As for the rational soul

Thālithuhā raʼy al-qāʼilīn bi-al-tawallud al-dhātī wa-bi-hādhā al-raʼy al-duktūr Bāstiyān min Inkiltirā wa-al-ustādh Hīkal (1) min Almāniyā fa-al-ḥayāh ʻalá madhhabihim min ghayr al-ḥayy fa-ʻalayhi lā takūn azalīyah

( ammā al-nafs al-nāṭiqah )

allatī hiya ʻinda al-rūḥīyīn maṣdar al-quwá al-ʻaqlīyah fa-hiya ʻinda al-māddīyīn nāshiʼah ʻan aʻmāl dimāghīyah fa-al-dimāgh maṣdar al-quwá al-ʻaqlīyah wa-hum yunkirūn tajarrudahā bi-al-maʻná alladhī yuthbituhu al-rūḥīyūn sharḥan wa-īḍāḥan li-madhhabihim nūrid mithālan li-kayfīyat fiʻl al-dimāgh idhā waṣala athar al-ihtizāz al-athīrī min al-mubṣir ilá shabakat al-ʻayn yaḥduth fī al-ʻaṣab al-naẓarī ihtizāzan wa-yamtadd hādhā al-ihtizāz al-athīrī ilá al-ṭabaqah al-mustaqirrah fī maḥall makhṣūṣ min al-dimāgh wa-yaṣil ilá khalīyah ḥassāsah min al-khalāyā al-dimāghīyah wa-hunā taʼkhudh hādhihi al-khalīyah fī iḥālat hādhā al-athar ilá iḥsās baṣarī wa-ka-dhālika sāʼir al-aʻmāl al-dimāghīyah min al-ḥawāss al-ẓāhirīyah wa-al-bāṭinīyah fa-majmūʻ al-afʻāl al-dimāghīyah al-nāshiʼah ʻan al-ihtizāzāt fī al-athīr wa-al-aʻṣāb wa-intibāh al-khalāyā bi-ḥarakatihā al-mawjūdah fī al-māddah al-dimāghīyah huwa al-nafs fa-ʻalayhi takūn hādhihi al-afʻāl nāshiʼah min al-qūwah al-kāminah fī al-māddah wa-ifrāgh al-māddah tilka al-qūwah al-kāminah fī dhātihā wa-khulāṣat al-raʼy anna al-ʻaql ḥarakah fī alyāf al-dimāgh al-daqīqah

inna dhikr al-faylasūf Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī fī ḍimn risālatihi baʻḍ āthār li-ḥawāss al-ẓāhirīyah wa-al-bāṭinīyah wa-ishāratahu ilá irtisām al-ṣuwar fī al-dimāgh daʻānā an nadhkur shayʼan min tarkīb al-dimāgh wa-aʻmāl ḥuwayṣilātihi bi-mā athbatahu ʻulamāʼ al-ʻaṣr istinādan ilá al-ikhtibār al-ṣaḥīḥ wa-al-iktishāf al-ṣarīḥ li-takūn al-muqaddimah bi-dhālika wāfiyah lil-gharaḍ wa-mūḍiḥah li-abḥāth al-risālah wa-Allāh taʻālá walī al-tawfīq

( al-dimāgh )

wa-huwa min ahamm al-marākiz al-ʻaṣabīyah fa-tatakawwan min māddah nukhāʻīyah tashghal al-jumjumah wa-yuqaddirūn zinatahu taqrīban fī al-insān naḥw ( 1300 ) jarām wa-huwa yataʼallaf min ʻiddat ajzāʼ ahammuhā arbaʻah :

(1) al-mukhkh wa-huwa yashghal al-juzʼ al-ʻulwī wa-al-muqaddam min al-jumjumah wa-yablugh thiqlahu naḥw 9 aʻshār thiql al-dimāgh kullahu

(2) al-mukhaykh markazuhu fī asfal al-mukhkh min al-jihah al-khalfīyah

(3) al-qanṭarah wa-hiya ḥizām ʻaṣabī ʻarīḍ yaltaff ḥawl al-nukhāʻ al-mustaṭīl wa-yaṣil al-juzʼ al-mukhaykh al-ayman bi-al-juzʼ al-aysar minhu

(4) al-nukhāʻ al-mustaṭīl wa-huwa al-waṣlah bayna al-dimāgh wa-al-nukhāʻ al-shawkī

