Falsafa

Comma for either/or — dharma, courage. Spelling forgiving — corage finds courage.

    Renaissance · English

    The Freedom of the Seas (Mare Liberum)

    Hugo Grotius

    The Freedom of the Seas (Mare Liberum), by Hugo Grotius (1583–1645), a public-domain text from Liberty Fund's Online Library of Liberty.

    Chapters
    33
    Variants
    33
    Genre
    Law
    Difficulty
    Advanced

    Chapters

    1. 01Introductory Noteprose
    2. 02Translator’s Preface, The Latin Textprose
    3. 03The Translationprose
    4. 04Capita Dissertationis Hvgonis Grotii De Mare Libero, Ad Principes Popvlosqve Liberos Orbis Christianiprose
    5. 05Capvt I: Iure gentium quibusvis ad quosvis liberam esse navigationemprose
    6. 06Capvt II: Lusitanos nullum habere ius dominii in eos Indos ad quos Batavi navigant titulo inventionisprose
    7. 07Capvt III: Lusitanos in Indos non habere ius dominii titulo donationis Pontificiaeprose
    8. 08Capvt IV: Lusitanos in Indos non habere ius dominii titulo belliprose
    9. 09Capvt V: Mare ad Indos aut ius eo navigandi non esse proprium Lusitanorum titulo occupationisprose
    10. 10Capvt VI: Mare aut ius navigandi proprium non esse Lusitanorum titulo donationis Pontificiaeprose
    11. 11Capvt VII: Mare aut ius navigandi proprium non esse Lusitanorum titulo praescriptionis aut consuetudinisprose
    12. 12Capvt VIII: Iure gentium inter quosvis liberam esse mercaturamprose
    13. 13Capvt X: Mercaturam cum Indis propriam non esse Lusitanorum titulo donationis Pontificiaeprose
    14. 14Capvt XI: Mercaturam cum Indis non esse Lusitanorum propriam iure praescriptionis aut consuetudinisprose
    15. 15Capvt XII: Nulla aequitate niti Lusitanos in prohibendo commercioprose
    16. 16Capvt XIII: Batavis ius commercii Indicani qua pace, qua indutiis, qua bello retinendumprose
    17. 17Cvm svb hoc tempvs plvrimae Regis Hispaniarvm litterae in manvs nostras venissent, qvibvs ipsivs et Lvsitanorvm institvtprose
    18. 18To the Rulers and to the Free and Independent Nations of Christendomprose
    19. 19Chapter I: By the Law of Nations navigation is free to all persons whatsoeverprose
    20. 20Chapter II: The Portuguese have no right by title of discovery to sovereignty over the East Indies to which the Dutch maprose
    21. 21Chapter III: The Portuguese have no right of sovereignty over the East Indies by virtue of title based on the Papal Donaprose
    22. 22Chapter IV: The Portuguese have no right of sovereignty over the East Indies by title of warprose
    23. 23Chapter V: Neither the Indian Ocean nor the right of navigation thereon belongs to the Portuguese by title of occupationprose
    24. 24Chapter VI: Neither the Sea nor the right of navigation thereon belongs to the Portuguese by virtue of title based on thprose
    25. 25Chapter VII: Neither the Sea nor the right of navigation thereon belongs to the Portuguese by title of prescription or cprose
    26. 26Chapter VIII: By the Law of Nations trade is free to all persons whatsoeverprose
    27. 27Chapter IX: Trade with the East Indies does not belong to the Portuguese by title of occupationprose
    28. 28Chapter X: Trade with the East Indies does not belong to the Portuguese by virtue of title based on the Papal Donationprose
    29. 29Chapter XI: Trade with the East Indies does not belong to the Portuguese by title of prescription or customprose
    30. 30Chapter XII: The Portuguese prohibition of trade has no foundation in equityprose
    31. 31Chapter XIII: The Dutch must maintain their right of trade with the East Indies by peace, by treaty, or by warprose
    32. 32Appendix Two letters of Philip III, King of Spain, Letter Iprose
    33. 33Letter IIprose

    In the atlas

    fully mapped

    Figures115

    Pliny · Seneca · Ambrose · Augustine · Cicero · Hesiod · Horace · Ulpian · Aristotle · Baldus

    Ideas27

    Dominium · Freedom of Navigation · Custom · Freedom of Trade · Freedom of the seas · Law of Nature · Law of nations · Law of nations and natural law · Prescription · Right of Discovery

    Places27

    the East Indies · Cape of Good Hope · Alexandria · Goa · Java, Ceylon, and the Moluccas · Lisbon · Malacca · Mediterranean Sea · Ocean/Sea · Taprobane

    Groups51

    Dutch · Portuguese · Spaniards · English · Venetians · Batavi · Castellani · Dutch East India Company · Genoese · Greeks

    Events11

    Admiralty adjudication of the Catherine · Bull of Donation of Alexander VI · Capture of the Portuguese galleon · Crusades · Donatio Pontificis Alexandri · Donation of Pope Alexander VI · Dutch rebellion in the Indies · Portuguese Voyages of Discovery · Portuguese voyages to the Indies · The Louis case

    Objects11

    the ship · De Jure Belli ac Pacis · De Jure Praedae · Holy Writ · Mare Clausum · Mare Liberum · Money · Royal Edict prohibiting foreign trade · Royal Letters to the Viceroy · The Portuguese galleon

    260 citations · 68 themes · 517 entity mentions — every one anchored to a verbatim passage. The atlas.