Conception and Judgment

al-Taṣawwur wa-al-ḥukm

Kull man amʻana al-naẓar wa-aʻmala al-fikr qalīlan ʻalima anna li-al-insān iḥsāsayn aḥaduhumā ( ẓāhirī ) wa-huwa alladhī yaḥṣulu lanā bi-sabab taʼthīr al-ashyāʼ al-khārijīyah fī aʻḍāʼ al-ḥawāss wa-al-ākhar ( bāṭinī ) wa-huwa tafakkurunā al-khāṣṣ fī al-maḥsūsāt allatī taʼtī lanā bi-wāsiṭat al-iḥsās al-awwal fa-huwa iḥsās al-iḥsās .

Wa-ālāt al-iḥsās al-ẓāhirī hiya al-aʻḍāʼ al-ẓāhirah al-khāṣṣah bi-al-baṣar wa-al-samʻ wa-al-dhawq wa-al-shamm wa-al-lams wa-kayfīyat dhālika huwa an bayna hādhihi al-aʻḍāʼ wa-al-dimāgh aʻṣāban daqīqah shaʻrīyah taṣilu kullan minhā bi-al-dimāgh fa-idhā taʼaththara ṭaraf hādhihi al-aʻṣāb al-khārijī bi-al-ashyāʼ al-maḥsūsah waṣala hādhā al-taʼthīr ilá al-ṭaraf al-bāṭinī wa-bihi yataʼaththaru al-juzwʼ al-makhṣūṣ li-tilka al-ḥāssah min al-dimāgh . Wa-hādhā al-taʼaththur yakūnu ʻalá ḥasab istiʻdād dhālika al-juzwʼ wa-kayfīyatuhu idh annahu yakhtalifu bi-ikhtilāf al-ashkhāṣ wa-ʻanhu nashaʼa kawn baʻḍuhum dhakīyan wa-al-ākhar ghabīyan aw sarīʻ al-ḥifẓ aw baṭīʼuhu wa-ghayr dhālika .

Wa-ḥīna wuṣūl al-taʼaththur ilá al-dimāgh nashʻuru bi-al-ashyāʼ wa-nudrikuhā wa-hādhā huwa alladhī sammaynāhu iḥsāsan ẓāhirīyan . Wa-yanṭabiʻu hādhā al-athar wa-yabqá muddah qalīlah aw kathīrah ʻalá ḥasab qābilīyat al-juzwʼ al-mukhtaṣṣ bihi min al-dimāgh wa-hādhā mā yusammá ḥāfiẓah .

Wa-ālāt al-iḥsās al-bāṭinī hiya hādhihi al-ḥāfiẓah idh hiya allatī tumaththilu fī al-dhihn ṣūrat al-shayʼ alladhī kunnā adraknāhu awwalan thumma nasīnāhu wa-tūqiẓu fīnā ʻayn al-taʼaththur alladhī kāna qad ḥaṣala lanā minhu min inbisāṭ aw inqibāḍ sawāʼ kāna manẓūran aw masmūʻan aw ghayr dhālika . Wa-hādhā al-taṣawwur huwa mā sammaynāhu taṣawwuran bāṭinīyan aw taṣawwuran bi-al-wāsiṭah . Wa-qad yusammá ayḍā ( takhayyulan ) aw ( wahman ) bi-ḥasab qūwat al-taṣawwur aw ḍaʻfihi wa-salāmatihi aw ikhtilāṭihi bi-ghayrihi . Wa-ʻalá kull ḥāl fa-inna jamīʻ mā nataṣawwaruhu rājiʻ ilá al-taṣawwurāt al-ẓāhirīyah wa-hiya rājiʻah ilá dhāt al-shayʼ al-maḥsūs al-mawjūd .

