The sayings of the earlier philosophers of Islam concerning the jinn

Aqwāl mutaqaddimī falāsifat al-Islām fī al-jinn

« Ibn Sīnā wa-al-Fārābī »

Qāla Ibn Sīnā raḥimahu Allāh fī Kitāb al-ḥudūd : al-jinn ḥayawān hawāʼī nāṭiq mushiff al-jirm min shaʼnihi an yatashakkal bi-ashkāl mukhtalifah ( qāla ) wa-laysa hādhā rasmahu bal huwa maʻná ismihi ah qāla Abū al-Baqāʼ fī kullīyānihi : ay hādhā bayān li-madlūl hādhā al-lafẓ maʻa qaṭʻ al-naẓar ʻan inṭibāqihi ʻalá ḥaqīqah khārijīyah sawāʼ kāna maʻdūman fī al-khārij aw mawjūdan wa-lam yuʻlam wujūduhu fīhi fa-inna al-taʻrīf al-ismī lā-yakūn illā kadhālika bi-khilāf al-taʻrīf al-ḥaqīqī fa-innahu ʻibārah ʻan taṣawwur mā-lahu ḥaqīqah khārijīyah fī al-dhihn ( thumma qāla Abū al-Baqāʼ ) wa-jumhūr arbāb al-milal al-muṣaddiqīn bi-al-anbiyāʼ qad iʻtarafū bi-wujūdihi wa-iʻtarafa bihi jamʻ ʻaẓīm min qudamāʼ al-falāsifah ayḍan .

Wa-fī risālah li-al-muʻallim al-thānī Abī Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fārābī fī jawāb masāʼil suʼila ʻanhā mā-mithāluhu :

( Suʼila ) fīmā raʼāhu baʻḍ al-ʻawāmm fī maʻná al-jinn wa-saʼalahu ʻan māhīyatihi ( fa-qāla ) : al-jinn ḥayy ghayr nāṭiq ghayr māʼit wa-dhālika ʻalá mā tūjibuhu al-qismah allatī yatabayyan minhā ḥadd al-insān al-maʻrūf ʻinda al-nās aʻnī al-ḥayy al-nāṭiq al-māʼit , wa-dhālika anna al-ḥayy minhu nāṭiq māʼit wa-huwa al-insān wa-minhu nāṭiq ghayr māʼit wa-huwa al-malak , wa-minhu ghayr nāṭiq māʼit wa-huwa al-bahāʼim , wa-minhu ghayr nāṭiq ghayr māʼit wa-huwa al-jinn : fa-qāla al-sāʼil : alladhī fī al-Qurʼān munāqiḍ li-hādhā wa-huwa qawluhu « istamaʻa nafar min al-jinn fa-qālū innā samiʻnā qurʼānan ʻajaban » wa-alladhī huwa ghayr nāṭiq kayfa yastamiʻu wa-kayfa yaqūl : fa-qāla : laysa dhālika bi-munāqiḍ wa-dhālika anna al-samʻ wa-al-qawl yumkin an yūjad li-al-ḥayy min ḥaythu huwa ḥayy li-anna al-qawl wa-al-talaffuẓ ghayr al-tamyīz alladhī huwa al-nuṭq , wa-tará kathīran min al-bahāʼim lā-qawla lahā wa-hiya ḥayyah , wa-ṣawt al-insān maʻa hādhihi al-maqāṭiʻ huwa-lahu ṭabīʻī min ḥaythu huwa ḥayy bi-hādhā al-nawʻ kamā anna ṣawt kull nawʻ min anwāʻ al-ḥayy lā-yushbih ṣawt ghayrihi min al-anwāʻ kadhālika hādhā al-ṣawt bi-hādhihi al-maqāṭiʻ allatī li-al-insān mukhālif li-aṣwāt ghayrihi min anwāʻ al-ḥayawān , wa-ammā-qawlunā : ghayr māʼit fa-al-Qurʼān yadull bi-dhālika fī qawlihi taʻālá « rabb anẓirnī ilá yawm yubʻathūn qāla innaka min al-munẓarīn » ah

« Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī »

Qāla fī Qūt al-qulūb fī al-faṣl al-thalāthīn fī tafṣīl khawāṭir al-qulūb mā mithāluhu baʻda sard āyāt wa-qāla taʻālá « yā ayyuhā al-insān mā gharraka bi-Rabbika al-Karīm alladhī khalaqaka fa-sawwāka fa-ʻadalaka » wa-qāla taʻālá « la-qad khalaqnā al-insān fī aḥsan taqwīm » wa-qāla « wa-min kull shayʼ khalaqnā zawjayn laʻallakum tadhakkarūn » fa-min al-sawāʼ wa-al-taʻdīl wa-al-izdiwāj wa-al-taqwīm adawāt al-ẓāhir wa-aʻrāḍ al-bāṭin wa-hiya ḥawāss al-jism wa-al-qalb . fa-adawāt al-jism hiya al-ṣifāt al-ẓāhirah . wa-aʻrāḍ al-qalb hiya al-maʻānī al-bāṭinah qad ʻadalahā Allāh taʻālá bi-ḥikmatihi wa-sawwāhā ʻalá mashīʼatihi wa-qawwamahā itqānan bi-ṣanʻatihi wa-iḥkāman bi-ṣunʻihi ( awwaluhā ) al-nafs wa-al-rūḥ wa-humā makānān li-liqāʼ al-ʻadūw wa-al-malak wa-humā shakhṣān mulqiyān li-al-fujūr wa-al-taqwá ( wa-minhā ) gharaḍān mutamakkinān fī makānayn wa-humā al-ʻaql wa-al-hawá ʻan ḥakamayn fī mashīʼat ḥākim wa-humā al-tawfīq wa-al-ighwāʼ ( wa-minhā ) nūrān sāṭiʻān fī al-qalb ʻan takhṣīṣ min raḥmat rāḥim wa-humā al-ʻilm wa-al-īmān fa-hādhihi adawāt al-qalb wa-ḥawāssuhu wa-maʻānīhi al-ghāʼibah wa-ālātuhu wa-al-qalb fī wasaṭ hādhihi al-adawāt ka-al-malak wa-hādhihi junūduhu tuʼaddī ilayhi aw ka-al-mirʼāh al-majlūwah wa-hādhihi al-ālah ḥawlahu taẓhar fa-yarāhā wa-yaqdaḥ fīhi fa-yajiduhā

( thumma qāla ) fa-idhā arāda Allāh taʻālá iẓhār khayr min khizānat al-rūḥ ḥarrakahā fa-saṭaʻat nūran fī al-qalb fa-aththarat fa-yanẓur al-malak ilá al-qalb fa-yará mā aḥdatha Allāh taʻālá fīhi fa-yaẓhar makānan , fa-yatamakkan ʻalá mithāl fiʻl al-ʻadūw fī khizānat al-sharr wa-hiya al-nafs , wa-al-malak majbūl ʻalá ḥubb al-hidāyah maṭbūʻ ʻalá ḥubb al-ṭāʻah kamā anna al-ʻadūw majbūl ʻalá al-ghiwāyah maṭbūʻ ʻalá ḥubb al-maʻṣiyah fa-yulqī al-malak al-ilhām wa-huwa khuṭūruhu ʻalá al-qalb bi-qadḥ khawāṭirihi yaʼmur bi-taqyīd dhālika wa-yuḥassinuhu lahu wa-yaḥuththuhu ʻalayhi wa-hādhā huwa ilhām al-taqwá wa-al-rushd

( thumma qāla ) dhikr taqsīm al-khawāṭir wa-tafṣīl asmāʼihā , fa-ammā tasmiyat jumlat al-khawāṭir fa-mā waqaʻa fī al-qalb min ʻamal al-khayr fa-huwa ( ilhām )

wa-mā waqaʻa min ʻamal al-sharr fa-huwa ( waswās )

wa-mā waqaʻa fī al-qalb min al-makhāwif fa-huwa ( al-ḥassās )

wa-mā kāna min taqdīr al-khayr wa-taʼmīlihi fa-huwa ( nīyah )

wa-mā kāna min tadbīr al-umūr al-mubāḥāt wa-tarajjīhā wa-al-ṭamaʻ fīhā fa-huwa ( umnīyah wa-amal )

