The doctrines of the Greek sages on matter and spirit

Madhāhib ḥukamāʼ al-Yūnān

fī al-māddah wa-al-rūḥ

Baná Aflāṭūn (1) asās madhhabihi fī takawwun al-ʻālam ʻalá azalīyat māddah aṣlīyah yuʻabbar ʻanhā bi-al-ʻunṣur ghayr al-muṣawwar aw al-hayūlá (2) al-ūlá lā shakl lahā wa-lā mithāl mustaʻidd li-qubūl al-ṣuwar fa-idhā qabilat al-ṣūrah takūn bi-mathābat al-umm lil-ashyāʼ wa-hādhihi al-māddah aṣl al-ʻālam wa-minhā akhadha al-ʻālam shaklahu wa-kayānahu wa-madhhabuhu yunbiʼ ʻan istiḥālat khalq al-shayʼ min lā shayʼ wa-al-maʻlūlāt ʻalá ikhtilāfihā ʻalá madhhabihi tantahī ilá ʻillah ūlá sarmadīyah

Nasaba ilayhi Flūṭarkhus fī risālatihi fī ( al-ārāʼ al-ṭabīʻīyah ) anna Aflāṭūn yaqūl inna al-ajsām kānat fī al-badʼ mutaḥarrikah ḥarakah ghayr muntaẓimah wa-al-Ilāh rattabahā bi-al-niẓām ḥaythu al-niẓām afḍal min lā niẓām

Madhhab Arisṭū (1) fī al-māddah wa-al-nafs

Dhahaba hādhā al-faylasūf bi-azalīyat al-aflāk allatī tawahhamahā al-qudamāʼ wa-hiya ʻindahu min ʻunṣur khāmis ghayr al-ʻanāṣir al-arbaʻah ghayr fāsid yusammá ( bi-al-athīr ) wa-yuʻabbar ʻanhu bi-al-jawhar al-ilāhī fa-huwa lā yaqbal ayy taʼthīr wa-taghyīr wa-zawāl

Fa-al-māddah al-aṣlīyah aw al-ʻunṣur ghayr al-muṣawwar allatī yusammīhā Ibn Rushd shāriḥ falsafat Arisṭū bi-al-māddah al-quṣwá lā fāʻil lahā ʻinda Arisṭū wa-lākin fāḍat ilá tilka al-aflāk min al-qūwah al-mudabbirah al-khafīyah ḥarakah taḥarraka bihā al-jism al-awwal ay al-falak al-aʻlá wa-bi-ḥarakatihā taḥarraka jamīʻ mā ittaṣala bihi ḥattá intahat al-ḥarakah al-kull ( kadhā )(2) wa-hādhihi al-ḥarakah ayḍan azalīyah fa-ḥaqīqat hādhihi al-naẓarīyah tunbiʼ ʻan azalīyat al- āthār al-ʻulwīyah wa-azalīyat ḥarakatihā wa-istiḥālat khalq al-shayʼ min lā shayʼ

