The Muhammadan Creed

Al-ʻAqīdah al-Muḥammadīyah

Bism Allāh al-Raḥmān al-Raḥīm

Al-ḥamd li-Allāh alladhī hadānā li-maʻrifatihi bi-faḍlihi, wa-al-ṣalāh wa-al-salām ʻalá sayyidinā Muḥammad al-mursal bi-al-hudá wa-dīn al-ḥaqq li-yuẓhirahu ʻalá al-dīn kullihi, wa-ʻalá ālihi al-ṭāhirīn, wa-aṣḥābihi nujūm al-yaqīn

Ammā baʻd fa-hādhihi ʻaqāʼid ahl al-ḥaqq ahl al-sunnah wa-al-jamāʻah aʻlá Allāh kalimatahum, wa-ayyada bi-al-naṣr dawlatahum, wa-hiya mā yajib ʻalá kull ṭālib li-al-najāh wa-murīd li-al-saʻādah an yaʻtaqidahu, wa-inna hādhā al-ʻabd al-faqīr Muḥammad ʻAbduh ibn ʻAbduh ibn Ḥasan Khayr Allāh min ahālī Maḥallat Naṣr bi-mudīrīyat al-Buḥayrah min mudīrīyāt al-Wajh al-Baḥrī, min al-quṭr al-Miṣrī, yasruduhā kamā yaʻtaqiduhā, mutaḥāshiyan ʻan dhikr muṭawwalāt al-adillah allatī yaṣʻub ʻalá afhām al-ʻāmmah wa-al-qāṣirīn idrākahā, tārikan dhālika li-al-ʻulamāʼ wa-dhawī al-siʻah fī al-iṭṭilāʻ

Awwal wājib ʻalaynā maʻrifat Allāh taʻālá wa-wujūbuhā bi-al-sharʻ wa-ṭarīq taḥṣīlihā al-naẓar fī al-aʻyān al-thābitah, wa-al-mawjūdāt al-ḥādithah, wa-ʻindanā anna wujūd al-akwān min aʻyān wa-aʻrāḍ muḥaqqaq, wa-ʻilmunā bi-dhālika thābit, wa-kilāhumā bi-muqtaḍá al-badāhah al-ūlá.

Wa-al-ʻadamīyūn al-zāʻimūn khilāf dhālika mukhtallū al-shuʻūr, muḍallilū al-ʻuqūl, fa-lā ʻibrah bi-mā yaqūlūn, wa-lā yuʻadd raʼyuhum madhhaban yudhkar ʻinda mātudhkar al-madhāhib li-munāqaḍatihi li-muqtaḍá al-fiṭrah

Wa-qad jaʻala Allāh li-ʻilminā bi-al-ashyāʼ asbāban jarat sunnat Allāh an yakhluqa al-ʻilm ʻaqib istiʻmālihā wa-hiya thalāthah (awwaluhā) al-ḥawāss al-khams al-ẓāhirah wa-hiya maʻrūfah (wa-thāniyuhā) al-ʻaql wa-qad yakūn al-ʻilm al-ḥāṣil bihi badīhīyan yarsukh fī al-nafs bi-dūn ḥājah ilá al-fikr, wa-huwa ḥarakat al-nafs fī maʻlūmātihā li-al-wuṣūl ilá majhūl, wa-qad yakūn naẓarīyan yaḥtāj ilá dhālika, wa-hādhā al-taqsīm badīhī yaʻrifuhu kull shakhṣ bi-mā yajid min nafsihi, wa (thālithuhā) al-khabar al-ṣādiq wa-huwa nawʻān al-khabar al-mutawātir wa-huwa māyanquluhu jamāʻah yuḥīl al-ʻaql tawāṭuʼahum ʻalá al-kadhib maʻa thubūt hādhā al-waṣf fī jamīʻ ṭabaqāt al-naql, wa-lā yakūn illā fī al-maḥsūsāt (wa-al-thānī) khabar al-rasūl al-muʼayyad bi-al-muʻjizah, wa-kilā al-nawʻayn maṣḥūb bi-al-taʻaqqul al-awwalī fī taḥṣīl al-ʻilm,