wa-mā kāna min tadhkirat al-ākhirah wa-al-waʻd wa-al-waʻīd fa-huwa « tadhakkur wa-tafkīr »

wa-mā kāna min muʻāyanat al-ghayb bi-ʻayn al-yaqīn fa-huwa « mushāhadah »

wa-mā kāna min taḥadduth al-nafs bi-maʻāshihā wa-taṣrīf aḥwālihā fa-huwa « hamm »

wa-mā kāna min khawāṭir al-ʻādāt wa-nawāziʻ al-shahawāt fa-huwa « lam »

wa-yusammá jamīʻ dhālika « khawāṭir » li-annahu khuṭūr himmat nafs aw khuṭūr ʻadūw bi-jasad aw-khaṭrat malak bi-hams ah mulakhkhaṣan

« al-Ghazzālī »

Qāla fī al-Maḍnūn al-kabīr : al-malāʼikah wa-al-jinn wa-al-shayāṭīn jawāhir qāʼimah bi-anfusihā mukhtalifah bi-al-ḥaqāʼiq ikhtilāfan yakūn bayna al-anwāʻ mithāl dhālika al-qudrah fa-innahā mukhālifah li-al-ʻilm wa-al-ʻilm mukhālif li-al-qudrah wa-humā mukhālifā al-lawn wa-al-lawn wa-al-qudrah wa-al-ʻilm aʻrāḍ qāʼimah bi-ghayrihā fa-kadhālika bayna al-malak wa-al-shayṭān wa-al-jinn ikhtilāf wa-maʻa dhālika fa-kull wāḥid jawhar qāʼim bi-nafsihi wa-qad waqaʻa al-ikhtilāf bayna al-jinn wa-al-malak fa-lā yadrī a-huwa ikhtilāf bayna al-nawʻayn ka-al-ikhtilāf bayna al-faras wa-al-insān aw al-ikhtilāf fī al-aʻrāḍ ka-al-ikhtilāf bayna al-insān al-nāqiṣ wa-al-kāmil wa-kadhā al-ikhtilāf bayna al-malak wa-al-shayṭān wa-huwa an yakūn al-nawʻ wāḥidan wa-al-ikhtilāf wāqiʻan fī al-ʻawāriḍ ka-al-ikhtilāf bayna al-khayr wa-al-sharīr wa-al-ikhtilāf bayna al-nabī wa-al-walī , wa-al-ẓāhir anna ikhtilāfahum bi-al-nawʻ wa-al-ʻilm ʻinda Allāh taʻālá , wa-hādhihi al-jawāhir al-madhkūrah lā-tanqasim aʻnī anna maḥall al-ʻilm bi-Allāh taʻālá wāḥid lā-yanqasim fa-inna al-ʻilm al-wāḥid lā-yaḥull illā fī maḥall wāḥid wa-ḥaqīqat al-insān kadhālika fa-al-ʻilm wa-al-jahl bi-shayʼ wāḥid fī maḥall wāḥid mutaḍāddān wa-fī al-maḥallayn ghayr mutaḍāddayn wa-ammā an hādhā al-jawhar ghayr munqasim wa-hal huwa mutaḥayyiz am lā fa-hādhā al-kalām ʻāʼid ilá maʻrifat al-juzʼ alladhī yatajazzaʼ fa-in istaḥāla al-juzʼ alladhī lā-yatajazzaʼ fa-hādhā al-jawhar ghayr munqasim wa-lā mutaḥayyiz wa-in lam yastaḥill al-juzʼ alladhī lā-yatajazzaʼ fa-yumkin an yakūn hādhā al-jawhar mutaḥayyizan — wa-qad qāla qawm lā-yajūz an yakūn ghayr munqasim wa-lā mutaḥayyiz fa-inna Allāh taʻālá ghayr munqasim wa-lā mutaḥayyiz fa-mā alladhī yafṣil hādhā min dhālika wa-hādhā ghayr mubarhan ʻalayhi li-annahu rubbamā tabāyanā fī ḥaqīqat al-dhāt wa-in suliba ʻanhumā al-inqisām wa-al-taḥayyuz wa-al-umūr al-makānīyah wa-tilka sulūb wa-al-iʻtibār bi-al-ḥaqāʼiq li-anna mā-suliba ʻan al-ḥaqāʼiq ka-al-ʻaraḍayn al-mukhtalifayn bi-al-ḥadd wa-al-ḥaqīqah al-ḥālayn fī maḥall wāḥid fa-inna ījāb iḥtiyājihimā ilá al-maḥall wa-kawnihimā fī al-maḥall lā yufīd tamāthulahā fa-kadhālika sālib al-iḥtiyāj ilá al-maḥall wa-al-makān lā-yufīd ishtirāk al-shayʼayn wa-yumkin an tushāhad hādhihi al-jawāhir aʻnī jawāhir al-malāʼikah wa-in kānat ghayr maḥsūsah wa-hādhihi al-mushāhadah ʻalá ḍarbayn ammā ʻalá sabīl al-tamthīl ka-qawlihi taʻālá « fa-tamaththala lahā basharan sawīyan » wa-kamā kāna al-Nabī ʻalayhi al-ṣalāh wa-al-salām yará Jibrīl fī ṣūrat Diḥyah al-Kalbī (١) wa-al-qism al-thānī an yakūn li-baʻḍ al-malāʼikah badan maḥsūs kamā anna nufūsanā ghayr maḥsūsah wa-lahā badan maḥsūs huwa maḥall taṣarrufihā wa-ʻālamuhā al-khāṣṣ bihā fa-kadhālika baʻḍ al-malāʼikah wa-rubbamā kāna hādhā al-badan al-maḥsūs mawqūfan ʻalá ishrāq nūr al-nubūwah kamā anna maḥsūsāt ʻālaminā hādhā mawqūf ʻinda al-idrāk ʻalá ishrāq nūr al-shams wa-kadhā fī al-jinn wa-al-shayāṭīn ah