Wa-lā yakhfá anna fī imkāninā an nastakhrija min taṣawwurāt ʻadīdah taṣawwuran wāḥidan mithl an nataṣawwara janāḥay nasr thumma nataṣawwara jism faras thumma qawāʼim ghazāl thumma raʼs insān thumma najmaʻa baynahā jamīʻahā fa-nataṣawwara farasan lahā ajniḥah nasr wa-qawāʼim ghazāl wa-wajh insān wa-qad naḍaʻu lahu isman qiyāsan ʻalá al-maḥsūsāt al-khārijīyah fa-nadʻūhu mathalā bi-ḥiṣān al-jaww aw ghayr dhālika . ( Wa-qad nataṣawwaru al-shayʼ mubālaghan fīhi ʻan aṣlihi mithl an nataṣawwara ghādatan ṭūluhā khamsūn alf dhirāʻ wa-ʻarḍuhā munāsib li-ṭūlihā wa-ka-al-maradah allatī yataṣawwaruhā al-ʻāmmah aw ʻalá al-ʻaks fī al-qiṣar wa-al-ṣighar ka-taṣawwurātihim fī al-jinn aw Yaʼjūj wa-Maʼjūj wa-ghayr dhālika )

Wa-lanā ṭarīq ākhar fī al-taṣawwur wa-huwa mā yusammī bi-al-tajrīd aw ( qaṭʻ al-naẓar ) wa-dhālika an naftakira fī al-ṣūrah al-muktasabah aw fī baʻḍihā min ghayr tafakkur fī mawṣūfihā mithl an naʻudda khams tuffāḥāt thumma naftakira fī al-ʻadad faqaṭ bi-qaṭʻ al-naẓar ʻan maʻdūdihi . Wa-innā nulāḥiẓu al-nisab bayna al-aʻdād wa-natanāqashu fī khawāṣṣ al-kusūr wa-ghayrihā fī ʻilm al-ḥisāb ʻalá hādhā al-ṭarīq ay bi-qaṭʻ al-naẓar ʻan maʻdūd khāṣṣ bi-ʻaynihi . Wa-mithl dhālika idhā lāḥaẓnā baldatayn wa-lāḥaẓnā al-ṭarīq baynahā fa-qad naqṭaʻu al-naẓar ʻan ʻarḍ al-ṭarīq wa-sāʼir aḥwālihi wa-lā nulāḥiẓu illā ṭūlahu wa-imtidādahu faqaṭ thumma naqṭaʻu al-naẓar ʻan al-baldah wa-ʻarḍihā wa-ṭūlihā wa-lā nulāḥiẓuhā illā min ḥaythu kawnihā mabdaʼ li-dhālika al-ṭūl wa-ʻalá hādhā qāla arbāb al-handasah anna al-khaṭṭ mujarrad ʻan al-ʻarḍ wa-al-nuqṭah mujarradah ʻan al-abʻād al-thalāthah wa-ʻalá hādhā al-ṭarīq ayḍan jaraw fī taṣawwurātihim fī al-suṭūḥ wa-al-ajsām ʻinda al-naẓar fī khawāṣṣihā wa-nisabihā . Wa-kamā annā bi-ṭarīq qaṭʻ al-naẓar ( al-tajrīd ) nakhtariʻu ashyāʼ min al-taṣawwurāt al-muktasabah fa-innā qad nakhtariʻu lahā isman nusammīhā bihā qiyāsan ʻalá al-ashyāʼ al-ḥaqīqīyah mithl al-awṣāf ka-al-ḥusn wa-al-qubḥ wa-al-alwān ka-al-abyaḍ wa-al-aḥmar wa-baʻḍ al-ḥālāt al-mushtarikah al-ʻumūmīyah ka-al-mawt fa-innahā kullahā min madārik al-ʻaql wa-iʻtibārātihi wa-bi-ṭarīq ( al-tajrīd ) qaṭʻ al-naẓar yutakallamu ʻalayhā ka-al-ashyāʼ al-ḥissīyah al-muḥaqqaqah wa-yumkinu istiʻmāluhā fī madlūlāt khāṣṣah bi-al-iḍāfah ilayhā wa-dhālika ʻalá sabīl al-qiyās wa-al-ḥaml mithl ṣalāḥ Aḥmad wa-shaqāʼ Asʻad wa-ḥusn Salmá wa-bayāḍ Hind . Wa-baʻḍ hādhihi al-taṣawwurāt yusammá ( wahmīyan ) ka-al-alwān min ḥaythu hiya wa-ka-taṣawwur al-wujūd wa-al-ʻadam wa-al-ṣidq wa-al-kadhib . Wa-qad nataṣawwaru shayʼan fa-yudhakkirunā bi-taṣawwurāt ukhrá wa-hādhihi al-akhīrah tusammá ( taṣawwurāt tabaʻīyah )