( al-mukhkh )

yatakawwan min jawharayn mumayyazayn aḥaduhumā lubbá abyaḍ kathīf wa-huwa al-jawhar al-līfī al-ʻaṣabī al-dī yatakawwan min al-juzʼ al-akbar min al-dimāgh wa-yatakawwan min jānib ʻaẓīm min al-marākiz al-ʻaṣabīyah wa-huwa al-juzʼ al-raʼīsī min al-aʻṣāb allatī taṣil al-marākiz al-dimāghīyah bi-al-ansijah wa-al-thānī saṭḥī raqīq sinjābī al-lawn māʼil ilá al-ḥumrah wa-huwa al-jawhar al-ḥuwayṣilī al-ʻaṣabī wa-fīhi marākiz al-ḥiss wa-quwá al-ʻaql ka-al-fikr wa-al-irādah wa-fīhi tuḍār kīs kathīrah tuʻraf bi-al-talāfīf al-mukhkhīyah wa-lil-talāfīf al-mukhkhīyah ahammīyah kubrá fī al-quwá al-ʻaqlīyah wa-al-aʻmāl al-ʻaṣabīyah

( al-mukhaykh )

yataʼallaf min thalāthat ajzāʼ : ithnān minhā mutasāwiyān fī al-jānibayn wa-wāḥid minhā aṣghar min kull minhumā wa-huwa ka-al-mukhkh yatakawwan min māddah sinjābīyah ẓāhirah wa-ukhrá bayḍāʼ bāṭinah wa-al-māddah al-ūlá tatafarraʻ bayna ajzāʼ al-māddah al-thāniyah wa-waẓīfat al-mukhaykh hiya tanẓīm al-ḥarakāt al-juthmānīyah wa-tartībihā wa-lā shaʼn lahu fī nafs al-ḥarakāt fa-innahā min fiʻl al-mukhkh

( al-nukhāʻ al-mustaṭīl )

huwa kutlah ʻaṣabīyah tarbuṭ al-dimāgh bi-al-nukhāʻ al-shawkī wa-yataʼallaf min māddatayn aḥaduhumā bayḍāʼ ẓāhirīyah wa-al-ukhrá sinjābīyah bāṭinīyah ʻaks al-mukhkh wa-yataqābal fīhi kathīr min aʻṣāb al-nukhāʻ al-shawkī al-wāridah ilá al-dimāgh wa-matá waṣalat-hu hādhihi al-aʻṣāb inʻakasa ittijāhuhā . fa-al-aʻṣāb al-ātiyah min al-jihah al-yumná fī al-jism tadhhab ilá jihat naḍf kurat al-mukhkh al-aysar wa-al-aʻṣāb al-ātiyah min al-jihah al-yusrá tadhhab ilá naḍf kurat al-mukhkh al-ayman wa-huwa markaz min marākiz al-aʻmāl al-munʻakisah wa-wāsiṭah waḥīdah bayna aʻṣāb al-nukhāʻ al-shawkī wa-al-mukhkh wa-al-mukhaykh wa-tanqul al-taʼthīrāt ilá al-dimāgh wa-al-ḥabl al-shawkī bi-wāsiṭat al-aʻṣāb wa-hiya khuyūṭ fī ghāyat al-diqqah wa-ḥibāl ittiṣāl taṣil al-marākiz al-ʻaṣabīyah baʻḍuhā bi-baʻḍ wa-tatawazzaʻ fī anḥāʼ al-jism al-mukhtalifah fa-taḥmil al-qūwah min al-markaz ilá anḥāʼ al-jism wa-ka-dhālika tanqul al-taʼthīrāt minhu ilá al-markaz wa-waẓīfatuhā muzdawijah wa-fīhā nawʻān min al-alyāf al-awwal : al-alyāf al-mūridah wa-hiya aʻṣāb al-ḥiss allatī tanqul al-taʼthīrāt min al-muḥīṭ ilá al-markaz wa-al-thānī : al-muṣaddirah wa-hiya al-aʻṣāb allatī tanqul al-taʼthīrāt min al-markaz ilá al-muḥīṭ wa-hiya fī ʻamalihā hādhā lā qūwah lahā fī tawlīd al-majrá al-ʻaṣabī bal lā-budda lahā min munabbih li-kay taqūm bi-waẓīfatihā fa-aʻṣāb al-ḥiss tatanabbah ʻādah bi-wāsiṭat al-ajsām al-khārijīyah allatī tafʻal bi-aṭrāfihā . wa-aʻṣāb al-markaz tatanabbah bi-wāsiṭat al-irādah aw qūwah ukhrá tatawallad fī al-marākiz al-ʻaṣabīyah fa-ʻalayhi al-ḥuwayṣilāt al-dimāghīyah lā tadkhul fī al-ʻamal illā idhā nabbahat-hā qūwah min al-khārij wa-li-kull minhā majāl saʻatihi bi-nisbat ʻadad al-alyāf al-ʻaṣabīyah allatī taṣiluhā bi-aʻḍāʼ al-jism wa-taṣiluhā baʻḍuhā bi-baʻḍ