Wa-bi-kull min hādhihi al-asbāb al-thalāthah yaḥṣul al-yaqīn al-thābit wa-al-iʻtiqād al-jāzim fa-ikhbār al-rasūl ʻan maghīb yufīdunā fī al-tayaqqun bihi māyufīduhu al-iḥsās wa-badāhat al-ʻaql. Wa-al-ilhām min asbāb al-ʻilm lākinnahu makhṣūṣ bi-afrād yakhtaṣṣuhum al-ḥaqq taʻālá bihi

Wa-kull hādhihi al-asbāb yaḥṣul ʻaqibahā al-ʻilm bi-khalq Allāh kamā qulnā lā bi-ṭarīq al-ījāb wa-lā al-tawlīd khilāfan li-al-falāsifah wa-al-Muʻtazilah,

Wa-al-nisab allatī yataʻallaq bihā ḥukmunā al-ʻaqlī lahā kayfīyāt thalāth lāyajtamiʻ ithnatān minhā fī nisbah wāḥidah, wa-hiya al-ḍarūrah ay al-wujūb, wa-al-imtināʻ ay al-istiḥālah, wa-al-imkān ay al-jawāz, fa-al-nisbah al-ḍarūrīyah hiya allatī yaḥkum al-ʻaql bi-ḥuṣūlihā nafyan kānat aw ithbātan wa-lā yumkinuhu an lā yaḥkum aw yujawwiz al-ḥukm bi-irtifāʻihā fī ḥāl min al-aḥwāl aw fī zaman min al-azmān, wa-al-nisbah al-muntafiyah hiya al-ʼī yaḥkum al-ʻaql bi-irtifāʻihā wa-lā yumkinuhu an yaḥkum aw yujawwiz al-ḥukm bi-ḥuṣūlihā fī ḥāl min al-aḥwāl aw zaman min al-azmān, wa-al-nisbah al-mumkinah hiya allatī yumkin li-al-ʻaql an yaḥkum bi-thubūtihā fī ḥāl aw zaman wa-yumkinuhu an yaḥkum bi-irtifāʻihā fī ḥāl aw zaman ākhar

Wa-hādhā huwa maʻná qawl al-ʻallāmah al-Sanūsī: inna al-ḥukm al-ʻaqlī yanḥaṣir fī thalāthat aqsām, al-wujūb, wa-al-istiḥālah, wa-al-jawāz, fa-al-wājib mālā yataṣawwar fī al-ʻaql ʻadamuhu wa-al-mustaḥīl mālā yataṣawwar fī al-ʻaql wujūduhu wa-al-jāʼiz mā yataṣawwar fī al-ʻaql wujūduhu wa-ʻadamuhu ih

Wa-al-ʻālam bi-jamīʻ ajzāʼihi wa-jawāhirihi wa-aʻrāḍihi ḥādith bi-al-ḍarūrah yashhad ʻalá dhālika mā huwa lāzim li-ḥaqīqatihi min al-taghayyur wa-al-tabaddul wa-al-tajaddud wa-al-taqaḍḍī fī awṣāfihi al-mulāzimah lahu fa-kull māfī al-ʻālam immā zāʼil bi-al-mushāhadah aw mulāzim li-al-zāʼil wa-lā yulāzim al-zāʼil illā qābil al-zawāl wa-huwa al-ḥādith bi-ḥukm al-naẓar al-ṣaḥīḥ

Wa-hādhā al-ḥudūth al-thābit li-jamīʻ ajzāʼ al-ʻām aw ajnāsihi wa-anwāʻihi nurīd minhu al-ḥudūth al-zamānī wa-huwa al-masbūq bi-ʻadam khilāfan li-al-ṭabīʻīyīn al-qāʼilīn inna al-māddah qadīmah bi-al-dhāt, wa-al-falāsifah al-ilāhīyīn al-dhāhibīn ilá qidam baʻḍ al-ajsām wa-al-mawādd bi-al-zamān, wa-li-baʻḍihim fī al-qawl bi-al-qidam al-nawʻī wa-in iʻtarafā bi-ḥudūth jamīʻ al-ashkhāṣ wa-al-juzʼīyāt, wa-badāhat al-ʻaql ḥākimah bi-an ḥudūth shayʼ min nafsihi muḥāl — fa-jumlat al-ʻālam allatī hiya ḥādithah bi-al-ḍarūrah muḥtājah ilá muḥdith khārij ʻanhā