Thumma annā naḥṣuru intibāhanā fī awṣāf al-shayʼ al-khāṣṣah bihi al-mumayyizah lahu ʻan ghayrihi wa-nuhmilu mā ʻadāhā mimmā lā nahtammu bihi bi-al-naẓar ilá al-wijhah allatī naqṣiduhā fa-yantaqishu majmūʻ hādhihi al-awṣāf fī ḥāfiẓatinā wa-yataʼallafu minhā taṣawwur yakūnu mithālan li-dhālika al-mutaṣawwar wa-miqyāsan li-nawʻihi wa-amthālihi fī tilka al-wijhah al-maqṣūdah wa-hādhā mā yusammá ( bi-al-taṣawwur al-mithālī ) mithl annā naʼkhudhu min al-faras awṣāfahā allatī tumayyizuhā ʻan al-nabāt wa-al-jamād ka-kawnihā taḥissu wa-tataḥarraku bi-irādatihā wa-natruku ghayrahumā mimmā lahā min al-awṣāf fa-yaḥṣulu lahā ʻindanā taṣawwur wa-nusammīhi bi-hādhā al-naẓar ḥayawānan fa-yakūnu hādhā al-taṣawwur alladhī ḥafiẓnāhu bi-ḥaqq al-faras bi-hādhihi al-wijhah , mithālan ʻāmman kullamā wajadnāhu inṭabaqa ʻalá mawjūdin mā sammaynāhu ḥayawānan fa-mathalan law raʼaynā shakhṣan wa-qasnāhu bi-hādhā al-miqyās al-mithālī wajadnāhu yanṭabiqu ʻalayhi tamāman fa-naqūlu ʻanhu bi-dūn taraddud annahu ḥayawān

Wa-li-nazidka īḍāḥan : khudh al-dīnār mathalan fa-innā nulāḥiẓu shaklahu min ḥaythu istidāratihi faqaṭ wa-naḥfaẓu ʻanhu miqyāsan li-al-istidārah ay taṣawwur al-istidārah faqaṭ kamā sabaqa fī al-tajrīd wa-naḥfaẓu hādhā al-shakl al-mujarrad wa-nuṭābiquhu ʻalá kull mā raʼaynāhu fa-mā wajadnāhu ṭābaqahu ḥakamnā bi-istidāratihi

Thumma nazīdu ʻalá waṣf al-istidārah kawnahu maʻdinīyan manqūshan bi-ṭābiʻ al-mamlakah wa-naḥfaẓu ʻanhu miqyāsan wa-nusammīhi bi-hādhihi al-wijhah ( sikkah ) wa-kull mā wajadnāhu ṭābaqa miqyāsanā hādhā qulnā ʻanhu annahu sikkah

Thumma nazīdu waṣfan ākhar ʻalayhā fa-nulāḥiẓu kawnahu aṣfar dhahabīyan wa-naḥfaẓu ʻanhu miqyāsan nusammīhi ( dīnāran ) wa-naḥkumu ʻalá kull mā wajadnāhu muṭābiqan lahu bi-annahu dīnār . Wa-halumma jarran

Wa-li-yantabih ilá annā kullamā iqtaṣarnā ʻalá awṣāf qalīlah wa-ittakhadhnā al-miqyās ṣaghīran ʻamma afrādan kathīratan wa-kullamā zidnā fī al-awṣāf kabura al-miqyās wa-ḍāqa ʻalaynā majāl inṭibāqihi wa-qallat al-afrād wa-inḥaṣara dhālika al-ism bi-aʻdād qalīlah bi-al-nisbah li-mā qablahu ḥattá annahu qad yantahī binā ilá ʻadad wāḥid faqaṭ