Wa-qāla al-Ghazzāl fī al-Iḥyāʼ fī bayān tasalluṭ al-shayṭān ʻalá al-qalb bi-al-waswās baʻda tamhīd muqaddimah mā mithāluhu : fa-mabdaʼ al-afʻāl al-khawāṭir thumma al-khāṭir yuḥarrik al-raghbah wa-al-raghbah tuḥarrik al-ʻazm wa-al-ʻazm yuḥarrik al-nīyah wa-al-nīyah tuḥarrik al-aʻḍāʼ wa-al-khawāṭir al-muḥarrikah li-al-raghbah tanqasim ilá mā-yadʻū ilá al-sharr aʻnī mā-yaḍurr fī al-ʻāqibah wa-ilá mā-yadʻū ilá al-khayr aʻná mā yanfaʻ fī al-dār al-ākhirah fa-humā khāṭirān mukhtalifān fa-iftaqara ilá ismayn mukhtalifayn fa-al-khāṭir al-maḥmūd yusammá ilhāman wa-al-khāṭir al-madhmūm aʻnī al-dāʻī ilá al-sharr yusammá waswāsan thumma innaka taʻlam anna hādhihi al-khawāṭir ḥādithah thumma anna kull ḥādith fa-lā budda lahu min muḥdith wa-mahmā ikhtalafat al-ḥawādith dalla dhālika ʻalá ikhtilāf al-asbāb hādhā mā ʻurifa min sunnat Allāh taʻālá fī tartīb al-musabbibāt ʻalá al-asbāb , fa-mahmā istanārat ḥīṭān al-bayt bi-nūr al-nār wa-aẓlama saqfahu wa-aswadda bi-al-dukhkhān ʻalimta anna sabab al-sawād ghayr sabab al-istinārah wa-kadhālika li-anwār al-qalb wa-ẓulmatahu sababān mukhtalifān fa-sabab al-khāṭir al-dāʻī ilá al-khayr yusammá ( malakan ) wa-sabab al-khāṭir al-dāʻī ilá al-sharr yusammá ( shayṭānan ) (٢) wa-al-luṭf alladhī yatahayyaʼ bihi al-qalb li-qabūl ilhām al-khayr yusammá ( tawfīqan ) wa-alladhī bihi yatahayyaʼ li-qabūl waswās al-shayṭān yusammá ( ighwāʼ wa-khidhlān ) fa-inna al-maʻānī al-mukhtalifah taftaqir ilá asāmī mukhtalifah . wa ( al-malak ) ʻibārah ʻan khalq khalaqahu Allāh taʻālá shaʼnuhu ifādat al-khayr wa-ifādat al-ʻilm wa-kashf al-ḥaqq wa-al-waʻd bi-al-khayr wa-al-amr bi-al-maʻrūf wa-qad khalaqahu wa-sakhkharahu li-dhālika . ( wa-al-shayṭān ) ʻibārah ʻan khalq shaʼnuhu ḍidd dhālika wa-huwa al-waʻd bi-al-sharr wa-al-amr bi-al-faḥshāʼ wa-al-takhwīf ʻinda al-hamm bi-al-khayr bi-al-faqr . fa-al-waswasah fī muqābalat al-ilhām . wa-al-shayṭān fī muqābalat al-malak . wa-al-tawfīq fī muqābalat al-khidhlān . wa-ilayhi al-ishārah bi-qawlihi taʻālá ( wa-min kull shayʼin khalaqnā zawjayn )