Wa-al-muḥdith li-al-ʻālam huwa Allāh taʻālá wājib al-wujūd alladhī wujūduhu li-dhātihi fa-lā yaḥtāj ilá mūjid wa-lā mukammil li-al-wujūd, fa-huwa al-mawjūd al-ḥaqq al-azalī al-qadīm al-abadī al-bāqī, al-ghanī ʻan kull mawjūd fī dhātihi wa-fī ṣifātihi, alladhī lā yushārik mawjūdan wa-lā yushārikuhu mawjūd fī jins aw nawʻ aw faṣl aw waṣf ḥaqīqī, bal huwa al-mutaʻālī ʻan al-ajnās wa-al-anwāʻ wa-al-fuṣūl, fa-huwa al-wāḥid alladhī lā thānī lahu, wa-al-fard alladhī lā sharīk lahu, kull dhālika yathbut lahu ḍarūrah bi-ḥukm annahu wājib al-wujūd khāliq li-kull mawjūd, wa-huwa li-hādhā yataʻālá ʻan al-makān wa-al-jihah (1) kamā yatanazzah ʻan an yuḥīṭa bi-kunhihi al-idrāk, wa-laysa bi-jawhar wa-lā ʻaraḍ wa-lā yushābih shayʼan min al-ʻālam fī awṣāfihi, wa-lā yaṣduq ʻalayhi al-ḥadd wa-lā al-ʻadd wa-lā al-kamm wa-lā al-kayf wa-lā yuḥmal ʻalayhi shayʼ min lawāzimihā taʻālá ʻan jamīʻ dhālika ʻulūwan kabīran

Wa-huwa taʻālá al-qādir bi-qudrah, al-ʻālim bi-ʻilm, al-murīd bi-irādah, al-ḥayy bi-ḥayāh, al-samīʻ bi-samʻ, al-baṣīr bi-baṣar, al-mutakallim bi-kalām, wa-tilka al-ṣifāt zāʼidah ʻalá dhātihi lāhiya huwa wa-lā hiya ghayruhu khilāfan li-al-Muʻtazilah al-dhāhibīn ilá nafy al-ṣifāt nafsahā ʻanhu taʻālá. Wa-qudratuhu shāmilah li-kull māwujida wa-mā yūjad min al-mumkināt, wa-ṣāliḥah al-taʻalluq bi-kull māfī al-imkān an yūjad, wa-lā fiʻl li-fāʻil wa-lā athar li-mawjūd illā wa-huwa ṣādir bi-qudratihi taʻālá mubāsharah,

Wa-al-asbāb allatī narāhā ẓawāhir yakhluq al-afʻāl wa-al-āthār ʻindahā khilāfan li-al-Muʻtazilah wa-al-falāsifah fī qawl al-awwalīn bi-al-tawlīd wa-al-ākharīn bi-al-taʻlīl. Wa-nisbat al-khilqah li-ghayr Allāh kufr ṣarīḥ (1) wa-kayfa yumkin li-qudrah aw qūwah an yaṣdura ʻanhā shayʼ wa-hiya taḥta qahr mālik al-quwá wa-al-qadar wa-maṣrifihā bi-irādatihi

Ammā ʻilmuhu taʻālá fa-huwa mutaʻalliq bi-al-kullīyāt wa-al-juzʼīyāt jamīʻihā lā yaʻzub ʻanhu daqīq wa-lā kabīr wa-lā khafī wa-lā ẓāhir, wa-mutaʻalliq bi-kull mafhūm wa-kull nisbah khilāfan li-al-falāsifah al-qāʼilīn bi-annahu lā yaʻlam al-juzʼīyāt illā bi-wajh kullī, wa-in awwalū dhālika fa-huwa lā yadfaʻ al-taṣawwur fī jānib al-ʻilm taʻālá ʻan dhālika ʻulūwan kabīran. Wa-irādatuhu mutaʻalliqah bi-al-khayr wa-al-sharr wa-lā yarḍá minnā illā imtithāl al-awāmir wa-al-zawājir al-ilāhīyah, fa-farq bayna al-irādah wa-al-riḍā fī jānibihi taʻālá, fa-shaʼn al-irādah takhṣīṣ al-ḥādith bi-waqt wa-ṣifah wa-huwa lā yastalzim al-riḍā khilāfan li-al-Muʻtazilah, fa-subḥānahu lā yaʻzub ʻan ʻilmihi mithqāl dharrah fī al-arḍ wa-lā fī al-samāʼ. Wa-lā yataḥarrak fī al-kawn mutaḥarrik wa-lā yaskun fīhi sākin illā bi-irādatihi, wa-intiẓām al-kawn wa-mā fīhi min daqāʼiq al-ḥikam yadullunā bi-al-qaṭʻ ʻalá thubūt al-awṣāf al-arbaʻah al-uwal, wa-man yudaqqiq al-naẓar fī nafsihi wa-fī al-akwān khuṣūṣan ʻālam al-ḥayāh min al-nabāt ilá al-insān yamtaliʼ qalbuhu wa-yafīḍ min anwār hādhihi al-ṣanāt al-ilāhīyah (inna fī khalq al-samāwāt wa-al-arḍ wa-ikhtilāf al-layl wa-al-nahār li-āyāt li-ulī al-albāb)