Wa-qad iṣṭalaḥa ʻalá an yusammá al-miqyās al-kabīr ay al-ism alladhī yashmalu afrādan kathīratan ( bi-al-jins ) wa-al-waṣf alladhī zīda ʻalayhi li-ittikhādh al-miqyās alladhī baʻdahu wa-aṣghar minhu yusammá ( nawʻan ) thumma ( faṣlan ) thumma ( ʻaraḍan ʻāmman ) thumma ( khāṣṣatan ) wa-hādhihi al-asmāʼ al-khamsah duʻiyat bi-al-kullīyāt al-khams wa-in zāda ʻadaduhā ʻalá dhālika qīla ( al-jins al-baʻīd ) li-mā hiya ghāyah fī al-buʻd thumma ( al-jins al-qarīb ) thumma ( al-nawʻ ) thumma ( al-faṣl al-baʻīd ) thumma ( al-faṣl al-qarīb ) thumma ( al-ʻaraḍ al-ʻāmm ) thumma ( al-khāṣṣah )

Wa-yuḥaddu al-jins ʻinda al-manāṭiqah bi-annahu kullī maqūl ʻalá kathīrīn mukhtalifīn bi-al-ḥaqāʼiq fī jawāb ( mā huwa ? ) wa-minhu qarīb wa-minhu baʻīd kamā sabaqa wa-aʻammuhā yusammá jins al-ajnās . Wa-al-jins ʻinda al-ʻāmmah yuqālu ʻalá al-maʻná alladhī yashtariku fīhi kathīrūn ka-al-ubūwah wa-al-baladīyah wa-al-ab wa-al-balad .

Wa-al-nawʻ yuḥaddu bi-annahu kullī maqūl ʻalá kathīrīn mukhtalifīn bi-al-ʻadad dūn al-ḥaqīqah fī jawāb ( mā huwa ? ) wa-ammā al-nawʻ al-iḍāfī fa-huwa kull jins bi-al-nisbah ilá al-jins alladhī fawqahu . Wa-al-nawʻ ʻinda al-ʻāmmah ṣūrat kull shayʼ wa-khilqatuhu

Wa-al-faṣl huwa mā yumayyizu al-shayʼ ʻammā yushārikuhu fī jinsihi ay huwa ṣifat al-nawʻ al-munḥaṣirah fī afrādihi wa-faṣl al-nawʻ al-iḍāfī bi-al-nisbah ilá al-nawʻ al-ḥaqīqī yusammá faṣlan baʻīdan

Wa-al-ʻaraḍ al-ʻāmm huwa kull ṣifah min awṣāf al-maṭlūb allatī tuṭlaqu ʻalayhi wa-ʻalá mā huwa min ḥaqīqah ghayr ḥaqīqatihi ka-al-taḥarruk bi-al-irādah bi-al-nisbah ilá al-insān fa-innahu yuqālu ʻalayhi wa-ʻalá ghayrihi min al-ḥayawānāt

Nuktah — bi-mā anna al-manāṭiqah qayyadū waṣf ( mutaḥarrik ) bi-sharṭ ( bi-al-irādah ) saqaṭa alladhīna ḥarakātuhum wa-jamīʻ aʻmālihim tābiʻah li-irādat al-ghayr

Wa-al-khāṣṣah hiya kull ṣifah tanḥaṣiru fī al-maṭlūb wa-lā tūjadu illā fī afrādihi in kāna lahu afrād ka-al-ḍāḥik bi-al-ṭabʻ bi-al-nisbah ilá al-insān fa-innahā munḥaṣirah fī afrādihi hādhihi hiya iṣṭilāḥāt ahl al-manṭiq wa-amthilatuhum ʻalayhā : al-ḥayawān jins wa-al-insān nawʻ wa-al-nāṭiq faṣl wa-al-bādī al-basharah ʻaraḍ ʻāmm wa-al-ḍāḥik bi-al-ṭabʻ khāṣṣah

