Matter and spirit among the Europeans

al-Mawt huwa al-dukhūl ilá al-nūr al-aʻẓam ( Hīyījū )

al-Māddah wa-al-rūḥ ʻinda al-Afranj

Kāna li-falsafat Arisṭū al-maqām al-arfaʻ ʻinda al-Afranj wa-kāna al-falīsūf Ibn Rushd al-Andalusī naṣīrahā al-kabīr bi-sharḥihi tilka al-falsafah wa-baththihā bayna al-Afranj wa-kāna lahā sulṭān ʻaẓīm fī nufūsihim ilá an akshaf Ghālīlah sanat 1609 (1) dawarān al-arḍ wa-waḍaʻa al-niẓām al-jadīd fī al-falak wa-ʻinda dhālika ḥadathat thawrah fī al-afkār wa-hayyaʼat-hā li-qubūl mabādi ḥadīthah fī al-falsafah wa-fī khilāl hādhihi al-ḥarakah al-fikrīyah ẓahara al-falīsūf Bākūn (2) wa-waḍaʻa ṣarḥan ʻilmīyan ḥadīthan asāsuhu al-ikhtibār wa-al-tajribah wa-bi-dhālika tazaʻzaʻat arkān falsafat Arisṭū wa-akhadha ẓilluhā yataqallaṣ shayʼan fa-shayʼan wa-dhahaba min falsafatihi mā-lam yakun muqtarinan bi-al-burhān al-sāṭiʻ wa-baqiya al-ṣaḥīḥ ḥasab nāmūs al-irtiqāʼ wa-al-nashw wa-al-falsafah al-ḥadīthah ka-al-qadīmah taʻtabir al-māddah murakkabah min jawāhir fardah fī nihāyat al-ṣighar tusammá ( atūm ) wa-al-ʻanāṣir fī al-falsafah al-ḥadīthah ʻadaduhā yarbū ʻan (70) ʻunṣuran baʻda an kānat ʻinda al-qudamāʼ arbaʻah fa-al-kawn ʻinda ʻāmmat al-ṭabīʻīyīn murakkab min māddah qābilah lil-wazn wa-min qūwah tuḥarrik tilka al-māddah wa-hiya ghayr qābilah lil-wazn wa-hiya ʻalá ashkālihā ( kahrabāʼ ) ( nūr ) ( ḥarārah ) ḥarakāt fī al-jawāhir al-fardah tatanaqqal bi-wāsiṭah sāʼil laṭīf ghayr qābil lil-wazn tasbaḥ fīhi al-jawāhir al-fardah wa-yusammá athīran wa-kull wāḥid min hādhihi al-umūr al-thalāthah mustaqill fī khaṣāʼiṣihi ʻan al-ākharīn idh lā ʻalāqah ẓāhirīyah bayna al-qābilah lil-wazn wa-ghayr al-qābilah lahu wa-al-kammīyah al-maḥdūdah min al-māddah fī al-ʻālam lā yaʻtarīhā ʻindahum taghayyur ziyādah wa-nuqṣānan wa-ʻalá hādhā al-asās baná Lāfūzīyah qāʻidatahu al-maʻrūfah an lā-shayʼa yukhlaq wa-lā shayʼa yuʻdam fa-sharaḥahā annahu idhā aḥraqat qiṭʻat waraq taḥawwalat ilá māddah sawdāʼ takhtalif bi-khaṣ āʼiṣihā ʻan māddat al-waraq li-anna al-waraqah inḥallat ilá aṭwārihā al-aṣlīyah ( karbūn ) ( hīdūrjīn ) aw ksijīn wa-ghayr dhālika fa-ikhtalafa tarkībuhā fa-karbūnuhā mathalan ittaḥada baʻḍuhu bi-awksijīn al-hawāʼ fa-taḥawwala ilá ḥāmiḍ karbūnīk wa-huwa min qism al-ghāz wa-ittaḥada hīdrūjīnuhā ayḍan fa-taḥawwala ilá māʼ bi-ṣūrat bukhār