The doctrine of the philosophers of Islam on matter and spirit

Habaṭat ilayka min al-maḥalli al-arfaʻi ٭ warqāʼu dhātu taʻazzuzin wa-tamannuʻi Maḥjūbatun ʻan kulli muqlati ʻārifin ٭ wa-hiya allatī safarat wa-lam tatabarqaʻi ( Ibn Sīnā )

Madhhab falāsifat al-Islām fī al-māddah wa-al-rūḥ

Ashraqat jazīrat al-ʻArab bi-nūr al-Nabī al-ʻArabī ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-ālihi wa-sallama wa-ẓahara al-Islām wa-asāsuhu tawḥīd al-Ḥaqq al-Mubdiʻ wa-tanzīhuhu ʻan kull ʻajz wa-naqṣ wa-kāna al-ʻālam fī naẓar al-Muslim alladhī rabbat-hu al-taʻālīm al-Qurʼānīyah al-ṣaḥīḥah bi-arḍihi wa-samāʼihi wa-mā iḥtawá ʻalayhi min ḥayawān wa-nabāt wa-jamād khāḍiʻan lil-qudrah al-ilāhīyah yafʻal al-Bārī mā yashāʼ wa-yaḥkum mā yurīd . wa-lammā bazagha fajr al-qarnayn al-thānī wa-al-thālith wa-jāʼa ʻaṣr al-tamaddun al-ʻArabī al-Islāmī wajjaha al-Muslimūn ʻazīmatahum ilá naql kutub al-falsafah allatī waḍaʻat-hā al-umam al-rāqiyah ka-al-Yūnān wa-al-Rūmān wa-al-Furs wa-al-Hind wa-intasharat bayna al-Muslimīn ārāʼ falsafīyah wa-mabādiʼ fikrīyah talaqqāhā qawm min ʻulamāʼ al-Muslimīn bi-īmān waṭīd wa-iʻtiqād akīd wa-baraʻa rijāl fī tilka al-ʻulūm al-falsafīyah wa-waḍaʻū falsafah muʼallafah min al-mabādiʼ al-Yūnānīyah wa-al-taʻālīm al-Islāmīyah wa-hum falāsifat al-Islām wa-min akbar hāʼulāʼi al-faylasūf Ibn Sīnā (1) wa-Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Fārābī (1) wa-Ibn Rushd al-Andalusī al-ṭāʼir al-ṣīt wa-iqtafat āthārahum fiʼah ukhrá min al-Muslimīn wa-qāmū bi-intiṣārihim wa-lammā kānat mabādiʼ al-falsafah al-Yūnānīyah wa-akhawātihā mushtamilah ʻalá uṣūl min al-wathanīyah tunāqiḍ mabādiʼ al-diyānah al-Islāmīyah allatī asāsuhā al-tawḥīd ẓahara qawm wa-waḍaʻū mabādiʼ ʻaqlīyah wafq al-mabādiʼ al-Islāmīyah wa-qāmū bi-naqḍ mā yunāqiḍ min tilka al-ārāʼ qawāʻid al-sharīʻah al-Islāmīyah wa-hum mutakallimū al-Islām wa-min akbar hāʼulāʼi ḥujjat al-Islām Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (2) wa-Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsī (1) wa-al-ʻallāmah al-Ḥasan ibn al-Muṭahhar al-Ḥillī (2) wa-Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar al-Rāzī (3) wa-kāna al-niḍāl bayna al-farīqayn bi-shiddah lam yuʻhad fī tārīkh al-ʻilm mithluhu wa-iftutiḥa bāb al-taʼwīl fī badʼ al-ḥarakah al-ʻilmīyah li-kitāb Allāh al-Majīd kull yuʻazziz raʼyahu bihi wa-kitāb Allāh barīʼ ʻan muwāfaqat ārāʼ bāṭilah wa-mabādin fāsidah