Tabayyana laka min kull mā sabaqa anna kull taʼaththur li-anfusinā lahu madkhal fī idrākinā wa-takhayyulinā yusammá taṣawwuran wa-anna al-taṣawwur in kāna ẓāhirīyan fa-huwa intiqāsh ṣūrat al-māddah al-maḥsūsah aw atharuhā fī al-ḥāfiẓah wa-in kāna bāṭinīyan fa-huwa istiḥḍār tilka al-ṣūrah fī al-dhihn wa-in kāna bi-ṭarīq al-tajrīd fa-huwa taṣawwur tilka al-ṣūrah maʻa qaṭʻ al-naẓar ʻan māddatihā ... wa-ghayr dhālika

Wa-tará annahā kullahā laysa fīhā ḥukm bi-shayʼ ʻalá tilka al-ṣūrah bal irtisāmuhā aw istiḥḍāruhā wa-takhayyuluhā faqaṭ . Ka-qawlinā : kitāb , ṭayr , saʻīd , ʻilm , mawt , dāʼirah , makhrūṭ , mawjūd , jism , ḥayy , ḥassās , sahl , jamīl

Wa-ammā law qulnā ( anna ʻUmar zinjī ) fa-inna qawlanā hādhā yashtamilu ʻalá taṣawwurayn mufradayn aḥaduhumā ʻUmar wa-al-ākhar zinjī idh annā taṣawwarnā ʻUmar thumma taṣawwarnā mā naʻnī bi-zinjī wa-adraknā anna baynahumā irtibāṭan wa-ittiḥādan fa-ḍamamnāhumā wa-jaʻalnāhumā ka-shayʼ wāḥid . Wa-ka-dhālika law qulnā hādhā al-mawḍūʻ jamīl fa-innā nakūnu qad taṣawwarnā hādhā al-mawḍūʻ wa-taṣawwarnā mā naʻnī wa-naqṣidu hunā bi-al-jamāl fa-wajadnā anna baynahumā irtibāṭan wa-ittiḥādan fa-ḍamamnā hādhayn al-taṣawwurayn wa-jaʻalnāhumā ka-shayʼ wāḥid asharnā ʻalayhi bi-qawlinā hādhā al-mawḍūʻ jamīl

Wa-hādhihi al-ḥarakah al-ʻaqlīyah tusammá ( ḥukman wa-taṣdīqan ) . Wa-ʻalá hādhā fa-al-ḥukm ḥarakat al-ʻaql wa-idrākuhu kawn al-shayʼ mawjūdan ʻalá ḥālah min al-ḥālāt aw mujarradan ʻanhā . Wa-lā budda min an yasbiqa dhālika taṣawwur . Ay anna al-ḥukm farʻ ʻan al-taṣawwur

Wa-lā budda li-kull ḥukm min taṣawwurayn al-awwal taṣawwur al-maḥkūm ʻalayhi wa-yusammá mawḍūʻ al-ḥukm wa-al-thānī taṣawwur al-maḥkūm bi-hi wa-yusammá maḥmūlan wa-maqūlan wa-hunāka shayʼ ākhar wa-huwa ḥarakat al-ʻaql li-jamʻihimā . Wa-tusammá al-nisbah al-ḥukmīyah wa-al-ʻibārah allatī yuʼaddá bi-hā al-ḥukm tusammá ( qaḍīyah ) wa-mawḍūʻ al-ḥukm mawḍūʻuhā wa-maḥmūluhu maḥmūluhā wa-baynahā rābiṭat al-iʻrāb aw al-ḍamīr al-ʻāʼid min al-maḥmūl ilá al-mawḍūʻ wa-tilka al-rābiṭah hiya al-nisbah

Wa-al-ḥukm qismān ījābī wa-huwa ithbātuka idrāk ḥaqīqah ka-qawlika al-ʻilm nāfiʻ wa-salbī wa-huwa nafyuka naqīḍ mā adraktahu ka-qawlika al-ʻilm laysa bi-ḍārr

Wa-li-al-ījāb wa-al-salb adawāt wa-alfāẓ khāṣṣah wa-qad yustaghná bi-hā ʻan dhikr al-ḥukm bi-asrihi ka-qawlika naʻam aw lā fī jawāb suʼāl . Wa-qad yustaghná ʻan hādhihi ayḍan wa-yuktafá bi-al-ishārah bi-al-yad aw bi-shayʼ . Wa-qad yuktafá bi-mushāhadat ḥālāt ṭabīʻīyah makhṣūṣah fī al-ḥukm ʻalá amr mā ka-al-ḥumrah ʻalá al-khajal wa-al-ṣufrah ʻalá al-wajal .