« Ibn Ḥazm »

Qāla raḥimahu Allāh fī Kitāb al-Faṣl fī al-kalām ʻalá al-jinn wa-waswasat al-shayṭān wa-naʻlihi fī al-maṣrūʻ : lam nudrik bi-al-ḥawāss wa-lā ʻalimnā wujūb kawnihim wa-lā wujūb imtināʻ kawnihim fī al-ʻālam ayḍan bi-ḍarūrat al-ʻaql lākin ʻalimnā bi-ḍarūrat al-ʻaql imkān kawnihim li-anna qudrat Allāh taʻālá lā-nihāyah lahā wa-huwa ʻazza wa-jalla yakhluq mā-yashāʼ , wa-lā-farq bayna an yakhluq khalqan ʻunṣuruhum al-turāb wa-al-māʼ fa-yuskinuhum al-arḍ wa-al-hawāʼ wa-al-māʼ — wa-bayna an yakhluq khalqan ʻunṣuruhum al-nār wa-al-hawāʼ fa-yuskinuhum al-hawāʼ wa-al-nār wa-al-arḍ bal kull dhālika sawāʼ wa-mumkin fī qudratihi lākin lammā akhbarat al-rusul alladhīna shahida Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla bi-ṣidqihim bimā abdá ʻalá abdīhim min al-muʻjizāt al-muḥīlah li-al-ṭabāʼiʻ bi-naṣṣ Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla ʻalá wujūd al-jinn fī al-ʻālam wajaba ḍarūrat al-ʻilm bi-khalqihim wa-wujūdihim wa-qad jāʼa al-naṣṣ bi-dhālika wa-bi-annahum ummah ʻāqilah mumayyizah mushaʻʻabah mawʻūdah mutawaʻʻadah mutanāsilah yamūtūn wa-ajmaʻa al-muslimūn kulluhum ʻalá dhālika naʻam wa-al-Naṣārá wa-al-Majūs wa-al-Ṣābiʼūn wa-akthar al-Yahūd , wa-hum yarawnanā wa-lā-narāhum qāla Allāh taʻālá « innahu yarākum huwa wa-qabīluhu min ḥaythu lā-tarawnahum » fa-ṣaḥḥa anna al-jinn qabīl Iblīs qāla Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla « illā Iblīs kāna min al-jinn » , wa-idh akhbaranā Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla annanā lā-narāhum fa-man iddaʻá annahu yarāhum aw-raʼāhum fa-huwa kādhib illā an yakūn min al-anbiyāʼ ʻalayhim al-salām fa-dhālika muʻjizah lahum kamā naṣṣa Rasūl Allāh ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam annahu tafallata ʻalayhi al-shayṭān li-yaqṭaʻ ʻalayhi ṣalātahu qāla fa-akhadhtʹhu fa-dhakartu daʻwat akhī Sulaymān wa-lawlā dhālika la-aṣbaḥa mūthaqan yarāhu ahl al-Madīnah aw kamā qāla ʻalayhi al-salām wa-kadhālika fī riwāyah ʻan Abī Hurayrah alladhī raʼá innamā hiya muʻjizah li-Rasūl Allāh ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam , wa-lā-sabīl ilá wujūd khabar yaṣiḥḥ bi-ruʼyat jinnī baʻda mawt Rasūl Allāh ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam wa-innamā hiya munqaṭiʻāt aw-ʻamman lā-khayr fīhi