Wa-waẓīfat al-qūwah al-mudabbirah al-qāhirah ay al-qūwah al-ilāhīyah taḥrīk hādhihi al-ajsām bi-niẓāmihā al-matīn wa-al-ʻālam law fāraqat-hu hādhihi al-qūwah al-ṣamadānīyah lā yatahayyaʼ lahu al-thabāt wa-al-dawām qāla fī risālatihi al-maʻrūfah ( bi-al-risālah al-dhahabīyah ) allatī waḍaʻahā ( li-Askandar al-malik ) wa-ʻarrabahā ʻĪsá ibn Ibrāhīm al-Nafīsī inna al-ijmāʻ yatarāfaʻ qadīman wa-ḥadīthan anna qiwām kull shayʼ wa-thabātahu min Allāh taʻālá ʻazza wa-jalla laysat fī al-ʻālam ṭabīʻah wāḥidah yatahayyaʼ lahā al-thabāt idhā fāraqat-hā al-qūwah al-ṣamadānīyah wa-al-maʻūnah al-ilāhīyah (1) wa-huwa yunkir battan taʼakhkhur ṣudūr al-fiʻl ʻan al-ʻillah al-ūlá taʼakhkhuran zamānīyan wa-al-ʻaql (2) ʻindahu ghayr masbūq bi-al-zamān bal masbūq bi-dhāt al-fāʻil wa-awwal kalimāt baʻḍ al-falāsifah allatī yastaẓhir minhā taʼakhkhur ṣudūr al-fiʻl taʼakhkhuran zamānīyan bi-annahum ( lammā arādū al-taʻbīr ʻan al-ʻillīyah iftaqarū ilá dhikr al-qablīyah wa-al-qablīyah fī al-lafẓ yatanāwal al-zamān wa-ka-dhālika fī al-maʻná ʻinda man lam yatadarrab ) wa-huwa yanfī wujūd farq jawharī bayna raʼyihi wa-raʼy al-falāsifah fī dhālika wa-hādhāni al-nābighatāni yaʻtarifāni bi-al-ʻillah al-ūlá al-fāʻilah al-mudabbirah maʻa nafyihimā al-ḥudūth zamānan ʻan al-māddah al-aṣlīyah wa-fiʼah min faṭāḥil al-falāsifah al-Yūnānīyīn yadhhabūn ilá azalīyat al-māddah wa-yunkirūn al-ʻillah al-fāʻilah

( minhum ) : Arsālāwus (3) min Athīnā madhhabuhu anna mabdaʼ al-ʻālam mā lā nihāyah lahu yaʻriḍ fīhi al-takāthuf wa-al-takhalkhul fa-minhu mā yaṣīr nāran wa-minhu mā yaṣīr māʼ . wa-minhum ( Athnā Kamandūs min Milat ) yadhhab bi-anna mabdaʼ al-ʻālam wa-al-mawjūdāt mā lā nihāyah lahu wa-minhu kāna al-kull wa-ilayhi yantahī al-kull wa-li-dhālika yará annahu yatakawwan ʻawālim ghayr mutanāhiyah fa-yafsud wa-yarjiʻ ilá al-shayʼ alladhī minhu takawwanat tilka al-ʻawālim wa-lā yaʻtarīhi nuqṣān wa-huwa mawjūd dāʼimī

Wa-minhum ( Abīqūrus ) (1) al-faylasūf min Athīnā al-muʻāṣir li-Dhīmaqrāṭīs madhhabuhu anna mabdaʼ al-mawjūdāt ajsām ṣighār ( ay dharrāt ṣaghīrah lā tudrikuhā al-ḥiss li-ṣigharihā ) wa-hiya azalīyah ghayr fāsidah wa-lā yaʻriḍ li-shayʼ min ajzāʼihā ikhtilāf wa-lā istiḥālah wa-hiya dhāt shakl wa-thiql

Wa-minhum ( Anbād Qalas ) (2) yadhhab anna al-athīr ghayr al-fāsid min mabādī al-ashyāʼ wa-huwa yafriḍ al-usṭuqusāt muʼallafah min tilka al-ajzāʼ al-ṣaghīrah fa-hiya bi-mathābat usṭuqusāt lil-usṭuqusāt fa-hiya ghayr mutanāhiyah ʻindahu wa-muqtaḍá nafy al-tanāhī nafy al-ʻillah al-fāʻilah wa-minhum Dhīmaqrāṭīs (3) al-ṭabīʻī al-shahīr wa-madhhabuhu anna al-daqāʼiq fī al-māddah muntashirah basīṭah lā tatajazzá azalīyah tafūq al-ḥaṣr wa-lā tudrak li-ṣigharihā wa-hiya shabīhah bi-al-ghubār al-mawjūd fī al-hawāʼ wa-alladhī lā yudrak ʻādatan wa-lā yaẓhar illā fī shuʻāʻ al-shams wa-min ittiḥādātihā tatakawwan al-mawjūdāt min jamād wa-ḥayawān wa-al-nafs ʻindahu min jawāhir laṭīfah ṣighār