Wa-lā yakhfá anna kull ḥukm salbī yataḍammanu ījāban . Idh salb kayfīyatihi ʻan shayʼ yadullu ʻalá taḥqīq ʻadamihā fa-qawluka Zayd laysa bi-sāriq yadullu ʻalá taḥqīq intifāʼ wuqūʻ al-sariqah minhu . Wa-al-ḥukm bi-al-naẓar ilá wuqūʻihā salbī wa-bi-al-naẓar ilá taḥaqquq intifāʼihā ʻanhu ījābī

Wa-al-ḥukm immā an yakūna ( awwalīyan ) ay ẓāhiran wāḍiḥan taṭmaʼinnu la-hu al-nafs wa-tuṣaddiquhu wa-yaḥkumu bi-hi al-ʻaql ʻaqib taṣawwurihi kamā fī qawlinā : al-kull aʻẓam min juzʼihi wa-ka-qawlika ṭarafā al-naqīḍ dāʼiman yakūnu aḥaduhumā ṣidqan wa-al-ākhar kadhiban . Aw lā yumkinu idrākuhu mā lam yudrak qablahu ashyāʼ ukhar wa-yusammá maṭlūban wa- ( muktasaban ) kamā law aradnā an naʻlama anna al-ʻadl asās al-ʻumrān . Fa-naḥtāju awwalan an yaḥṣula la-nā al-taṣdīq bi-anna al-ʻadl yabʻathu al-nās ʻalá al-iṭmiʼnān ʻalá anfusihim wa-amwālihim wa-anna hādhā al-ḥāl huwa asās al-bawāʻith ilá al-rafāh wa-anna ḥubb al-rafāh yadʻū ilá jalb al-māl bi-al-ṣināʻāt wa-al-zirāʻah wa-al-tijārah wa-ilá tarqiyat hādhihi al-umūr wa-tawsīʻihā wa-huwa al-ʻumrān wa-ḥīnaʼidhin naʻlamu anna al-ʻadl asās al-ʻumrān

Wa-lā maḥālah yantahī hādhā al-taṣdīq ilá taṣdīq awwalī ghayr muḥtāj ilá taṣdīq sābiq . Fa-al-taṣdīq al-maṭlūb lā yaḥṣulu illā bi-taṣdīqāt huwa murtabiṭ bi-hā fa-tusradu qablahu . Wa-kullamā kānat hādhihi wāḍiḥah muqarrarah kāna al-maṭlūb awḍaḥ wa-aqrab ilá qalb al-sāmiʻ wa-aṭmaʼannat la-hu nafsuhu bi-surʻah . Wa-mahārat al-khuṭabāʼ wa-al-muddaʻīn hunā fī idrāk hādhihi al-tamhīdāt wa-intiqāʼ aqwāhā wa-tartībihā ʻalá ṣūrah tūjibu qanāʻat al-sāmiʻ bi-luzūm al-maṭlūb wa-tūjadu fī nafsihi luzūmuhu wa-taṣdīquhu ḍarūratan