Ammā al-farīq al-awwal ay falāsifat al-Islām atbāʻ falāsifat Aflāṭūn wa-Arisṭū fa-madhhabuhum azalīyat māddah aṣlīyah wafqan li-raʼy al-faylasūfayn wa-inkār khalq al-shayʼ min lā-shayʼ (4) yusammūnahā bi-al-hayūlá (5) aw al-ʻunṣur ghayr al-muṣawwar wa-al-muḥdath al-ḥaqīqī ay ḥudūth shayʼ min al-ʻadam al-baḥth ʻindahum bāṭil bi-ḥukm al-ḍarūrah wa-li-Abī ʻAlī al-faylasūf burhān ʻaqlī li-ithbāt hādhihi al-māddah ay al-hayūlá wa-huwa anna al-jism fī nafsihi muttaṣil wa-lil-infiṣāl lahu qābilīyah wa-yastaḥīl an yakūn al-qābil lahā huwa al-ittiṣāl li-nafsihi li-anna al-shayʼ bi-nafsihi lā yaqbal ʻadamahu fa-lā-budda lil-ittiṣāl min maḥall yaqbal al-infiṣāl wa-dhālika al-maḥall huwa al-hayūlá wa-al-ittiṣāl huwa al-ṣūrah wa-ʻaḍada Ibn Rushd azalīyat al-māddah bi-al-nawʻ wa-ḥudūthahā bi-al-ṣūrah bi-āyāt min al-Kitāb al-Majīd wa-ḥāwala bihā nafy al-ḥudūth al-ḥaqīqī ay khurūj al-shayʼ min al-ʻadam al-maḥḍ ka-qawlihi taʻālá ( wa-huwa alladhī khalaqa al-samawāti wa-al-arḍa fī sittah ayyāmin wa-kāna ʻarshuhu ʻalá al-māʼi ) ḥaythu yaqtaḍī bi-ẓāhirihi wujūdan qabla ījād al-samawāt wa-al-arḍ wa-huwa al-ʻarsh wa-al-māʼ wa-qawluhu taʻālá ( thumma istawá ilá al-samāʼi wa-hiya dukhānun ) yaqtaḍī bi-ẓāhirihi ḥudūth al-ʻālam bi-mashīyah ilāhīyah ʻan māddah sābiqah wa-hiya al-dukhān lil-ʻālam wa-huwa yaqūl ( inna laysa fī ẓāhir al-sharʻ mā yuthbit anna Allāh taʻālá kāna mawjūdan bi-lā wujūd makhlūq (1) ay maʻa al-ʻadam kamā zaʻamahu al-mutakallimūn

Wa-ammā al-farīq al-thānī ay al-mutakallimūn fa-madhhabuhum ḥudūth al-māddah ḥudūthan ḥaqīqīyan ay al-māddah ʻindahum khārijah ʻan al-ʻadam al-maḥḍ bi-qudrah khafīyah azalīyah lam yankashif ilá al-ān sirruhā

Wa-lil-ʻallāmah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī burhān ʻaqlī fī ḥudūth al-māddah wa-al-ajsām al-mutashakkilah minhā bi-asrihā : wa-huwa anna al-ajsām wa-al-māddah lā tanfakk ʻan juzʼīyāt qaḍat al-badīhah bi-ḥudūthihā wa-mā hādhā shaʼnuhu fa-lā-budda an yakūn ḥādithan wa-al-ḥarakah allatī hiya min akhaṣṣ khaṣāyiṣ al-māddah hiya nafsuhā ḥādithah idh lā naʻqil min intiqāl (1) al-shayʼ min ḥālah ilá ukhrá alladhī huwa maʻná al-ḥarakah illā sabq al-ḥālah al-muntaqal ʻanhā ʻalá al-ḥālah al-muntaqal ilayhā sabqan zamānīyan ḥaythu lā yujāmiʻ fīhi al-sābiq wa-al-masbūq wa-al-masbūq bi-al-ghayr sabqan zamānīyan masbūq bi-al-ʻadam li-anna maʻná ʻadam mujāmaʻat al-sābiq wa-al-masbūq huwa an yūjad al-sābiq wa-lā yūjad al-masbūq wa-al-masbūqīyah bi-al-ʻadam hiya maʻná al-ḥudūth

Wa-hādhā al-burhān yukhālif qāʻidat Lāfwāzīh al-maʻrūfah idh thubūt al-ḥarakah allatī lā tanfaṣil al-māddah ʻanhā wa-lā hiya ʻan al-māddah tūjib ḥudūth al-māddah min al-ʻadam al-maḥḍ

Wa-madhhabuhum ay al-Muslimūn al-mutakallimūn fī al-nafs huwa al-ittifāq ʻalá khulūdihā wa-ʻadam fanāʼihā baʻda fanāʼ al-jasad wa-hiya ʻindahum qūwah min al-quwá al-majhūlah wa-hum yarawn anna al-badan sharṭ fī ifāḍatihā kamā yará dhālika Arisṭū wa-laysat mawjūdah qabla wujūd al-badan kamā yadhhab ilayhi Aflāṭūn