Madhhab Arisṭū

wa-ustādhuhu Aflāṭūn fī al-nafs

Yará al-thānī annahā jawhar rūḥī tataḥarrak min dhātihā wa-al-awwal yuʻarrifuhā kamā bayyana Ibn Sīnā al-faylasūf fī risālatihi fī al-nafs annahā kamāl awwal li-jism ālī ṭabīʻī wa-al-farq al-jawharī bayna al-madhhabayn huwa anna al-nafs ʻinda Aflāṭūn mawjūdah qabla wujūd al-badan tataʻallaq bihi baʻda wujūdihi : wa-ʻinda Arisṭū wa-in kānat ghayr māddīyah illā anna wujūd al-badan sharṭ li-fayaḍān al-nafs ilayhi ʻan al-mubdiʻ taʻālá fa-ʻalayhi takūn al-nafs ghayr mawjūdah qabla al-badan .

Thumma anna Arisṭū yuthbit jawharan ʻaqlīyan mufāriqan lil-ajsām yaqūm lil-nufūs al-basharīyah maqām al-ḍawʼ lil-baṣar wa-al-nufūs idhā fāraqat al-ajsām tattaḥid bihi wa-huwa al-musammá ( bi-al-ʻaql al-kullī ) wa-hiya ʻindahumā khālidah bāqiyah fa-al-khulūd yakhtaṣṣ bi-juzʼ al-nafs al-ʻaqlī ay lil-nafs al-nāṭiqah (1)

Raʼy Abīqūr wa-Dhīmaqrāṭīs

Abīqūrūs wa-Dīmaqrāṭīs yadhhabāni ilá fanāʼ al-nafs wa-duthūrihā

Madhhab baʻḍ falāsifat al-Yūnān fī al-ḥayāh wa-ẓuhūrihā fī wajh al-arḍ

Yará Anqasmadrus (1) anna al-ḥayawānāt al-ūlá tawalladat fī al-ruṭūbah wa-annahu kāna yaghshāhā qushūr mithl tushūr al-samak wa-lammā atat ʻalayhā al-duhūr wa-al-sunūn ṣārat ḥayātuhā zamanan qaṣīran yasīran fa-al-ḥayy ʻinda Dhīmaqrāṭīs wa-Abīqūrus lā yatawallad illā min al-ḥayy (2)

— al-ḥawāshī —

[6] (1) Aflāṭūn min ashhar falāsifat al-Yūnān . wulida fī Athīnā fī al-sanah al-ūlá min al-Ūlumbiyādhah al-thāminah wa-al-thamānīn naḥw sanat 430 qabla al-Masīḥ . wa-tuwuffiya fī al-sanah al-ūlá min al-Ūlumbiyādhah al-māʼah wa-al-thāminah naḥw sanat 348 ʻan 81 sanah . wa-huwa min ʻāʼilah wajīhah abūhu Arīstūn min nasl Qadrūs ākhir mulūk Athīnā al-qudamāʼ wa-ummuhu Brīskūn min nasl Ṣūlūn al-ḥakīm

[6] (2) al-hayūlá kalimah Yūnānīyah maʻnāhā al-aṣl wa-al-māddah wa-fī al-iṣṭilāḥ hiya jawhar fī al-jism qābil li-mā yaʻriḍ li-dhālika al-jism min al-ittiṣāl wa-al-infiṣāl maḥall lil-ṣūratayn al-jismīyah wa-al-nawʻīyah

[7] (1) Arisṭū huwa faylasūf Yūnānī ʻaẓīm . wulida fī baldat « Stājīr » min bilād Maqdūniyā wa-li-muʼallafātihi ahammīyah kubrá wa-tuʻtabar ka-dāʼirat maʻārif ʻinda al-ʻulamāʼ wa-minhā ( tārīkh al-ḥayawānāt ) wa-qad tuwuffiya fī « Shālkīs » ( sanat 384 — 322 qabla al-Masīḥ )

[7] (1) nuqilat al-ʻibārah ʻan risālat Arisṭū al-dhahabīyah wa-laʻalla al-ṣaḥīḥ ilá al-kull