( fī al-ḥawāss al-ẓāhirīyah wa-al-bāṭinīyah )

zaʻama ḥukamāʼ al-Islām wa-falāsifat al-Yūnān anna quwá al-ḥawāss al-ẓāhirīyah mawdūʻah fī nafs al-ālāt al-mukhtaṣṣah bihā fa-al-qūwah al-bāṣirah mawdūʻah fī al-ʻayn wa-al-sāmiʻah mawdūʻah fī al-udhun wa-ka-dhālika al-quwá al-thalāth al-ukhar min dūn an yakūn lil-mukhkh al-dimāghī wa-ḥuwayṣilātihi wa-al-alyāf al-ʻaṣabīyah allatī tarbuṭ al-marākiz baʻḍuhā bi-baʻḍ madkhalīyah fī fiʻlihā dhakara dhālika Ibn Sīnā wa-Arisṭū wa-ghayruhumā fī muʼallafātihim wa-lammā bazagha fajr al-ʻilm fī al-qurūn al-akhīrah ẓahara ʻilm al-tashrīḥ bi-maẓhar jalī jadīd wa-inḍammat ilayhi al-tajārib al-ṭibbīyah ḥaṣala lil-ʻulamāʼ maʻārif mutqanah qa-ijtimāʻ al-ʻilmayn aṣbaḥa nātijan ʻan ʻilm yuʻraf bi-al-ʻilm ( al-baskūlūjī ) ( al-fasyiyūlūjī ) aw al-falsafah al-nafsīyah al-mabnīyah ʻalá maʻrifat al-waẓāʼif al-ʻuḍwīyah wa-badaʼa bi-hādhā al-maẓhar al-jadīd min ʻahd ( Brūkā ) (1) alladhī iktashafa markaz al-nuṭq min al-dimāgh wa-akhadhat al-iktishāfāt baʻdahu yatbaʻ baʻḍuhā baʻḍan wa-al-ʻuqad tanḥall wāḥidah baʻda al-ukhrá fa-ʻurifat ḥudūd al-dimāgh wa-waẓāʼif kull nuqṭah wa-bi-ẓuhūr hādhā al-asās al-jadīd ʻarafa ʻulamāʼ al-ʻaṣr anna fiʻl al-ḥawāss ẓāhirīyah kānat am bāṭinīyah innamā yanshaʼ min fiʻl al-ḥuwayṣilāt al-dimāghīyah wa-al-talāfīf al-mawjūdah fīhā wa-al-alyāf al-ʻaṣabīyah allatī tarbuṭ al-marākiz baʻḍuhā bi-baʻḍ

( fī kayfīyat ḥuṣūl al-mudrakāt )