Wa-mithl dhālika al-taṣawwur alladhī huwa asās al-taṣdīqāt wa-al-aḥkām fa-innahu immā an yakūna ( awwalīyan ) lā yuṭlabu bi-al-baḥth wa-lā yaḥtāju fī taṣawwurihi ilá taṣawwur qablahu ka-al-mufradāt al-mudrakah bi-al-ḥiss mithl : kitāb , jabal , faras , wa-ka-baʻḍ al-maʻānī al-markūzah fī al-dhihn bi-taʼthīr al-mumārasah wa-al-ulfah mithl : mawjūd wa-mumkin wa-ḥayy wa-mayyit . Wa-immā an yadulla ismuhu ʻalá amr mujmal ghayr mufaṣṣal fa-yuṭlabu tafṣīluhu aw ʻalá shayʼ majhūl ladá al-sāmiʻ fa-yuṭlabu īḍāḥuhu bi-al-taʻrīf wa-al-ḥadd al-ṣaḥīḥ wa-hādhā ayḍan yusammá maṭlūban wa- ( muktasaban ) mithl taʻrīf al-fīl li-man lā yaʻrifuhu wa-lam yarahu wa-ghayr dhālika min al-mufradāt . Fa-innā naʻrifuhā la-hu bi-kalimāt madlūlātuhā awwalīyah ʻindahu wa-huwa yaḍummu mā taṣawwarahu ʻanhā ilá baʻḍihi ʻalá al-tartīb alladhī saradnāhu la-hu . Wa-kullamā zidnāhu shayʼan zāda fī al-ḍamm wa-al-ṭayy ilá an yatimma taṣwīr mā aradnāhu fī dhihnihi wa-kullamā kānat al-mumayyizāt la-hu ʻan ghayrihi wāḍiḥah tāmmah kāna taṣawwuruhu tāmman wa-aqrab ilá al-ḥaqīqah . Wa-al-mahārah hunā fī īḍāḥ al-mumayyizāt wa-tartībihā wa-hādhā yakhtalifu bi-ikhtilāf nabāhat al-muʻarrif . ʻAlá anna al-insān manṭiqī bi-al-fiṭrah bi-mā imtāza bi-hi min qūwat al-ʻaql fa-bi-hi yaḥuddu al-shayʼ wa-yaqsimuhu wa-yastadillu ʻalayhi wa-yuqāyisuhu wa-yanẓimuhu illā anna akthar al-nās lā yaʻqilūna yanẓurūna wa-lā yubṣirūna wa-yasmaʻūna wa-lā yaʻūna bal minhum man lā yafqahūna qīlā

A-lā tará anna al-khuṭabāʼ wa-al-muddaʻīn yakhtalifūna kull al-ikhtilāf fī ḥusn al-adāʼ wa-wuḍūḥ al-bayān . Wa-al-sāmiʻūn yatafāwatūna fī qūwat al-intibāh wa-diqqat al-khāṭir . Wa-kathīran mā taḥṣulu aghlāṭ fī al-taṣwīr wa-al-taṣawwur wa-ṭalab al-taṣdīq wa-ḥuṣūlihi fa-lā yufarraqu bayna al-taṣawwur al-tāmm wa-al-nāqiṣ ʻanhu wa-al-taṣdīq al-yaqīnī wa-al-qarīb minhu wa-al-shakk wa-ghālib al-ẓann wa-lā yumayyizu bayna mā yuʻtaqadu min ḥaqq aw bāṭil wa-bayna mā yufʻalu min khayr aw sharr wa-bayna mā yuqālu min ṣidq aw kadhib wa-qad qāla baʻḍuhum li-kull insān lisān wa-li-kull lisān bayān wa-laysa li-kull lisān sinān wa-lā li-kull bayān burhān wa-mā kull dhī qalb bi-labīb wa-kull insān dhū nuṭq wa-mā kull dhī nuṭq bi-arīb wa-kull insān dhū ʻaql wa-mā kull dhī ʻaql bi-ʻāqil