[8] ( 1 ) wa-al-risālah min ajall al-āthār al-ʻilmīyah

[8] ( 2 ) wa-al-murād min al-ʻaql huwa al-ʻaql al-awwal alladhī huwa maṣdar thānin jawharī li-kāffat al-maʻlūlāt

[8] ( 3 ) Arsālāwus . aw : Arsīzīlās huwa ḥakīm Yūnānī , wulida fī « Bītān » 316 — 241 qabla al-Masīḥ — wa-huwa aḥad asātidhat Suqrāṭ . wa-qad assasa akādīmīyah ʻuẓmá fī bilādihi wa-lahu kathīr min al-faḍl ʻalá talāmīdhihi allatī lā yuḥṣá ʻadaduhā

[9] (1) Abīqūrūs wa-yuqāl Abīkūr aw Abīqūr , aḥad mashāhīr ḥukamāʼ al-Yūnān qīla wulida fī jazīrat Sāmūs ( 341 — 370 ) qabla al-Masīḥ wa-qīla wulida fī Jarjansūs iḥdá ḍawāḥī Athīnā wa-qīla annahu wulida fī ( Gharghatah ) qaryah fī ( Atīkah ) li-anna aṣl salafihi min hunāka wa-atá bihi ṭiflan ilá « Sāmūs » wa-kāna abūhu faqīran muʻalliman fī iḥdá al-madāris al-ḥaqīrah wa-yuḍrab bi-ʻilmihi al-mathal fa-yuqāl : Abīqūrsī

[9] (2) Anbādqalas wulida fī Ajrījantā bi-jazīrat Ṣaqīliyā sanat 450 q m wa-lam nataḥaqqaq sanat wafātihi

[9] (3) Dīmūkrat aw : Dhīmaqrāṭīs , aw : Dhīmūkrītus . huwa faylasūf mashhūr wulida fī ( Abdīrah ) min ( Tarāqah ) fī al-qarn al-khāmis qabla al-Masīḥ ay ʻām 470 q . m . wa-lā tuʻraf sīrat ḥayātihi wa-lā taṣānīfihi maʻrifah thābitah : ammā taṣānīfuhu fa-li-annahā lam taṣil ilaynā wa-ammā ḥayātuhu fa-li-anna mā katabahu ʻanhu al-aqdamūn mukhtaliṭ

[10] bi-ḥikāyāt lā ṭāʼil taḥtahā . wa-yazʻumūn anna Dīmaqrāṭīs ʻāsha 109 sanah , wa-annahu māta bi-ikhtiyārihi karhan fī al-baqāʼ bi-inqiṭāʻihi ʻan al-ṭaʻām

[10] (1) Yā nafsu mithla al-shamsi anti ashiʻʻatun ٭ fī ʻāmirin wa-ashiʻʻatun fī balqaʻi Fa-idhā ṭawá Allāhu al-nahāra tarājaʻat ٭ shattá al-ashiʻʻatu fa-iltaqat fī al-marjaʻi Aḥmad Shawqī

[11] (1) Anqasmadrus . aw : Anqasīmandrūs faylasūf wa-riyāḍī Yūnānī fī al-madrasah al-Ayūnīyah . wa-huwa ibn « Barkasīdas » . « wulida fī Mīlītūs » 610 — 547 qabla al-Masīḥ — wa-qad nusiba ilayhi al-aqdamūn ikhtirāʻāt gharībah wa-aʻmālan ʻajībah . fa-qālū annahu rasama awwal al-kharāʼiṭ al-jughrāfīyah . wa-ikhtaraʻa al-mizwalah ( al-sāʻah al-samshīyah ) wa-minhum man qāla annahu lam yakhtariʻhā bal ʻallama abnāʼ bilādihi kayfīyat istiʻmālihā . wa-lahu muʼallaf ḍakhm yabḥath ʻan « al-lā-nihāyah »

[11] (2) hādhā al-raʼy yuʼayyid madhhab al-nushūʼ wa-al-irtiqāʼ alladhī shāʻa fī al-qurūn al-akhīrah