— al-ḥawāshī —

[12] (1) Ibn Sīnā al-mutawaffī sanat 428 h — 980 — 1036 yadʻūhu al-Afranj huwa Abū ʻAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā al-Bukhārī

[13] al-mashhūr bi-al-Shaykh al-Raʼīs min kibār falāsifat al-Islām wulida fī qaryat Kharmathīn sanat 370 h wa-kāna ḥādd al-dhakāʼ nādirat ʻaṣrihi Intaqala abūhu ilá Bukhārā wa-hiya yawmaʼidhin ḥāfilah bi-al-ʻulamāʼ fī zaman Nūḥ ibn Manṣūr min mulūk al-dawlah al-Sāmānīyah māta fī Hamadhān sanat 428 wa-huwa fī al-thāminah wa-al-khamsīn wa-muʼallafātuhu tarbū min al-miʼah wa-turjima aktharuhā ilá al-lughāt al-gharbīyah

[13] (1) huwa Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Ṭarkhān wulida bi-al-Fārāb min aʻmāl Khurāsān sanat 260 wa-tuwuffiya bi-Dimashq al-Shām sanat 339 h wa-li-muʼallafātihi ahammīyah kubrá . wa-huwa min akbar falāsifat al-Islām

[13] (2) huwa Abū Ḥāmid ibn Aḥmad wulida bi-Ṭūs min aʻmāl Khurāsān fī sanat 450 wa-māta bihā sanat 505 baʻda an maththala dawran muhimman fī al-ḥarakah al-dīnīyah wa-al-falsafīyah fī ʻaṣrihi wa-lammā hālahu amr al-mufakkirīn al-aḥrār kataba fī al-difāʻ ʻan al-dīn al-Islāmī muʼallafātihi al-thalāthah . iḥyāʼ al-ʻulūm . wa-maqāṣid al-falāsifah . wa-tahāfut al-falāsifah . wa-akhadhat al-falsafah ʻinda al-ʻArab tatadahwar wa-tataḍāʼal amām ṭaʻanāt al-Ghazālī wa-kāda yanmaḥī atharuhā fī al-Sharq baʻda Ibn Sīnā wa-lākinnahā nahaḍat fī al-Andalus wa-Ibn Rushd al-ḥafīd kāna min ʻumdat hādhihi al-nahḍah

[14] (1) al-mutawaffī sanat ( 672 )

[14] (2) wa-huwa al-Ḥasan ibn al-Muṭahhar al-Ḥillī tilmīdh Naṣīr al-Dīn al-shahīr bi-Āyat Allāh wa-li-kutubihi wa-ārāʼihi ahammīyah kubrá wa-huwa min akābir al-muʼallifīn . allafa kutuban kathīrah fī al-uṣūl wa-al-fiqh ʻalá al-madhāhib al-arbaʻah wa-madhhab al-Shīʻah . wa-fī al-falsafah wa-al-kalām wa-al-manṭiq wa-al-falak wa-sharaḥa kitāb al-Tajrīd li-Naṣīr al-Dīn wa-awḍaḥa maʻānīhi al-daqīqah tuwuffiya sanat 728

[14] (3) huwa Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar al-Rāzī min kibār rijāl al-ʻilm wa-lahu muʼallafāt mashhūrah turjima baʻḍuhā ilá al-lughāt al-ajnabīyah wa-kānat falsafatuhu dīnīyah wa-ʻaqāʼīyah tuwuffiya sanat 606

[14] (4) lam tathbut mukhālafat al-Qurʼān li-hādhā al-raʼy baʻda mā-jāʼa fīhi ( am khuliqū min ghayri shayʼin ) idh al-istifhām inkārī taḥqīqan h . n

[14] (5) al-hayūlá ʻinda Lūk al-faylasūf muʼallif kitāb baḥth al-ʻaql al-basharī al-mawlūd sanat 1632 al-mutawaffī sanat 1704 ḍarūrīyah lil-lāzimah

[15] (1) kayfa wa-qad jāʼa ( kāna Allāhu wa-lam yakun maʻahu shayʼun ) h . n

[15] (2) hādhā wa-amthāluhu yuthbit ḥudūthahā ifrādīyan lā mā yusammūnahu nawʻīyan fa-lā yunāfī azalīyatahā hayūlīyan h . n