wa-kayfīyat ḥuṣūl al-mudrakāt wa-inṭibāʻ rusūmihā fī al-dimāgh huwa anna al-dimāgh fī awwal adwārihi ʻadīm al-iktirāth bi-al-muʼaththirāt al-khārijīyah li-ḍaʻf al-jawhar al-nijābī fīhi fa-kullamā yataqaddam al-insān fī ṭayy marāḥil al-ḥayāh wa-tattasiʻ dāʼirah mashhūdātihi taʼkhudh ḥuwayṣilāt al-ḥiss wa-al-ḥarakah bi-al-numūw wa-yashraʻ bi-al-tadarrub ʻalá al-ʻamal bi-tathqīf dhātī fa-yaʼkhudh bi-al-idrāk shayʼan fa-shayʼan ay yuṣbiḥ bināʼuhu mustaʻiddan li-qubūl ṣuwar al-mudrakāt allatī tarid ilayhi min al-khārij ḥattá idhā kamula bināʼuhu wa-waṣala ilá darajat al-takwīn al-māddī yuṣbiḥ ka-ṣafḥat al-mirʼāt tanʻakis fīhā al-ṣuwar fa-idhā aththara fīhi muʼaththir tanāwala rasmahu wa-ḥafiẓahu nasījuhu wa-bayān dhālika anna tamawwuj al-muʼaththirāt al-khārijīyah yaqaʻ ʻalá al-ḥawāss al-khams fa-yantaqil bi-ḥibālihā al-ʻaṣabah ilá al-dimāgh fa-yantahī fīhi ilá khalīyah mukhkhīyah ḥassāsah fa-hunā taʼkhudh hādhihi al-khalīyah bi-iḥālat al-athar al-wārid ilá iḥsās khāṣṣ bi-kayfīyah waqafa al-ʻilm dūn kashf ḥijābihā fa-mā yunqal min al-ʻaṣab al-baṣarī yataḥawwal ilá iḥsās baṣarī wa-mā yunqal min al-ʻaṣab al-samʻī yataḥawwal ilá iḥsās samʻī wa-ʻalá hādhā al-nasaq fiʻl al-ḥawāss al-ukhar wa-hādhā al-fiʻl ay fiʻl al-ḥawāss yaḥduth min al-tamawwuj wa-huwa nawʻ min al-tamawwuj fa-mā yunqal min al-ʻayn yataḥawwal ilá tamawwuj baṣarī wa-mā yunqal min al-udhun yataḥawwal ilá tamawwuj samʻī ( ilkh ) wa-yaqif idh dhāka ʻamal al-tamawwuj al-manqūl bi-al-ḥibāl al-ʻaṣabīyah fa-takmun qūwatuhu fī al-rasm al-manqūl ʻanhu wa-tabqá fī al-rasm ʻalá ḥālah min al-buṭūʼ wa-al-kumūn wa-takūn ʻalá istiʻdād dāʼim li-istirjāʻ qūwatihā bi-taʼthīr maḥsūsāt jadīdah khārijīyah mubāsharah aw ghayr mubāsharah wa-ʻalá dhālika yakūn fī al-ṭabaqah al-sinjābīyah min al-rusūm bi-qadar mā yarid ilayhā min al-taʼthīrāt wa-hiya rusūm lams wa-samʻ wa-baṣar wa-shamm wa-dhawq

wa-lā taqtaṣir al-ḥuwayṣilāt ʻalá ḥifẓ rusūm al-ḥiss bal takhzun ayḍan rasm al-ḥarakah allatī taḥduth min al-tamawwujāt al-ṣādirah min ḥarakat al-ʻaḍalāt wa-al-mafāṣil wa-al-aṭrāf wa-al-mashy wa-al-kitābah wa-amthālihā bi-ḥaythu anna kull al-rusūm takūn natījat tamawwuj khārijī maḥsūs yataḥawwal ilá nawʻayn ḥāss wa-muḥarrik wa-yuṭlaq ʻalá al-makhzan al-dī takhzun fīhi al-rasm al-mufakkirah aw al-dhākirah fa-humā ismān mutarādifān yustaʻmalān li-maʻná wāḥid wa-huwa tanbīh ṣuwar maḥfūẓah fī al-ḥuwayṣilah al-dimāghīyah idhā intabahat bi-fiʻl munabbih khārijī jadīd taḥawwalat ilá qūwah fāʻilah wa-ḥaṣala mā yusammá taṣawwuran ay anna al-taṣawwur huwa intibāh ṣūrah min ṣuwar al-mufakkirah kamā yattaḍiḥ dhālika fī al-mithāl al-ātī :

idhā awmaḍa barq wa-ʻaqibahu raʻd aththara al-barq fī al-ʻayn wa-al-raʻd fī al-udhun ay anna jihāz al-qubūl al-baṣarī yaqbal al-tamawwujāt al-khārijīyah bi-wāsiṭat al-ʻaṣab al-baṣarī wa-yusajjiluhā fī mufakkiratihi ay fī ḥuwayṣilah aw ʻiddat ḥuwayṣilāt dimāghīyah muʻayyanah wa-mukhaṣṣaṣah a-qubūl hādhā al-athar wa-jihāz al-qubūl al-samʻī yaqbal al-tamawwujāt bi-wasāṭat al-ʻaṣab al-samʻī wa-yaḥfaẓuhā fī al-ḥuwayṣilāt al-mukhaṣṣaṣah li-qubūlihi fa-idhā ṭaraqa al-udhun fajʼah hazīm raʻd jadīd fa-ihtizāzuhu yūqiẓ mubāsharah al-ṣuwar al-samʻīyah wa-hādhā huwa taṣawwur al-raʻd wa-ghayr mubāsharah wa-huwa taṣawwur al-barq fa-yaḥṣul fī ān wāḥid intibāhān munfaṣilān li-ṣūratayn munfaṣilatayn wa-taṣawwurān mutamayyizān humā al-raʻd wa-al-barq fa-al-taṣawwur hunā yataʻallaq bi-dhikr wāḥid ay bi-ṣūrah wāḥidah wa-laysa bi-ṣuwar kathīrah wa-al-raʻd wa-al-barq lā yankashifān illā bi-ihtizāz wāḥid khārijī maḥsūs wa-laysa lahumā illā ṣūrah wāḥidah wa-dhikr wāḥid lil-raʻd al-ṣawt wa-lil-barq al-nūr

