Second Discourse: The Acquired Propositions

Al-Maqālah al-thāniyah

Al-Muktasabāt

Al-Faṣl al-awwal fī al-taṣawwurāt

Al-taṣawwurāt al-muktasabah , hiya kamā taqaddama al-mufradāt allatī yaḥtāj fī taṣawwurihā ilá īḍāḥ wa-taʻrīf yudhkar fīhi aḥwāl al-muʻarraf wa-awṣāfuhu al-jawharīyah . Wa-hādhihi al-awṣāf wa-al-aḥwāl yuʻabbar ʻanhā bi-alfāẓ aw ishārāt tadull ʻalayhā . Illā anna al-alfāẓ takhtalif fī al-wuḍūḥ fa-inna minhā mā yufīd maʻná mubhaman aw mushtarakan aw mutashābihan fa-yuʼaddī istiʻmāluhā fī al-taʻārīf wa-al-ḥudūd ilá taraddud wa-iltibās . Wa-li-hādhā yajib ḥusn intiqāʼihā . Wa-ka-dhālika min al-wājib ḥusn al-tartīb wa-ijādat al-taṣwīr ; wa-illā ; fa-al-tashwīsh yuʼaddī ilá tashwīsh wa-ibhām . Fa-sa-nadhkur laka kayfīyat al-dalālah ʻalá al-maʻná al-maqṣūd wa-anwāʻuhā li-taḥsun al-adāʼ wa-tujīd al-intiqāʼ thumma nadhkur laka al-tartīb al-aḥsan fī ijādat al-taṣwīr wa-tasʹhīl al-taṣawwur .

Al-Mabḥath al-awwal fī al-dalālah ʻalá al-maʻná

Kull lafẓ aw ishārah ṣadarat ʻamdan , lā budda min annahu qad quṣida bihā maʻná ; wa-mā atá bihā illā lil-dalālah ʻalayhi . Wa-hiya immā an tadull ʻalá ʻayn al-maṭlūb tamāman wa-tanṭabiq ʻalayhi min kull al-wujūh bi-dūn ziyādah wa-lā nuqṣān wa-hādhihi tusammá ( dalālat al-muṭābaqah ) ka-al-mufradāt naḥwa ḥajar , wa-shajarah , wa-ʻAlī ; wa-faras ; wa-daftar wa ka-qawlika jāʼa Aḥmad wa-qutila al-Ḥusayn

Wa-ammā an tadull al-kalimah ʻalá juzūʼ min al-maṭlūb faqaṭ wa-hiya ( dalālat al-taḍammun ) . Naḥwa dār fī qawlika hadamtu dār fulān , wa-anta turīd ḥāʼiṭan min ḥīṭānihā , aw saqfahā aw maḥallan min maḥallātihā . Wa-naḥwa bisāṭ fī qawlinā iḥtaraqa al-bisāṭ , maʻa annahu lam yaḥtariq siwá qism minhu . Wa-naḥwa kursī fī qawlinā inkasara al-kursī , wa-lam yankasir minhu siwá khashabah min akhshābihi wa-naḥwa jaraḥtu iṣbaʻī , aw kusira qalamī . Wa-talawwatha al-thawb aw al-kitāb

Wa-ammā an yuʼtá bi-al-kalimah li-tadull ʻalá mā huwa min lawāzim maʻnāhā al-ḥaqīqī wa-tawābiʻihi aw khawāṣṣihi wa-hādhihi ( dalālat al-iltizām ) naḥwa qawlika : kalāmuhu durr , wa-ʻilmuhu baḥr wa-jūduhu saḥāb wa-wajhuhu al-qamar , ʻāl al-nijād , wa kathīr al-ramād , wa-suriqat dāruhu . Wa-kull mā huwa min hādhā al-qabīl min al-istiʻārāt wa-al-kināyāt

Wa-hādhihi takthur fī al-kalām al-shiʻrī wa-al-khiṭābī lil-targhīb aw al-tarhīb . Naḥwa qawlika fī madḥ al-ʻaql : al-ʻaql umm al-faḍāʼil , wa-yanbūʻ al-ādāb . Wa ka-qawlika fī al-shams : badā ḥājib al-shams , wa-intaʻala kull shayʼ ẓillahu , wa-nafaḍat tibran ʻalá al-aṣīl , wa-shadda riḥlahā lil-raḥīl , wa-qawluka fī madḥ rajul , ghuṣn dawḥat al-nasab wa-farʻ shajarat al-ḥasab , wa-qurrat nāẓir al-sharaf , wa-farḥat khāṭir al-sālif wa ka-qawl al-shāʻir :

Huwa al-baḥru min ayyi al-nawāḥī ataytahu ٭ fa-lujjatuhu al-maʻrūfu wa-al-jūdu sāḥiluhu

Thumma inna al-dāll sawāʼ kāna lafẓan aw ishārah qad yadull bi-al-muṭābaqah ʻalá maʻná wāḥid wa-hādhihi tusammá ( dalālat ʻayn )

