Falsafa

Comma for either/or — dharma, courage. Spelling forgiving — corage finds courage.

    20th Century · English

    Magna Carta: A Commentary on the Great Charter of King John

    William Sharp McKechnie

    Magna Carta: A Commentary on the Great Charter of King John, by William Sharp McKechnie (1863–1930), a public-domain text from Liberty Fund's Online Library of Liberty.

    Chapters
    229
    Variants
    229
    Genre
    Law
    Difficulty
    Advanced

    Chapters

    1. 01Preface to Second Edition.prose
    2. 02From Preface to First Edition.prose
    3. 03Part I, Events Leading to Magna Carta.prose
    4. 04I.: William I. to Henry II.—Main Problem: the Monarchy.prose
    5. 05II.: William I. to Henry II.—Problem of Local Government.prose
    6. 06III.: William I. to Henry II.—Problem of Church and State.prose
    7. 07IV.: Richard I. and John.prose
    8. 08V.: The Years of Crisis, 1213–15.prose
    9. 09VI.: Runnymede, and after.prose
    10. 10Feudal Grievances and Magna Carta, I.: The Immediate Causes of the Crisis.prose
    11. 11II.: The Crown and Feudal Obligations.prose
    12. 12III.: Royal Justice and Feudal Justice.prose
    13. 13Magna Carta: Its Form and Contents, I.: Its Prototypes: Earlier Charters.prose
    14. 14II.: Magna Carta: its Form and Juridical Nature.prose
    15. 15III.: Magna Carta: its Contents and Characteristics.prose
    16. 16IV.: Magna Carta: an Estimate of its Value.prose
    17. 17V.: Magna Carta. Its defects.prose
    18. 18V.: Magna Carta: Value of Traditional Interpretations.prose
    19. 19VII.: Magna Carta. Its traditional relation to Trial by Jury.prose
    20. 20Historical Sequel to Magna Carta, I.: Reissues and Confirmations of the Great Charter.prose
    21. 21II.: Magna Carta and the Reforms of Edward I.prose
    22. 22Magna Carta: Original Versions, Printed Editions and Commentaries, I.: Manuscripts of Magna Carta and Relative Documentsprose
    23. 23II.: Previous Editions and Commentaries.prose
    24. 24Text, Translation, and Commentary, Preamble.prose
    25. 25Chapter One.prose
    26. 26(1): Quod Anglicana ecclesia libera sit.prose
    27. 27(2): Canonical Election.prose
    28. 28II.: Civil and Political Rights.prose
    29. 29Chapter Two.prose
    30. 30I.: Assessment of Reliefs.prose
    31. 31(1): Feodum militis integrum.prose
    32. 32(2): Baronia integra.prose
    33. 33(3): Baronia comitis integra.prose
    34. 34III.: Liability of Church Property to “Relief.”prose
    35. 35Chapter Three.prose
    36. 36Chapter Four.prose
    37. 37Chapter Five.prose
    38. 38I.: The Obligations of the Warden of a Lay–fief.prose
    39. 39II.: Wardships over Vacant Sees.prose
    40. 40Chapter Six.prose
    41. 41Chapter Seven.prose
    42. 42(1): Dower.prose
    43. 43(2): Maritagium.prose
    44. 44(2): Estovers of Common.prose
    45. 45Chapter Eight.prose
    46. 46Chapter Nine.prose
    47. 47Chapter Ten.prose
    48. 48I.: The History of the Jews in England.prose
    49. 49II.: Legal Position of the Jews.prose
    50. 50Chapter Eleven.prose
    51. 51Chapter Twelve.prose
    52. 52I.: Protection of Crown Tenants from arbitrary Exactions.prose
    53. 53(1): Feudal aids.prose
    54. 54(2): Scutage.prose
    55. 55II.: Protection of London from arbitrary Exactions.prose
    56. 56(3): Comparison of Aid and Tallage.prose
    57. 57(4): London’s attempts to escape tallage.prose
    58. 58(5): Effects of omission of “tallage” from Magna Carta.prose
    59. 59(6): Nature of the protection accorded to London.prose
    60. 60(7): Later history of the Crown’s right to tallage the towns.prose
    61. 61III.: Magna Carta and the Theory of Parliamentary Taxation.prose
    62. 62Chapter Thirteen.prose
    63. 63Chapter Fourteen.prose
    64. 64II.: Composition of the Council.prose
    65. 65III.: Position of “Minor Barons.”prose
    66. 66IV.: Representation.prose
    67. 67V.: Powers of the Council.prose
    68. 68VI.: Rights of Majorities and Minorities.prose
    69. 69Chapter Fifteen.prose
    70. 70I.: Points of difference between tenants–in–chief and under–tenants.prose