ammā irtibāṭ al-taṣawwur al-samʻī bi-al-taṣawwur al-baṣarī fa-nātij min irtibāṭ al-markazayn bi-al-alyāf al-ʻaṣabīyah allatī tajʻaluhumā yashtarikān fī majmūʻ min al-aʻmāl

al-dhākirah

baʻda mā taṣil al-taʼthīrāt al-khārijīyah bi-wāsiṭat al-ihtizāzāt al-ʻaṣabīyah ilá al-dimāgh tuʼkhadh ṣuwaruhā fīhi wa-tartasim fī ḥuwayṣilātihi wa-yaḥṣul dhālika bi-surʻah wa-suhūlah aw bi-buṭʼ wa-ṣuʻūbah wa-yakūn al-rasm jalīyan wāḍiḥan aw ḍaʻīfan mushawwashan wa-yathbut muddah ṭawīlah aw yakūn sarīʻ al-zawāl kull dhālika bi-al-nisbah ilá bināʼ al-ḥuwayṣilāt al-khāṣṣ wa-istiʻdādihā al-ṭabīʻī li-annahā idhā kānat ḍaʻīfat al-bināʼ qalīlat al-numūw akhadhat al-rusūm bi-buṭʼ wa-kānat qalīlat al-wuḍūḥ wa-al-dawām wa-al-ḥāṣil min akhdh al-rusūm al-dimāghīyah wa-min tanbīhihā wa-ʻawdihā ilá al-ẓuhūr huwa mā yusammá bi-al-dhākirah wa-ʻalayhi takūn al-dhākirah bi-majmūʻ al-ḥāṣil min rusūm mutaʻaddidah wa-min istiʻdādihā fa-hiya laysat waẓīfah wāḥidah dimāghīyah mustaqillah lahā maḥall makhṣūṣ maḥdūd kamā zaʻamahu al-qudamāʼ wa-falāsifat al-Islām ka-Ibn Sīnā wa-Ibn Rushd al-Andalusī (1) wa-ghayruhumā wa-innamā uṭliqa ʻalayhā ism al-mufrad li-taḥdīd ʻamal mushtarak bayna majmūʻ min al-dhākirāt wa-lā yumkin an yūjad dhākirah wāḥidah li-annahu lā yūjad ḥāṣil wāḥid li-taṣawwur al-tadhkārāt al-mutaʻaddidah wa-istiʻdādihā bal dhākirāt kathīrah tatafarraq ḥudūduhā fī ḥuwayṣilāt al-samʻ wa-al-baṣar wa-al-shamm wa-al-dhawq wa-al-lams wa-yaṣiḥḥ an yukhaṣṣaṣ ism li-kull minhā ka-al-samʻīyah wa-al-baṣarīyah ilkh

— al-ḥawāshī —

[23] huwa kātib Almāná . wulida wa-tuwuffiya ʻām — 1763 — 1825

[23] (1) faylasūf baḥḥāthah Almāná shahīr wulida sanat 1770 — 1831

[27] (1) Būl Brūkā jarrāḥ Afransī māhir wulida fī Sīnt — Fawá — Lā Ghrānd , wa-huwa aḥad aʻḍāʼ al-majmaʻ al-ṭibbī wa-qad anshaʼa madrasah ṭibbīyah ʻuẓmá wulida wa-tuwuffiya ʻām 1824 — 1880

[30] (1) 1126 — 1198 huwa Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Rushd al-Qurṭubī min akābir falāsifat al-Islām shāriḥ falsafat Arisṭū balagha awj majdihi ʻalá ʻahdihi Yaʻqūb al-Manṣūr bi-Allāh wa-washaw bihi ḥussāduhu bi-annahu yaʻtaniq al-falsafah al-mukhālifah lil-dīn al-Islāmī wa-yū lahu al-Zahrah fa-ʻaqada al-Manṣūr majlisan min mashāhīr Qurṭubah wa-ḥakama ʻalayhi bi-al-nafy fī madīnah ( Lūsāniyā ) ghayr annahu rajaʻa bi-ḥukm al-Manṣūr wa-akramahu wa-lahu muʼallafāt kathīrah tarjamahā al-Afranj min al-ʻArabīyah ilá al-lughāt al-gharbīyah wa-baḥatha al-faylasūf . ( Arnist Rinān ) fī falsafat wa-tārīkh ḥayātihi fī kitābihi alladhī turjima ilá al-ʻArabīyah