Wa-qad yadull ʻalá ashyāʼ , aw umūr , aw afrād kathīrah lā yamnaʻ mafhūm al-dāll min wuqūʻ al-ishtirāk fī al-maqṣūd , fa-yataraddad al-sāmiʻ fī taṣawwurayn al-maʻná alladhī quṣida , wa-li-hādhā yataṣawwar ʻanhu maʻná ʻāmm li-afrād kathīrah . Wa-hādhihi al-dalālah tusammá ( dalālah muṭlaqah ) ka-al-alfāẓ al-mufradah allatī dakhala ʻalayhā ḥarf al-taʻrīf li-istighrāq al-jins , mithl qawlika fī al-amthāl : al-muṣībah lil-ṣābir wāḥidah wa-lil-jāziʻ ithnatān . Fa-innaka ashmalta kull al-maṣāʼib ʻalá ikhtilāf anwāʻihā fī lafẓ al-muṣībah , wa-kadhā al-ṣābir wa-al-jāziʻ . Wa-naḥwa qawlika al-insān ʻadūw li-mā jahila wa ka-qawl al-Jāḥiẓ : al-kitāb niʻma al-dhukhr wa-al-ʻuqdah wa-al-jalīs wa-al-ʻumdah , wa-niʻma al-bishrah wa-niʻma al-nuzhah , wa-niʻma al-mushtaghal wa-al-ḥirfah , wa-niʻma al-anīs sāʻat al-waḥdah , wa-niʻma al-maʻrifah bi-bilād al-ghurbah , wa-niʻma al-qarīn wa-al-dakhīl wa-al-zamīl , wa-niʻma al-wazīr wa-al-nazīl . . . wa ka-qawl al-shāʻir :

Liqā , al-amānī fī ḍamān al-qawāḍib ( 1 ) ٭ wa-nayl al-maʻālī fī idrāʻ al-sabāsib ( 2 ) Idhā mā irtaqá bi-al-marʼi maysam ( 3 ) dhillah ٭ fa-laysa lahu al-iqtiʻād ( 4 ) al-ghawārib ( 5 )

Wa-qawl al-ākhar :

Lā yakhdaʻannaka min ʻadūwin damʻuhu ٭ wa-irḥam shabābaka min ʻadūwin tarḥamu Lā yaslamu al-sharafu al-rafīʻu min al-adhá ٭ ḥattá yurāqa ʻalá jawānibihi al-damu

Wa-qad yadull al-lafẓ ʻalá ashyāʼ mukhtalifah tamām al-ikhtilāf , lā ishtirāk baynahā abad kamā fī kalimat yabn , wa-ʻayn , wa-khāl , wa-kitāb , wa-raʼs , wa-khaṭṭ , wa-mā ashbaha dhālika wa-hādhihi ( dalālah mushtarakah )

Aw yakūn bayna al-madlūlāt nawʻ ishtirāk juzʼī mithl kalimat nūr fa-innahā tustaʻmal fī al-dalālah ʻalá al-nūr al-maʻlūm , wa-al-nār , wa-al-ḍawʼ , wa-al-ʻaql , wa-hādhihi tusammá ( dalālah mutashābihah )

Thumma innahu qad yakūn lil-maʻná al-wāḥid alfāẓ mukhtalifah , tuṭlaq ʻalayhi bi-dūn taraddud wa-tamyīz ; wa-hādhihi al-alfāẓ tusammá ( mutarādifah ) naḥwa qaṭana wa-istawṭana wa-naḥwa imraʼah wa-zawjah , wa-ḥalīlah , wa-ʻirs , wa-qarīnah

Wa-qad yakūn lahu asmāʼ mukhtalifah bi-ikhtilāf ṣifātihi , wa yakūn al-farq baynahā bayyinan aw daqīqan jiddan bi-ḥaythu qad yaltabis al-amr fīhā , fa-yanbaghī al-intibāh ilá dhālika mithl qawlinā ṣārim , wa-sayf , wa-muhannad . Wa-mithl yamīn , wa-qasam , wa-ḥālif , wa-ka-dhālika naʻt , wa-ṣifah wa-min al-afʻāl laḥaẓa , wa-lamaḥa , wa-ramaqa , wa-shakhaṣa . Wa-kadhā ṣāra wa-jará aw tabassama wa-ḍaḥika , wa-qahqaha . Wa-hādhihi tusammá ( mutabāyinah )

Fa-iḥriṣ ʻalá intiqāʼ al-lafẓ al-dāll ʻalá murādika dalālat ʻayn , muṭābiqah lahu tamām al-muṭābaqah , wa-lā tastaʻmil al-jins fī al-dalālah ʻalá al-nawʻ li-annahu aʻamm minhu wa-dalālatuhu taḍmīnīyah wa-lā al-nawʻ fī al-dalālah ʻalá al-jins li-annahu akhaṣṣ minhu wa-lā yadkhul fī nawʻ min anwāʻ al-dalālāt fa-istiʻmāluhu ʻabath . Bal li-yakun al-lafẓ musāwiyan lil-maʻná tamāman . Mathalan in aradta an tadull ʻalá dhāt fa-udhkur ismahā al-khāṣṣ bihā al-mumayyiz lahā ʻan ghayrihā mimmā yushābihuhā wa yushāri kuhā wa-in aradta an tadull ʻalá waṣf fa-ʻabbir ʻanhu bi-al-lafẓ al-mawḍūʻ lahu alladhī lā yulqī adná shubhah wa-mushārakah wa-law kāna al-farq qalīlan . Wa-in aʻwazaka al-amr wa-iftaqarta ilá dalālat al-iltizām fa-li-takun al-istiʻārah aw al-kināyah shadīdat al-munāsabah lil-gharaḍ