— al-ḥawāshī —

[25] 1) al-makān wa-al-jihah min al-nisab wa-al-ḥudūd al-iḍāfīyah li-al-ajsām fa-al-makān mā yakūn fīhi al-shayʼ wa-al-jihah nisbat makān ghayrinā ilaynā fa-nisbat mā yuḥādhī ruʼūsanā ilaynā al-fawqīyah wa-mā yuḥādhī asfal arjulinā al-taḥtīyah wa-hākadhā naqūl fī yuḥādhī al-yamīn wa-al-shimāl wa-al-wajh wa-al-qafā aw al-amām wa-al-warāʼ. Fa-lā yūjad shayʼ mustaqill ismuhu al-jihah wa-al-jism al-kurawī laysa fīhi jihah wa-kadhā ghayruhu fī nafsihi. Wa-maʻná taʻālī al-rabb ʻan al-makān wa-al-jihah annahu ʻazza wa-jalla fawqa jumlat al-ʻālam alladhī humā min nisabihi, bāʼin minhu kamā qāla al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ wa-matá kānat al-nisbah bayna al-rabb wa-khalqihi al-baynūnah imtanaʻa taḥaqquq nisbah ukhrá baynahumā ka-al-jihāt al-sitt wa-al-amkinah. Wa-al-fawqīyah al-muṭlaqah wa-al-ʻulūw al-muṭlaq ghayr al-fawqīyah wa-al-ʻulūw al-muqayyadayn bi-mā yuḥādhī raʼs al-insān al-mukhtalifayn bi-ikhtilāf tanaqqulihi wa-taḥawwulihi min makān ilá ākhar, fa-Allāh taʻālá fawqa ʻibādihi bi-jumlatihim wa-fawqa kull fard minhum lā fī khāṣṣat nafsihi bal bi-iʻtibār al-ʻālam kullihi

[26] 1) al-taʻlīl wa-al-tawlīd yaẓhar an fī baʻḍ al-ashyāʼ ka-ḥarakat al-khātim bi-al-tabaʻ li-ḥarakat al-iṣbaʻ fa-hādhihi sabab li-tilka qaṭʻan wa-lākin al-khalq al-murād fī hādhā al-maqām amr ākhar wa-huwa al-ījād wa-al-taṣarruf al-istiqlālī bi-al-irādah ʻalá muqtaḍá al-ʻilm, fa-ḥarakat al-iṣbaʻ laysat bi-ʻilm minhu wa-lā irādah, wa-min al-muḥāl an yakūn ījād Allāh al-ʻālam bi-hādhā al-maʻná bi-an mā fīhi min al-niẓām al-ʻajīb fī kull jins wa-kull nawʻ wa-kull shakhṣ wa-fī majmūʻ al-anwāʻ wa-al-ajnās dalīl ʻalá ījād kull bi-ʻilm wa-irādah wa-ikhtiyār, wa-waḥdat hādhā al-niẓām al-ʻāmm dalīl ʻalá anna mūjidahu wāḥid aḥad. Wa-hādhā kulluhu lā yamnaʻ an yakūn awjada asbāban muʼaththirah fī musabbabātihā yakhluquhā bihā lā ʻindahā kamā taqūl al-Ashāʻirah? Wa-katabahu nāshiruhu Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā