ulqiya fīhā h . Yurīd anna kitāban fī al-ḥiyal kāna yatadāwaluhu man qalla waraʻuhum min al-nās fī dhālika al-ʻahd wa-lam yakun ism al-muʼallif madhkūran fī al-kitāb fa-ẓannū annahu min kutub aṣḥāb Abī Ḥanīfah wa-laysa ka-dhālika .

[15] (١) ka-annahu yushīr ilá mā intaqada Ibn Abī Shaybah ʻalá Abī Ḥanīfah min al-masāʼil al-maʻdūdah allatī ghālib mā warada fīhā min qism mukhtalaf al-ḥadīth fa-yatarajjaḥ ʻinda hādhā mā lā yatarajjaḥ ʻinda dhāka li-ikhtilāf uṣūl al-aʼimmah fī dhālika . Wa-fī tamḥīṣ tilka al-masāʼil kutub khāṣṣah yurjaʻ ilayhā , wa-diqqat madārik al-fuqahāʼ qad takhfá ʻalá al-ruwāh fa-yatasarraʻūn fī al-ḥukm fa-yaḥtāj hādhā al-mawḍūʻ ilá al-itqān fī ʻilm al-khilāf wa-al-jadal wa-uṣūl al-fiqh maʻa al-tawassuʻ fī aḥādīth al-aḥkām wa-ʻilalihā wa-āyāt al-aḥkām wa-tafsīrihā wa-ikhtilāf al-aʼimmah fī shurūṭ qabūl al-akhbār wa-wujūh al-tarjīḥ wa-naḥwihā , wa-al-rājil fī jumlat dhālika lā yaḥiqq lahu an yaʻdū ṭawrahu , qāla al-Najm al-Ṭūfī al-Ḥanbalī fī sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Rawḍah : inna Abā Ḥanīfah qaṭʻan lam yukhālif al-sunnah ʻinādan wa-innamā khālafa fīmā khālafa minhā ijtihādan bi-ḥujaj wāḍiḥah wa-dalāʼil ṣāliḥah lāʼiḥah wa-ḥujajuhu bayna al-nās mawjūdah wa-qall an yantaṣif minhā mukhālifūhu h .