Wa-iʻlam anna al-lafẓ in dalla ʻalá shayʼ bi-ʻaynihi summiya ( ism dhāt ) sawāʼ kāna mufradan aw murakkaban . Wa-in dalla ʻalá ṣifah min awṣāf al-dhāt summiya ( ʻaraḍan ) wa-hādhā immā ʻalam aw khāṣṣ kamā taqaddama wa-maʻlūm anna baʻḍ al-khawāṣṣ lā talzam dāʼiman fī taṣwīr al-shayʼ aw taṣawwurihi wa-in kānat mulāzimah lahu lā tanfakk ʻanhu , kamā law ʻalimnā anna min khawāṣṣ al-fijl annahu yanfaʻ fī al-maraḍ al-fulānī wa-aradnā an nuʻarrif al-fijl li-man lā yaʻrifuhu wa-nuṣawwiruhu lahu fa-innā lā naḍṭarr ilá dhikr hādhihi al-khāṣṣah . Maʻa dhālika fa-qad tudhkar li-ziyādat al-īḍāḥ tabaʻan lil-wijhah al-maqṣūdah min al-taʻrīf wa-khuṣūṣan fī al-awṣāf al-shiʻrīyah wa-al-adabīyah

Lā budda min annahu qad ẓahara laka mimmā taqaddama luzūm maʻrifat asrār al-lughah wa-al-wuqūf ʻalá ḥaqīqat kull kalimah li-yatamayyaz al-mutashābih min al-mushtarak wa-al-mutabāyin min al-mutarādif wa yuʻraf al-farq bayna kull kalimah wa-ghayrihā wa-maḥall istiʻmāl kull wāḥidah minhā

Al-Mabḥath al-thānī

Fī bayān al-tartīb al-aḥsan li-ijādat al-taṣwīr wa-tasʹhīl al-taṣawwur

Ay

Dhikr al-ḥudūd wa-al-taʻārīf wa-al-awṣāf

Kull qawl gharuba ʻalá al-sāmiʻ yaḥtāj ilá īḍāḥ . Wa-ʻadam al-fahm , immā an yakūna min gharābat al-qawl al-dāll ʻalá al-murād , wa-ammā an yakūna al-sabab fī dhālika ghumūḍ al-madlūl wa-iltibāsuhu ʻalá al-sāmiʻ . Aw ʻadam maʻrifatihi bi-hi qāṭibatan : fa-in kāna al-awwal fa-yaḥtāj ḥīnaʼidhin ilá bayān al-maʻná al-maqṣūd min dhālika al-qawl bi-mā huwa awḍaḥ wa-aẓhar ladá al-sāmiʻ wa-hādhā yusammá ( tafsīran )

Wa-al-lafẓ al-gharīb yufassar bi-dhikr murādif lahu maʻrūf ʻinda al-sāmiʻ . Wa-akthar kutub al-lughah ka-al-Qāmūs wa-ghayrihi ʻalá hādhā al-namaṭ . Wa-iḥdhar min tafsīr al-majhūl bi-mā huwa majhūl ayḍan fa-takūn ka-man fassara al-māʼ baʻda al-jahd bi-al-māʼ . Wa-al-alfāẓ al-dāllah ʻalá al-awṣāf aw al-khawāṣṣ aw al-aḥwāl al-nafsānīyah tufassar bi-dhikrihā muḍāfah ilá mā tūjad fīhi , aw bi-dhikr sababihā wa-ʻillatihā , aw lawāzimihā wa-natāʼijihā . Ka-qawlika al-ḥarāfah hiya ṭaʻm al-filfil wa-al-baṣal wa-mā ashbaha . Wa-fī taʻrīf al-khawf huwa infiʻāl al-nafs min ḍarar khafī aw wahmī yuntaẓar wuqūʻuhu . Wa-qawluka fī taʻrīf al-khuluq huwa ḥāl bi-hi yafʻal al-insān afʻālahu bi-lā rawīyah wa-lā ikhtiyār wa-huwa fī baʻḍ al-nās gharīzah wa-ṭabʻ wa-fī baʻḍihim natījat mumārasah wa-riyāḍah aw ulfah wa-ʻādah

Wa-in kāna al-thānī : fa-tadhkur lahu ḥudūdahu wa-awṣāfahu muqaddiman fīhā al-aʻamm ʻalá al-akhaṣṣ wa-al-aʻlá ʻalá al-adná , bi-ṣūrah jāmiʻah li-kull afrād al-muʻarraf wa-ajzāʼihi wa-māniʻah li-dukhūl mā huwa laysa minhu fī taṣawwurihi , maʻa riʻāyat al-ījāz wa-al-iqtiṣār ʻalá al-ḍarūrī minhā

Wa-kayfīyat dhālika : an naqsim al-ashyāʼ allatī yadkhul fī jumlatihā maṭlūbuka wa-nanẓim silsilat al-kullīyāt thumma nanẓur fī ayyihā inḥaṣara al-maṭlūb fa-tadhkuruhu wa-tadhkur mā qablahu jamīʻan aw aḥadahā . Wa-ʻalá hādhā in kāna jinsan dhakarta dhālika al-jins wa-alladhī qablahu wa-in kāna nawʻan dhakarta dhālika al-nawʻ wa-al-jins wa-hādhā yusammá ( ḥaddan tāmman ) wa-in tarakta al-jins alladhī qablahu wa-dhakarta al-baʻīd summiya ( ḥaddan nāqiṣan )

Wa-in kāna al-maṭlūb mufradan lahu ism ʻalam , dhakarta nawʻahu wa-al-khāṣṣah al-mumayyizah lahu ʻan ghayrihi , wa-hādhā yusammá ( taʻrīfan )

Wa-al-asās fīhā kullihā yarjiʻ ilá al-taqsīm wa-tartīb silsilat al-kullīyāt idh anna kathīran min al-mawjūdāt tatashābah kull al-mushābahah wa-lā numayyizuhā ʻan baʻḍihā illā man amʻana al-naẓar bi-ghāyat al-tadqīq . Ka-an yanẓur ilayhā bi-al-ālāt al-mukabbirah aw yafḥaṣahā bi-ṭuruq ukhrá mustaʻīnan bi-baʻḍ al-wasāʼiṭ al-kīmāwīyah aw ghayrihā fa-yaẓhar lahu mā kāna mutawāriyan ʻanhu min al-farq al-daqīq alladhī baynahā . Wa-li-dhālika tará mā kāna nawʻan ṣāra jinsan wa-mā kāna dākhilan fī nawʻ min al-anwāʻ infaṣala ʻanhu wa-ṣāra nawʻan mustaqillan kull dhālika bi-taraqqī al-ʻulūm wa-al-maʻārif wa-tawaffur al-wasāʼiṭ wa-takammulihā . Fa-yanbaghī al-iḥtirās min al-khaṭaʼ fī tartīb al-silsilah ʻinda taʻdād al-ajzāʼ wa-taṣfīfihā wa-hādhā yakūn min jihat al-jamʻ wa-al-manʻ bi-sabab al-iltibāsāt allatī taḥduth min qabl al-mushābahah al-khārijīyah maʻa al-mubāyanah al-dākhilīyah aw al-mushābahah bi-al-naẓar al-saṭḥī maʻa al-mubāyanah ʻinda al-tadqīq

Wa-li-kay taslam min al-khaṭaʼ fī al-jamʻ wa-al-manʻ yanbaghī an taqsim kull jins ilá nawʻayn lā akthar , bi-ḥaythu yattaṣif nawʻ bi-ṣifah lā yattaṣif bihā al-nawʻ al-ākhar . Wa-ʻalá hādhā al-namaṭ rattib al-silsilah

Mithāl dhālika : law aradta an tuʻarrif al-insān fa-rattib silsilat kullīyātihi kamā tará al-jism ālī | ghayr ālī ḥayawān | ghayr ḥayawān nāṭiq | ghayr nāṭiq

Tará hunā anna maṭlūbaka wāqiʻ fī al-nāṭiq fa-taqūl fī ḥaddihi ḥayawān nāṭiq

Wa-ka-dhālika law aradta an tuʻarrif al-ājur fa-turattib al-silsilah kamā yaʼtī :

al-ḥajar ṣināʻī | ghayr ṣināʻī min turāb | min ghayrihi mashwī | ghayr mashwī manshūrī al-shakl | ghayruhu makhṣūṣ li-bināʼ al-ḥīṭān wa-ashbāhihā | makhṣūṣ li-ghayrihā ( ḥ )

Wa-ḥaythu anna maṭlūbaka dākhil fī al-nimrah ( ḥ ) fa-taqūl fī ḥaddihi :

Al-ājur ḥajar ṣināʻī , min turāb , mashwī , manshūrī al-shakl , makhṣūṣ li-bināʼ al-ḥīṭān wa-ashbāhihā

Wa-ka-dhālika law aradta an tuʻarrif al-ṭarbūsh fa-taqsim al-silsilah ʻalá hādhā al-namaṭ : al-libās lil-raʼs | li-ghayrihi ʻadīm al-kinār | dhū kinār min al-ṣūf | min ghayrihi mulawwan | ghayr mulawwan bi-al-aḥmar aw al-aswad | bi-ghayr dhālika lahu fī dharwatihi maḥall lil-ṭurrah | laysa lahu dhālika ( ʻ )

Wa-maṭlūbuka wāqiʻ fī al-nimrah ( ʻ ) . Fa-taqūl fī taʻrīfihi :

Al-ṭarbūsh libās lil-raʼs ʻadīm al-kinār min al-ṣūf mulawwan bi-al-aḥmar aw al-aswad lahu fī dharwatihi maḥall lil-ṭurrah

Wa-lā yakhlū min al-fāʼidah an adhkur laka mā qālahu al-Imām al-Ghazālī fī hādhā al-mawḍūʻ :

Qāla — : inna mā waqaʻa al-suʼāl ʻan māhīyatihi , wa-aradta an taḥuddahu ḥaddan ḥaqīqīyan , fa-ʻalayka fīhi waẓāʼif , lā yakūn al-ḥadd ḥaqīqīyan illā bihā , fa-in taraktahā sammaynāhu rasmīyan aw lafẓīyan wa-kharaja ʻan kawnihi muʻriban ʻan ḥaqīqat al-shayʼ wa-muṣawwiran kunh maʻnāhu fī nafs al-sāʼil

Al-ūlá — an tajmaʻ ajzāʼ al-ḥadd min al-jins wa-al-fuṣūl , fa-idhā qīla laka mushīran ilá mā yanbut min al-arḍ , mā huwa ? Fa-lā budda wa-an taqūl jism wa-lākin law iqtaṣarta ʻalayhi baṭala ʻalayka bi-al-ḥajar , fa-taḥtāj ilá al-ziyādah , fa-taqūl nām fa-taḥtariz ʻan mā lā yanmū , fa-hādhā al-iḥtirāz yusammá faṣlan idh faṣalta bi-hi al-maḥdūd ʻan ghayrihi

Al-thāniyah — an tadhkur jamīʻ dhātīyātihi wa-in kāna alfan , wa-lā tubāli bi-al-taṭwīl wa-lākin yanbaghī an tuqaddim al-aʻamm ʻalá al-akhaṣṣ , fa-lā taqūl nām jism , bal bi-al-ʻaks , wa-hādhā law tarakahu tashawwasha al-naẓm , wa-lam takhruj al-ḥaqīqah ʻan kawnihā madhkūrah , maʻa iḍṭirāb al-lafẓ , wa-al-inkār ʻalayka fī dhālika , aqall mimmā fī al-awwal , wa-huwa an taqtaṣir ʻalá al-jism

Wa-al-thālithah — annaka idhā wajadta al-jins al-qarīb , fa-iyyāka an tadhkur al-baʻīd maʻahu fa-yakūna mukarraran , kamā taqūl māʼiʻ sharāb , aw taqtaṣir ʻalá al-baʻīd fa-takūn mubʻidan , kamā idhā qīla mā al-khamr ? Fa-lā taqul jism muskir maʼkhūdh min al-ʻinab , wa-idhā dhakarta hādhā , fa-qad dhakarta mā huwa dhātī wa-muṭṭarid wa-munʻakis , wa-lākinnahu mukhtall , qāṣir ʻan taṣwīr kunh ḥaqīqat al-khamr , bal law qulta māʼiʻ muskir , kāna aqrab min al-jism , wa-huwa ayḍan ḍaʻīf ! Bal yanbaghī an taqūl sharāb muskir , fa-innahu al-aqrab al-akhaṣṣ , wa-lā tajid baʻdahu jinsan akhaṣṣ minhu . Fa-idhā dhakarta al-jins , fa-uṭlub baʻdahu al-faṣl , idh al-sharāb yatanāwal sāʼir al-ashribah , wa-ijtahid an tafṣil bi-al-dhātīyāt illā idhā ʻasura ʻalayka , wa-huwa ka-dhālika fī akthar al-ḥudūd , fa-iʻdil baʻda dhikr al-jins ilá dhikr al-lawāzim , wa-ijtahid an yakūna mā dhakarta , min al-lawāzim al-ẓāhirah al-maʻrūfah , fa-inna al-khafī lā yuʻraf bi-hi , kamā idhā qīla : mā al-asad ? Qultu , sabuʻ abkhar , yatamayyaz bi-al-bakhar ʻan al-kalb , fa-inna al-bakhar min khawāṣṣihi wa-lākinnahu min al-khawāṣṣ al-khafīyah , wa-law qulta shujāʻ ʻarīḍ al-aʻālī la-kānat hādhihi al-lawāzim wa-al-aʻrāḍ , aqrab ilá al-fahm , li-annahā ajlá , wa-akthar mā yurá fī al-kutub min al-ḥudūd , rasmīyah , idh al-ḥaqīqah ʻazīzah , wa-riʻāyat al-tartīb ḥattá lā yubtadaʼ bi-al-akhaṣṣ qabla al-aʻamm ʻasīr , wa-ṭalab al-jins al-aqrab ʻasīr fa-innaka rubbamā taqūl fī al-asad annahu ḥayawān shujāʻ , wa-lā yaḥḍuruka lafẓ al-sabuʻ , fa-tajtamiʻ anwāʻ min al-ʻusr , wa-aḥsan al-rasmīyāt mā wuḍiʻa fīhā al-jins al-aqrab wa-utimma bi-al-khawāṣṣ al-mashhūrah al-maʻrūfah

Wa-al-rābiʻah — an taḥtariz ʻan al-alfāẓ al-gharībah al-waḥshīyah , wa-al-majāzīyah al-baʻīdah , wa-al-mushtarakah al-muraddadah , wa-ijtahid fī al-ījāz mā qadarta , wa-fī ṭalab al-lafẓ al-naṣṣ mā amkanaka , fa-in aʻwazaka al-naṣṣ , wa-iftaqarta ilá al-istiʻārah , fa-uṭlub min al-istiʻārāt mā huwa ashadd munāsabah lil-gharaḍ , wa-udhkur murādaka bi-hi lil-sāʼil , fa-mā kull amr maʻqūl , lahu ʻibārah ṣarīḥah mawḍūʻah , wa-law ṭawwala muṭawwil , aw istaʻāra mustaʻīr , aw atá bi-lafẓ mushtarak , wa-ʻarrafa murādahu bi-al-taṣrīḥ , aw ʻarrafa bi-al-qarīnah , fa-lā yanbaghī an yustaʻẓam ṣanīʻuhu , wa-yubālagh fī dhammihi in kāna qad kashafa al-ḥaqīqah bi-dhikr jamīʻ al-dhātīyāt , fa-innahu al-maqṣūd , wa-hādhihi al-mazāyā , taḥsīnāt wa-tartībāt ka-al-abāzīr min al-maqṣūd , wa-innamā al-mutajādilūn , yastaʻẓimūn mithl dhālika , wa-yastankirūnahu ghāyat al-istinkār , li-mayl ṭibāʻihim al-qāṣirah ʻan al-maqṣūd al-aṣlī ilá al-tawābiʻ .... Wa-al-lafẓ ghayr murād bi-ʻaynihi fī al-ḥadd al-ḥaqīqī illā ʻinda al-mutarassim , alladhī yaḥūm ḥawla al-ʻibārāt , fa-yakūn iʻtirāḍuhu ʻalayhā wa-shaghafuhu bihā . Āh

Wa-yalḥaq fī hādhā al-baḥth ( al-waṣf ) wa-huwa rasm al-maṭlūb fī mukhayyilat al-sāmiʻ , bi-dhikr mā yakfī min ʻaraḍīyātihi min al-awṣāf wa-al-khawāṣṣ

Wa-qad yakūn hādhā muzayyanan munammaqan tudhkar fīhi ṣifāt kathīrah lil-mawṣūf , wa-khaṣāʼiṣuhu , wa-taʼthīrātuhu , allatī infarada bihā , li-tanjalī ḥaqīqatuhu wa-tazīd wuḍūḥan , maʻa murāʻāt muqtaḍayāt al-balāghah wa-al-adab fī dhālika . Wa-hādhā yusammá bi-al-waṣf al-adabī , aw al-shiʻrī , aw al-tārīkhī wa-yaqtaṣir fīhi ʻalá dhikr mā nāsaba al-wajh allatī tuqṣad , idh qad yūṣaf al-shakhṣ aw al-makān aw al-waqt aw ghayr dhālika min wujūh mukhtalifah mithl an yuqṣad min dhālika bayān maḥāsinihi wa-al-targhīb fīhā aw masāwīhi wa-al-tanfīr minhā . Wa-al-baldah tūṣaf min jihat ṣunnāʻihā , aw udabāʼihā , aw mabānīhā , aw mawqiʻihā al-ṭabīʻī wa-al-jughrāfī , aw mawqiʻihā al-ʻaskarī wa-ahammīyah al-ḥarbīyah , aw min jihat mā-yakthur fīhā min al-umūr al-ḥasanah aw al-sayyiʼah wa-al-aḥwāl al-maqbūlah aw al-manfūrah wa-ghayr dhālika . Fa-yakhtār al-kātib mā-shāʼa dhawquhu min al-awṣāf wa-yataṣarraf bihā fī īḍāḥ gharaḍihi, mubayyinan aḥwālahu wa-nuʻūtahu al-mumaththilah lahu ḥattá yakād yarāhu al-sāmiʻ ʻiyānan

Wa-sharṭ al-waṣf an yakūna jāmiʻan māniʻan, dhā rawnaq wa-ṭalāwah , wa-an lā-yakhruj fīhi ilá ḥadd al-mubālaghah wa-al-taṭwīl, wa-yaktafī bi-mā nāsaba al-wijhah al-maqṣūdah . Wa-al-aḥsan fī dhālika, an tabtadiʼ bi-waṣfika al-mawḍūʻ bi-naẓar ʻāmm, thumma taʼkhudh fī tafṣīl al-afrād fardan fardan , ʻalá ḥasab tatābuʻ wurūdihā, aw muqaddiman fīhā al-ahamm bi-al-naẓar li-mā taqṣuduhu ʻalá ghayrihi . Wa-mā anta fī dhālika illā ka-rassām yuṣawwir bi-al-alwān wa-al-furshāh , aw ka-man yaʻriḍ al-manāẓir al-mukhtalifah bi-al-sīnāmātūghrāf . Wa-li-hādhā yajib ʻalayka awwalan an taʻrif mā-turīd waṣfahu ḥaqq al-maʻrifah wa-tadrusahu bi-tadqīq wa-imʻān ḥattá lā yaghīb ʻanka adaqq shayʼ min aḥwālihi wa-tantabih ilá kayfīyat waḍʻihā wa-tartībihā thumma aʻir rūḥaka kull al-intibāh , li-tashammam mā tūḥīhi ilayka min al-taʼaththurāt wa-al-maʻānī , fa-taksūhā ḥullah tunāsibuhā min al-alfāẓ wa-tujallīhā ʻalá al-sāmiʻ munaẓẓamah munassaqah , murtabiṭah baʻḍuhā al-baʻḍ , bi-ḥasab al-munāsabah allatī aḥsasta bi-taʼthīrihā fīka , muntaqilan min al-muʼaththir al-ḍaʻīf ilá al-qawī, fa-al-aqwá bi-ḥaythu tumaththil lahu al-mawṣūf , ḥattá lā yashukk annahu yarāhu raʼy al-ʻayn . Wa-yanbaghī an tantabih ilá an lā-taḥīd ʻan al-wijhah allatī taqṣuduhā min al-waṣf . Wa-li-takun hādhihi al-wijhah hadafaka al-aṣlī , fī al-awṣāf allatī tastaʻmiluhā . Fa-innaka law aradta waṣf ḥadīqah mathalan , fa-ammā an taqṣud bayān maḥāsin al-ṭabīʻah wa-jamāl nuqūshihā wa-itqān ṣanʻihā, aw taqṣud tashrīḥ al-taʼaththurāt allatī taḥduth fīka mimmā tushāhiduhu , wa-iḥdāth naẓīrihā fī rūḥ al-sāmiʻ . Aw ghayr dhālika wa-lā tanas anna al-balāghah fī al-iqtiṣād

Wa-lil-waṣf anwāʻ kathīrah , ka-waṣf baldah , aw wāqiʻat ḥarb , aw manẓar min manāẓir al-ṭabīʻah , ka-rawḍah , aw ṭulūʻ, aw ghurūb, aw ʻāṣifah aw ghayr dhālika . Wa-ka-waṣf ḥayawān fī khalqihi , wa-ṭibāʻah , wa-akhlāqihi ; aw shakhṣ , fī khalqihi aw khuluqihi, aw kilayhimā . Wa-ka-tarjamah tārīkhīyah li-rajul ʻaẓīm yudhkar fīhā khalquhu wa-khuluquhu wa-nashʼatuhu wa-tawālīfuhu , wa-mā batha fīhā min al-afkār , wa-al-ārāʼ , wa-mashrabuhu, wa-ṭarīqatuhu, wa-darajat al-intifāʻ bi-tilka al-āthār aw al-aʻmāl aw al-ikhtirāʻāt wa-mā nataja ʻanhā min al-taʼthīr al-ḥasan aw al-sayyiʼ fī al-afkār wa-al-mashārib, aw al-ʻumrān aw al-ṣināʻāt , wa-khulāṣat mā qīla fīhā wa-fīhi min ajlihā wa-ākhir ayyāmihi wa-wafātuhu . Wa-ghayr dhālika

Al-Faṣl al-thānī

Fī al-taṣdīqāt al-muktasabah

Laqad sabaqa al-qawl ʻalá anna al-awwalīyāt aḥkām musallamah lā yashukk aḥad fī ṣiḥḥatihā wa-lā yataraddad fī taṣdīqihā . Wa-ʻalá hādhā kānat wa-lā rayb ḍāliḥah li-an takūna miqyāsan lanā fī al-aḥkām wa-al-taṣdīqāt al-maṭlūbah ; fa-mā-wajadnāhu qad inṭabaqa ʻalayhā tamām al-inṭibāq qabilnāhu , wa-mā zāda aw naqaṣa rafaḍnāhu ; wa-hādhā al-ʻamal huwa al-muqāyasah aw al-qiyās . Wa-bayān dhālika , anna al-ḥukm al-maṭlūb istikhrājuhu huwa dākhil fī al-aḥkām al-ukhar al-musallamah . Wa-innamā al-qaṣd , mujarrad iẓhārihi wa-ibrāzihi , wa-bayān annahu muttaḥid maʻa al-aḥkām al-dākhil fīhā , allatī huwa ʻaynuhā fī al-maʻná wa-in ikhtalafa al-lafẓ . Wa-lā yumkin istintāj ḥukm min ākhar mā-lam yakun dākhilan fīhi wa-min muḥtawayātihi wa-afrādihi . Fa-idhā aradta an tuqīm al-dalīl ʻalá ḥukm . Taʼtī awwalan bi-ḥukm awwalī musallam ʻinda al-sāmiʻ yataḍamman mā aradta istintājahu , thumma taʼtī baʻdahu bi-ḥukm ākhar li-yadull ʻalá anna al-natījah dākhilah fīhi , fa-taḥkum ḥīnaʼidhin bi-ṣidq al-natījah wa-dhālika qiyās ʻalá hādhā al-ḥukm al-awwalī wa-huwa : anna al-mustalzim li-mustalzim shayʼ ākhar huwa mustalzim li-dhālika al-shayʼ al-ākhar ayḍan aw mā-fī maʻnāhu ka-qawlika mā yastalzim nafy shayʼ ʻan ākhar yastalzim ayḍan nafy mā-huwa khāṣṣ bi-dhālika al-shayʼ ʻan al-ākhar . Aw qawluka mā yataḍamman shayʼan yataḍamman ākhar fa-huwa yataḍamman dhālika al-ākhar

Wa-qad yatasalsal al-amr maʻaka , fa-taʼtī bi-al-ḥukm al-awwalī thumma taʼtī baʻdahu bi-ʻiddat aḥkām kull wāḥid min shaʼnihi an yadull ʻalá anna alladhī baʻdahu dākhil fī alladhī qablahu , wa-hākadhā ilá an taṣil ilá al-natījah

Wa-fī al-aḥkām al-salbīyah taʼtī bi-al-ḥukm al-awwalī thumma taʼtī baʻdahu bi-ḥukm aw ʻiddat aḥkām li-tadull ʻalá anna al-maḥkūm ʻalayhi min al-natījah , ghayr dākhil fī maḍmūn al-maḥkūm ʻalayhi min al-ḥukm al-awwalī . Wa-ʻalá hādhā al-namaṭ tafʻal fī jamīʻ aqyisatika wa-barāhīnika . Wa-in kunta sāʼilan fa-mā kāna ka-dhālika aw ṣaḥḥa irjāʻuhu ilá hādhihi al-ṣūrah qabiltahu wa-illā radadtahu wa-rafaḍtahu . Amthilah ʻalá dhālika :

Al-insān yamshī — al-ḥukm al-murād ithbātuhu Al-insān ḥayawān — ḥukm awwalī ( wa-yusammá bi-al-qaḍīyah al-ṣughrá ) Wa-al-ḥayawān yamshī — ḥukm musallam ʻinda-al-sāmiʻ atá bi-hi yadull ʻalá anna al-natījah dākhilah fī al-awwal ( wa-yusammá bi-al-qaḍīyah al-kubrá ) Fa-al-insān yamshī — al-natījah

Qawluka ghayr ḥaqq — al-ḥukm al-murād ithbātuhu In kāna qawluka ḥaqqan wajaba an yuṭābiq al-wāqiʻ — ḥukm awwalī Wa-qad wajadnāhu ghayr muṭābiq lil-wāqiʻ — ḥukm musallam ʻinda-al-sāmiʻ atá bi-hi li-yadull ʻalá anna al-natījah dākhilah fī al-awwal idhan qawluka ghayr ḥaqq — al-natījah

Wa-qad yuṣraf al-naẓar ʻan dhikr al-kubrá immā li-ẓuhūrihā aw lil-ikhtiṣār . Mithāl :

Muḥāwarah bayna shurṭī wa-muttaham

Al-shurṭī — itbaʻnī M — wa-kayfa atbaʻuka Sh — li-annī āmuruka bi-ism al-ḥukūmah

Wa-aṣl dhālika :

Inna amrī amr al-ḥukūmah ٭ wa-amr al-ḥukūmah muṭāʻ ٭ fa-amrī muṭāʻ Wa-innī āmuruka an tatbaʻanī fa-aṭiʻ wa-itbaʻnī

Wa-lanā fī al-taṣdīqāt ṭarīqān ākharān wa-humā ( al-istiqrāʼ ) wa ( al-istintāj ) wa-dhālika annaka idhā wajadta ṣifah aw khāṣṣah mā , fī mawādd kathīrah min nawʻ wāḥid wa-lam tajid baʻda al-taftīsh al-mudaqqiq māddah min dhālika al-nawʻ khāliyah ʻanhā ; ḥaṣala laka min dhālika al-taṣdīq bi-anna tilka al-khāṣṣah hiya ʻāmmah li-tilka al-mawādd . Wa-hādhā huwa ( al-istiqrāʼ )

Wa-lammā kāna hādhā mabnīyan ʻalá al-mushābahah bayna al-mawādd li-yuḥkam ʻalayhā bi-ḥukm ʻāmm fa-qad yaltabis al-amr , wa-yadkhul al-khaṭaʼ . Mithl an takūna al-mushābahah ghayr tāmmah wa-lā yantabih ilayhā li-diqqat al-farq wa-khafāʼ al-sabab aw li-nuqṣ aw khaṭaʼ fī al-taʻlīl wa-ammā idhā kānat tāmmah, wa-al-sabab wāḥidan fa-lā budda min an takūna al-natāʼij wāḥidah . Wa-in ikhtalafat nafham anna hunālika amran ākhar, wa-ʻāriḍan māniʻan bi-ḥaythu law zāla, zāla al-ikhtilāf

Wa-ammā al-istintāj wa-yusammá bi-al-istidlāl ayḍan, fa-huwa ʻalá ʻaks al-istiqrāʼ, ay annaka idhā ʻarafta ḥukman ʻāmman fa-taḥkum bi-hi ʻalá shayʼ tayaqqanta annahu min afrādihi . Wa-idhā ʻarafta nāmūsan ṭabīʻīyan fa-tastadill bi-hi ʻalá mā-lā-budda min ḥudūthihi bi-sabab dhālika al-nāmūs .

— al-ḥawāshī —

[32] ( 1 ) al-qawāḍib — al-suyūf al-qāṭiʻah

[32] ( 2 ) al-sabāsib — al-mafāwiz wa-al-arāḍī al-mustawiyah al-baʻīdah

[32] ( 3 ) maysam — ālat al-kayy

[32] ( 4 ) iqtiʻād — rukūb

[32] ( 5 ) al-ghārib — al-kāhil