Wa-qāla Abū Sulaymān al-Manṭiqī fī hādhā al-maʻná : maʻārif al-nās bi-al-qawl al-mujmal ʻalá al-taqrīb tanqasimu uṣūluhā ilá al-ẓann wa-al-wahm wa-al-ḥads wa-al-ʻaql wa-al-yaqīn wa-al-shakk wa-al-ghālib al-sābiq wa-al-ilhām wa-al-ījās wa-al-khāṭir wa-al-sāniḥ wa-al-lāʼiḥ thumma anna hādhihi kullahā tatajāwaru marrah wa-tatalābasu marrah wa-tatarāʼá marrah wa-tatawārá ukhrá . Wa-lan yakhluṣa maṭlab min al-maṭālib wa-lā madhhab min al-madhāhib min shawb mithlihā ʻalá qadr al-qillah wa-al-kathrah wa-al-ḍaʻf wa-al-qūwah wa-al-layn wa-al-shiddah ʻalá ḥasab al-mizāj wa-al-hayʼah wa-al-khilṭ wa-al-ṭabīʻah wa-al-manshaʼ wa-al-ʻādah wa-ʻalá mā yuʻjibu al-insān min istibdādihi aw taqlīdihi . Wa-law khalaṣa maẓnūnuhu min mawhūmihi wa-tamayyaza maḥsūsuhu min maʻqūlihi wa-anfaṣala maʻlūmuhu min majhūlihi wa-bāna multamasuhu min hawāhu la-kāna lā-yadkhul al-ẓann fī al-ʻilm wa-lā-yadibb al-ḥiss fī al-ʻaql wa-lā-yatafashshá al-ʻaql fī al-ḥiss wa-lā-yukaddir al-ḥaqq bi-al-bāṭil wa-lā-yaṣfū al-bāṭil bi-al-ḥaqq wa-la-tawaḍḍaḥat al-ashyāʼ bi-aʻyānihā wa-nuqqiyat min adrānihā wa-zāla shakk al-nāẓir fī athnāʼihā wa-waqaʻa ʻalá ḥaqāʼiqihā wa-anbāʼihā wa-ʻāda thalj al-ṣadr bi-al-yaqīn maʻmūr al-nafs bi-al-sukūn ghanīyan ʻan taʼlīf al-qiyās wa-al-burhān wa-taṣnīf funūn al-qawl wa-al-bayān wa-lākin al-insān maḍrūb bi-al-ẓann wa-al-ḥads wa-maṣnūʻ bi-al-ʻaql wa-al-ḥiss wa-mardūd bayna al-naqṣ wa-al-ziyādah wa-muʻarraḍ fī kull waqt li-al-shaqāwah wa-al-saʻādah lā fakāk la-hu min jamīʻ dhālika mā-dāma fī maskihi al-ṭabīʻī wa-ʻaqlihi al-juzʼī wa-jahlihi al-kullī Allāhumma illā an yulbisahu Allāh libās al-raḥmah wa-yughshiyahu ghishāʼ al-ʻiṣmah ah

Wa-li-hādhā kāna lā budda li-al-insān min al-irtiyāḍ ʻalá tamyīz al-ḥaqq min al-bāṭil . Fa-ibtadara ʻulamāʼ al-manṭiq ilá jamʻ mā wajadūhu munāsiban li-irshād al-ʻaql wa-tadarrubihi min al-qawāʻid wa-bayān tartībihā wa-kayfīyat al-ʻamal bi-muqtaḍāhā li-yanjū bi-murāʻātihā man lā yaʼmanu ʻalá nafsihi min al-khaṭaʼ fī muḥājātihi wa-aqyisatihi wa-istintājātihi wa-barāhīnihi . Idh innahu muḥtāj ilá dhālika kull yawm fī umūrihi al-kullīyah wa-al-juzʼīyah wa-ʻalá kull ḥāl fa-inna mumārasatahā tuksibu al-insān fī quwāhu al-ʻaqlīyah intibāhan wa-nashāṭan yufīduhu fī al-dhabb ʻan al-ḥaqq wa-darʼ al-shukūk . Wa-tazīduhu tamarrunan wa-maqdirah ʻalá tamzīq satāʼir al-awhām wa-tabdīd ghuyūm al-tamwīhāt . Fa-yazhaqu al-bāṭil « inna al-bāṭila kāna zahūqan » wa-hādhihi al-qawāʻid hiya al-gharaḍ fī ( ʻilm al-manṭiq ) . Wa-qad sammāhu al-imām al-Ghazālī miʻyār al-ʻilm wa-qāla ( man lā maʻrifah la-hu bi-hi lā thiqah bi-ʻilmihi ) . Wa-huwa mawḍūʻunā fī hādhihi al-risālah