wa-baqiya qism min al-karbūn lam yattaḥid bi-al-awksibjīn wa-huwa al-māddah al-sawdāʼ fa-fī al-mathal taghayyara shakl li-waraqah bi-inḥilālihā wa-lākin al-jawāhir al-fardah al-aṣlīyah allatī tarakkabat minhā al-waraqah lā tazāl mawjūdah bi-tamāmihā wa-in taghayyara shakluhā wa-baʻda mā ʻarafū istiḥālat al-murakkabāt baʻḍuhā ilá baʻḍ iktashafū hādhihi al-ḥaqīqah fī al-qūwah ayḍan fa-abānū anna al-quwá yastaḥīl baʻḍuhā ilá baʻḍ fa-al-ḥarakah tastaḥīl ilá al-ḥarārah wa-hādhihi ilá ḍawʼ wa-min thumma tataḥawwal ilá kahrabāʼ wa-raʼá al-ṭabīʻīyūn anna baʻḍ al-mawādd tashtarik bi-khaṣāʼiṣihā bayna al-māddah wa-al-athīr wa-yajʻal al-hawāʼ mūṣilan lil-kahrabāʼīyah wa-takhriq al-mawādd al-ṣulbah wa-taqbal taʼthīr al-mughnaṭīs wa-hiya umūr gharībah ʻalá qawāʻid al-ʻulūm al-ṭabīʻīyah wa-min thumma akhadhū fī al-baḥth ʻan kashf hādhā al-sirr al-ghāmiḍ fa-waṣalat afkāruhum ilá baʻḍ naẓarīyāt uṣība bi-naqd wa-radd thumma qāma al-duktūr Jūstāf Lūbūn (1) al-baḥḥāthah al-Afransī al-shahīr fa-abāna anna al-qāʻidah al-qadīmah anna al-māddah lā tafná wa-annahā jāmidah lā taṣdur minhā illā al-qūwah allatī iktasabat-hā min qabl laysat fī ṭaraf al-iṣābah wa-al-iḥtibār al-mustanid ilá al-tajribah yadull ʻalá anna al-māddah maṣdar hāʼil lil-qūwah al-musammāh « bi-al-qūwah al-kāminah fī al-dharrāt » wa-tilka al-qūwah qābilah lil-intishār bi-dhātihā wa-aghlab qūwāt al-kawn wa-ʻalá al-akhaṣṣ al-kahrabāʼīyah wa-ḥarārat al-shams ātiyah min tilka al-qūwah al-kāminah fī al-dharrāt wa-allatī tantashir fī taḥallul al-māddah al-qūwah wa-al-māddah ṣūratān li-shayʼ wāḥid fa-al-māddah ṣūrah min ṣuwar al-qūwah al-kāminah fī al-dharrāt wa-hiya akthar istiqrāran wa-al-ḥarārah wa-al-ḍawʼ wa-al-kahrabāʼīyah wa-mā-huwa min nawʻ dhālika ṣūrah thāniyah li-tilka al-qūwah wa-lākinnahā aqall istiqrāran fa-faṣl al-dharrāt baʻḍuhā ʻan baʻḍ aw bi-ʻibārah ukhrá ifqād al-māddah māddīyatahā ʻibārah ʻan taḥwīl ṣūratihā al-mustaqirrah ilá ṣuwarihā ghayr al-mustaqirrah al-musammāh bi-al-kahrabāʼīyah aw ḍawʼ aw ḥarārah aw ghayr dhālika . wa-lammā kāna al-ḍawʼ wa-al-kahrabāʼīyah wa-akthar al-quwá al-maʻrūfah mutawallidah min taḥawwul al-māddah ṣaḥḥa anna al-jism matá tashaʻʻaʻa faqada juzʼan min jirmihi bi-mujarrad hādhā al-tashaʻʻuʻ fa-idhā istaṭāʻa an yushaʻʻiʻa qūwatahu kullahā tafāná bi-tamāmihi fī al-athīr

Fa-rādiyūm (1) asraʻ al-mawādd inḥilālan yursil dharrātihi bi-surʻah taqrub min surʻat al-nūr (200/000) kīlūmitran fī kull thāniyah fa-niṣf al-jarām minhu baʻda (1500) sanah yataḥawwal taḥwīlan tāmman wa-baʻda (10000) sanah lā yabqá minhu illā juzʼan min māʼah fa-idhā tatābaʻa hādhā al-intishār al-ʻaẓīm wa-law baʻda malāyīn min al-sinīn inqalaba ilá qūwah majhūlah fa-al-qūwah wa-in lam yaẓhar sirruhā ghayr munfaṣilah ʻan al-māddah kāminah fīhā wa-lā ithnīyah baynahumā kamā ẓanna baʻḍ al-ʻulamāʼ qadīman ( hādhā yaqrub min ārāʼ al-mutakallimīn )

Ārāʼ al-Afranj fī al-ḥayāh

Ahamm ārāʼ al-Afranj fī al-ḥayāh thalāthat ārāʼ kubrá awwaluhā anna al-ḥayāh qūwah min quwá warāʼ al-ṭabīʻah wa-hibah min al-ʻillah al-ūlá al-sarmadīyah wa-ʻalá hādhā al-raʼy jamāʻah min akābir ʻulamāʼihim muṣarriḥīn bi-wujūd al-ʻillah al-ūlá minhum al-faylasūf Bāstūr (2) yaqūl hādhā al-faylasūf ( anna maʻrifat Allāh wa-iḥtirāmahu yaṣilān ilá ʻaqlī kamā naṣil naḥnu ilá al-ḥaqāʼiq al-fīzīkīyah ) .

Suʼila Bāstūr kayfa al-tawfīq bayna iktishāfātika al-ʻilmīyah wa-al-taʻālīm al-dīnīyah fa-ajāba qāʼilan . bi-anna durūsī badalan min an tuzaʻziʻa iʻtiqādī jaʻalatnī fī īmānī ka-al-fallāḥ al-Brīṭānī ( mathal Afransī yuḍrab bihi al-mathal )

wa-minhum Niyūtūn (1) al-ṭabīʻī al-shahīr alladhī daḥaḍa ārāʼ al-māddīyīn fī arbaʻ rasāʼil kubrá wa-baʻatha bihā ilá al-duktūr Tanbilī ) yaqūl ( anna hādhā al-intiẓām fī al-shams wa-al-qamar wa-al-sayyārāt wa-al-mudhannabāt lā yumkin an yakūn ṣāniʻuhu illā mawjūd qādir ʻalá kull shayʼ wa-hum yunkirūn tawallud al-ḥayy min ghayr al-ḥayy fa-al-ḥayy ʻindahum lā yatawallad illā min al-ḥayy .

wa-minhum Bāskāl yaqūl fī kitābihi ( al-Afkār ) laysa hādhā al-ʻālam al-marʼī kulluhu illā atharan ḥafīfan yakād lā yurá fī ḥiḍn al-ṭabīʻah al-wāsiʻ

wa-innahu kurah lā nihāʼīyah markazuhā fī kull makān wa-laysa iṭāruhā fī ayy makān yaḍill taṣawwurunā bi-tilka al-qikrah wa-dhālika akbar āyah tadull ʻalá qudrat Allāh ʻalá kull shayʼ (2)

wa-minhum Mālīrānsh (1) al-Faransī fa-innahu qassama al-kāʼināt ilá arbaʻah anwāʻ fa-al-nawʻ al-aʻlá huwa Allāh al-muḥīṭ bi-kull shayʼ

wa-minhum Hārfá mustakshif dawarān al-dam fī al-badan qāla mā sharaḥtu ḥayawānan illā raʼaytu fīhi shayʼan jadīdan wa-adillah jadīdah ʻalá al-ʻināyah al-ilāhīyah

wa-minhum al-ustādh Jūlīh fa-innahu istantaja fī ʻajāʼib mushāhadātihi fī ʻālam al-ḥasharāt wujūd qūwah ʻāliyah ilāhīyah

wa-minhum Haksilá yaʻtarif fī kitābihi Dārwīnā bi-annahu yastaḥīl naqḍ al-ulūhīyah bi-ḥasab madhhab al-irtiqāʼ

wa-yaqūl fī maqāl ākhar lahu anna man yunkir wujūd Allāh kamā taṣawwarahu ( Sabīnbūrā ) lil-aḥmaq wa-yaʻtarif ākhiran bi-al-qūwah al-fāʻilah

wa-thāniyuhā mā yaqūl bihi ( Hīrmān Abīrhārd Rīkhtar ) (2)

anna al-farāgh alladhī narāhu mamlūʼ bi-al-jarāthīm al-ṣuwar al-ḥayyah ka-al-jawāhir al-fardah allatī tatakawwan minhā al-māddah al-ʻaṣmāʼ kilāhumā fī tajaddud mustamirr lā yatawallāhumā al-ʻadam fa-al-ḥayāh ʻalá hādhā al-raʼy nāshiʼah min al-khalīyah .

— al-ḥawāshī —

[17] (1) — Ghālīlah min aʻẓam al-falakīyīn al-Īṭālīyīn . wulida fī madīnat ( Bīz ) wa-tuwuffiya ḍarīran ( 1564 — 1642 ) wa-qad ikhtaraʻa fī ( Fūnīz ) ʻām 1609 awwal mukabbir tamakkana min maʻrifat aḥwāl al-qamar bi-wāsiṭatihi . fa-huwa alladhī iktashafa kayfīyat dawarān al-arḍ ḥawl al-shams kamā tadūr ḥawlahā ghayruhā min al-nujūm ( wa-al-ʻawālim ) al-ukhrayāt allatī tatanaʻʻam min nūrihā . wa-qad allafa ʻām 1632 mujalladan ḍakhman awdaʻa fīhi jamīʻ al-asrār allatī iktashafahā . wa-huwa mujallad laṭīf shakarahu ʻalá taʼlīfihi īyāhu kull faylasūf wa-ʻālim

[17] (2) Frānsuwā Bākūn huwa faylasūf Injilīzī ʻaẓīm kāna zaman al-malik ( Jāk al-awwal ) wulida fī Lūndarah wa-qad najjá al-falsafah min al-suqūṭ bi-kitābatihi mujalladan asmāhu wulida wa-tuwuffiya ʻām — 1561 — 1626 — .

[19] (1) huwa al-faylasūf al-baḥḥāthah al-shahīr muʼallif kitāb Jawāmiʻ al-kalim wa-Sirr taṭawwur al-umam

[20] (1) Rādiyūm huwa jins maʻdanī iktashafahu : Bīmūn Kūrī , wa-imraʼatuhu al-sayyidah Kūrī wa-qad wajadāhu fī Abīshirāns . wa-lil-rādiyūm alladhī uktushifa ʻām 1894 manāfiʻ jammah li-tazyīd inārat al-kahrabāʼ , wa-lil-ālāt al-muṣawwarah ilkh .

[20] (2) Luwīz Bāstūr ʻālim falakī Afransī wulida fī baldat Ḍūl wa-huwa maʻrūf bi-khadamātihi al-ʻadīdah lil-insānīyah wa-bi-mukhtaraʻātihi al-ʻaẓīmah li-taṭbīb al-marḍá . wulida wa-māta — 1822 — 1912 —

[21] (1) Niyūtūn huwa faylasūf Inkilīzī al-aṣl wulida fī Wulistūrb — 1642 — (1727)

[21] (2) Balīz Bāskāl huwa faylasūf wa-falakī Afransī ʻaẓīm wulida fī Kalīrmūn wa-la-qad kāna māhiran bi-ʻilm al-ḥisāb fa-tawaṣṣala li-ikhtirāʻ ālat kātibah mukhaṣṣaṣah lil-ḥisāb . fa-fī aḥad al-ayyām ḥadatha lahu ḥādith ʻinda qanṭarat Nuwayyī daʻāhu yatruk al-falsafah wa-al-ikhtirāʻāt jāniban , wa-yanzawī ilá al-ʻibādah wa-li-dhālika qalla maʻa kull asaf al-nafʻ alladhī kāna yajtanī min warāʼ Lambīz Bāskāl ! ..

[22] wa-qad aṣbaḥa rāhiban dayyinan lā yatanāsā al-ʻibādah wa-law ṭarfat ʻayn . wa-qad tuwuffiya qabla an yutimm kitāban dīnīyan kāna qad ibtadaʼa bi-tadwīnihi , wa-huwa taḥta ʻunwān ( taʼammulāt ) . wulida wa-tuwuffiya ʻām — 1623 — 1662 — wa-li-Bāskāl mathal ʻalá al-insān yaqūl bihi : « mā al-marʼ illā qaṣabah min al-qaṣabāt al-ʻādīyah , illā annahu qaṣabah mufakkirah . »

[22] (1) wulida Mālīrānsh sanat 1638 m wa-tuwuffiya sanat 1715

[22] (2) Hīrmān Abīrhārd Rīkhtar al-mulaqqab bi ( Jān Būl )