    71. 71II.: The Influence of Magna Carta upon later Practice.prose
    72. 72(3): Special Aids.prose
    73. 73Chapter Sixteen.prose
    74. 74Chapter Seventeen, I.: The Curia Regis as a Court of Law.prose
    75. 75II.: Common Pleas and Royal Pleas.prose
    76. 76III.: Influences of Magna Carta on genesis of Courts of Common Law.prose
    77. 77IV.: The Evolution of the Court of Common Pleas.prose
    78. 78V.: Common Pleas and the Exchequer.prose
    79. 79Chapter Eighteen.prose
    80. 80I.: The Curia Regis and the travelling Justices.prose
    81. 81II.: Nature and Origin of the Petty Assizes.prose
    82. 82(1): The Grand Assizeprose
    83. 83(2): The petty assizesprose
    84. 84III.: Aims of Magna Carta.prose
    85. 85IV.: Effects of Magna Carta.prose
    86. 86V.: An Erroneous View.prose
    87. 87VI.: Later History of the Justices of Assize.prose
    88. 88Chapter Nineteen.prose
    89. 89Chapter Twenty.prose
    90. 90(2): Fixed money–payments.prose
    91. 91(3): Amercements.prose
    92. 92(1): Amercement of freeholders.prose
    93. 93(2): Amercement of merchants.prose
    94. 94(3): Amercements of villeins.prose
    95. 95(4): The difference between fines and amercements.prose
    96. 96(5): Contenement.prose
    97. 97Chapter Twenty–one.prose
    98. 98Chapter Twenty–two.prose
    99. 99Chapter Twenty–three.prose
    100. 100I.: Origin of Obligation to make Bridges.prose
    101. 101II.: The King’s interest in the Repair of Bridges.prose
    102. 102III.: Erroneous Interpretations.prose
    103. 103Chapter Twenty–four.prose
    104. 104I.: Pleas of the Crown.prose
    105. 105II.: Keeping and Trying Criminal Pleas.prose
    106. 106III.: The Intention of Magna Carta.prose
    107. 107IV.: An Erroneous View.prose
    108. 108V.: Local Magistrates under John.prose
    109. 109(1): The Sheriff.prose
    110. 110(2): The constable.prose
    111. 111(3): The coroners.prose
    112. 112(4): The bailiffs.prose
    113. 113Chapter Twenty–five.prose
    114. 114Chapter Twenty–six.prose
    115. 115I.: Nature of the Grievance.prose
    116. 116II.: The Right to Bequeath.prose
    117. 117Chapter Twenty–seven.prose
    118. 118Chapter Twenty–eight, I.: Purveyance in General.prose
    119. 119(1): Provisioning of castles.prose
    120. 120(1): Requisition of forced labour.prose
    121. 121(2): Billeting of soldiers in private houses.prose
    122. 122Chapter Twenty–nine.prose
    123. 123Chapter Thirty.prose
    124. 124Chapter Thirty–one.prose
    125. 125Chapter Thirty–two, (1): The felon’s lands.prose
    126. 126(2): The felon’s chattels.prose
    127. 127(1): Indictment.prose
    128. 128(2): Conviction.prose
    129. 129(3): Attainder.prose
    130. 130Chapter Thirty–three.prose
    131. 131Chapter Thirty–four.prose
    132. 132I.: Royal Writs and Feudal Jurisdictions.prose
    133. 133II.: The Intention of Magna Carta.prose
    134. 134(1): The letter of the law.prose
    135. 135(2): Evasion of its spirit.prose
    136. 136IV.: Influence on later legal development.prose
    137. 137Chapter Thirty–five.prose
    138. 138Chapter Thirty–six.prose
    139. 139I.: Trial by Combat prior to the Reign of John.prose
    140. 140II.: The Writ of Life and Limb.prose
    141. 141III.: Subsidiary Uses of the Writ.prose
    142. 142IV.: Later History of Appeal and Battle.prose
    143. 143Chapter Thirty–seven.prose
    144. 144Chapter Thirty–eight.prose
    145. 145I.: Medieval Interpretations.prose
    146. 146II.: Modern Interpretations.prose
    147. 147III.: Nature of the grievance.prose
    148. 148Chapter Thirty–nine, I.: Its Main Object.prose
    149. 149(1): Judgment must precede execution.prose
    150. 150(2): Per judicium parium:prose
    151. 151(3): Per legem terrae.prose
    152. 152(4): The meaning of “vel.”prose
    153. 153II.: The Scope of the Protection afforded.prose
    154. 154(1): Capiatur vel imprisonetur.prose
    155. 155(2): Aut disseisiatur.prose
    156. 156(3): Aut utlagetur, aut exuletur, aut aliquo modo destruatur.prose
    157. 157(4): “Nec super eum ibimus, nec super eum mittemus.”prose
    158. 158III.: What Classes enjoyed the Protection of Judicium Parium?prose
    159. 159IV.: Reactionary Side of these Provisions.prose
    160. 160V.: Genesis of this Chapter.prose
    161. 161(2): The royal contention.prose
    162. 162(3): Criminal pleas.prose
    163. 163(4): Civil pleas.prose
    164. 164(1): The identification of judicium parium with trial by jury.prose
    165. 165(2): Magna Carta and arbitrary commitment.prose
    166. 166Chapter Forty.prose
    167. 167Chapter Forty–one.prose
    168. 168I.: Magna Carta favours alien Merchants.prose
    169. 169II.: Customs and Tolls.prose
    170. 170III.: The Motives prompting these Provisions.prose
    171. 171IV.: English Boroughs and Merchant Strangers.prose
    172. 172Chapter Forty–two.prose
    173. 173Chapter Forty–three.prose
    174. 174Chapter Forty–four, I.: The Royal Forests.prose
    175. 175II.: Origin of the Forests.prose
    176. 176III.: Forest officials.prose
    177. 177IV.: Forest Courts.prose
    178. 178V.: Chases, Parks, and Warrens.prose
    179. 179VI.: Forest Rights and Forest Grievances.prose
    180. 180(1): The extent of the forests.prose
    181. 181(2): The monopoly of hunting.prose
    182. 182(3): Interference with rights of property.prose
    183. 183(4): Interference with the pursuits of the poor.prose
    184. 184(5): Attendance at forest courts.prose
    185. 185(6): Fines and punishments.prose
    186. 186(7): Arbitrary government and illegal exactions.prose
    187. 187VII.: Later History of Forests and Forest Laws.prose
    188. 188Chapter Forty–five.prose
    189. 189Chapter Forty–six.prose
    190. 190Chapter Forty–seven.prose
    191. 191Chapter Forty–eight.prose
    192. 192Chapter Forty–nine.prose
    193. 193Chapter Fifty.prose
    194. 194Chapter Fifty–one.prose
    195. 195Chapter Fifty–two.prose
    196. 196Chapter Fifty–three.prose
    197. 197Chapter Fifty–four.prose
    198. 198Chapter Fifty–five.prose
    199. 199Chapter Fifty–six.prose
    200. 200Chapter Fifty–seven.prose
    201. 201Chapter Fifty–eight.prose
    202. 202Chapter Fifty–nine.prose
    203. 203Chapter Sixty.prose
    204. 204Chapter Sixty–one.prose
    205. 205I.: The “Security” or legal Sanction.prose
    206. 206(1): Appointment of the twenty–five executors.prose
    207. 207(2): A majority to form a quorum.prose
    208. 208(5): The part to be played by the public.prose
    209. 209III.: Relations to Contemporary Theory.prose
    210. 210IV.: Modern Criticism.prose
    211. 211(1): Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?prose
    212. 212(3): Suspicions of John’s good faith.prose
    213. 213(4): Precautions against papal intervention.prose
    214. 214Chapter Sixty–two.prose
    215. 215Chapter Sixty–three.prose
    216. 216Appendix. Documents Relative to, or Illustrative of, Magna Carta, I.: The Charter of Liberties of Henry I. (1100.)prose
    217. 217II.: The Second or Oxford Charter of Stephen. (1136.)prose
    218. 218III.: Charter of Henry II. (circa 1154.)prose
    219. 219IV.: The So–called “Unknown Charter of Liberties” of John. (circa 1214–1215.)prose
    220. 220V.: The Articles of the Barons. (1215.)prose
    221. 221VI.: Writs Supplementary of John’s Great Charter, (1): Writ to Stephen Harengod, dated 23rd June, 1215, announcing that prose
    222. 222(3): Writs issued to the sheriffs of counties on 19th June, 1215.prose
    223. 223(4): Writs issued to the sheriffs of counties on 27th June, 1215.prose
    224. 224(5): Conventio facta inter Regem Anglie et barones ejusdem regni.prose
    225. 225(6): Protest by archbishops of Canterbury and Dublin, and other prelates, that chapter 48 of the Great Charter was to beprose
    226. 226(7): Protest by the archbishops and other prelates that the barons repudiated their promise to ratify their oaths by forprose
    227. 227VII.: The Great Charter of Henry III. (third reissue, 11th february, 1225.)prose
    228. 228VIII.: Carta De Foresta. (6 november, 1217.)prose
    229. 229X.: Miscellaneous, XI.: Reports, Bibliographies, and Dictionaries.prose

    In the atlas

    fully mapped

    Figures293

    King John · Henry II · Edward I · Henry III · Richard I · Henry I · Matthew Paris · Stephen Langton · William Blackstone · Edward III

    Ideas210

    Scutage · Wardship · Trial by Combat · Amercement · Relief · Trial by Jury · Forest Law · Judicium Parium · Pleas of the Crown · Purveyance

    Places149

    England · Runnymede · Scotland · London · Normandy · Ireland · The Exchequer · Curia Regis · Rome · Wales

    Groups147

    The Barons · Villeins · Sheriffs · Commune Concilium · Citizens of London · Crown Tenants · The Church · Freemen · Jews · The Twenty-Five Barons

    Events121

    Norman Conquest · The sealing of Magna Carta at Runnymede · Barons' War · Battle of Evesham · Becket's murder · Crisis of 1215 · Reissue of Magna Carta · Treaty of Lambeth · 1133 Case of a Guardian Accused of Violating His Ward · 1209 Forest Devastation Order

    Objects102

    Magna Carta · Articles of the Barons · Charter of the Forest · Pipe Rolls · Coronation Charter of Henry I · Dialogus de Scaccario · Domesday Book · Carta de Foresta · Charter of 1217 · Constitutions of Clarendon

    Animals15

    Hare · Deer · Dog · Fallow Deer · Fox · Greyhounds and mastiffs · Hawks and falcons · Hawks, falcons and eagles · Oxen · Pigs

    570 citations · 345 themes · 2,256 entity mentions — every one anchored to a verbatim passage. The atlas.