wa-hum ajsām riqāq ṣāfiyah hawāʼīyah lā alwān lahum wa-ʻunṣuruhum al-nār kamā anna ʻunṣuranā al-turāb wa-bi-dhālika jāʼa al-Qurʼān qāla Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla « wa-al-jānn khalaqnāhu min qabl min nār al-samūm » wa-al-nār wa-al-hawāʼ ʻunṣurān lā alwān lahumā wa-innamā ḥadatha al-lawn fī al-nār al-mushtaʻilah ʻindanā li-imtizājihā bi-ruṭūbāt mā-tashtaʻil fīhi min al-ḥaṭab wa-al-kattān wa-al-adʹhān wa-ghayr dhālika wa-law kānat lahum alwān la-raʼaynāhum bi-ḥāssat al-baṣar wa-law lam yakūnū ajsāman ṣāfiyah riqāqan hawāʼīyah la-adraknāhum bi-ḥāssat al-lams

wa-ṣaḥḥa al-naṣṣ bi-annahum yuwaswisūn fī ṣudūr al-nās wa-anna al-shayṭān yajrī min Ibn Ādam majrá al-dam fa-wajaba al-taṣdīq bi-kull dhālika ḥaqīqah wa-ʻalimnā anna Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla jaʻala lahum qūwah yatawaṣṣalūn bihā ilá qadhf mā-yuwaswisūn bihi fī al-nufūs , burhān dhālika qawl Allāh taʻālī « min sharr al-waswās al-khannās alladhī yuwaswis fī ṣudūr al-nās min al-jinnah wa-al-nās » wa-naḥnu nushāhid al-insān yará man lahu ʻindahu thaʼr fa-yaḍṭarib wa-tatabaddal aʻrāḍuhu wa-ṣūratuhu wa-akhlāquhu wa-tathūr nārīyatuhu , wa-yará man yuḥibb fa-yathūr lahu ḥāl ukhrá wa-yabtahij wa-yanbasiṭ , wa-yará man yakhāf fa-taḥduth lahu ḥāl ukhrá min ṣufrah wa-raʻshah wa-ḍaʻf nafs , wa-yushīr ilá insān ākhar bi-ishārāt yuḥīl bihā ṭabāʼiʻahu fa-yughḍibuhu marrah wa-yukhjiluhu ukhrá wa-yuqarriʻuhu thālithah wa-yurḍīhi rābiʻah , wa-kadhālika yuḥīluhā ayḍan bi-al-kalām ilá jamīʻ hādhihi al-aḥwāl fa-ʻalimnā anna Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla jaʻala li-al-jinn quwá yatawaṣṣalūn bihā ilá taghyīr al-nufūs wa-al-qadhf fīhā bimā yastadʻūnahā ilayhi naʻūdhu bi-Allāh min al-shayṭān al-rajīm wa-waswasatihi wa-min shirār al-nās wa-hādhā huwa jarī min Ibn Ādam majrá al-dam kamā qāla al-shāʻir

Wa-qad kuntu ajrī fī ḥashāhunna marratan ٭ ka-jarī maʻīn al-māʼ fī qaṣab al-ās

( wa-ammā al-ṣarʻ ) fa-inna Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla qāla « ka-alladhī yatakhabbaṭuhu al-shayṭān min al-mass » fa-dhakara ʻazza wa-jalla taʼthīr al-shayṭān fī al-ṣarʻ innamā-huwa bi-al-mumāsah fa-lā-yajūz li-aḥad an yazīd lá dhālika shayʼan wa-man zāda ʻalá hādhā shayʼan fa-qad qāla mā-lā-ʻilm bihi wa-hādhā ḥarām lā-yaḥill qālā ʻazza wa-jalla « wa-lā-taqif mā-laysa laka bihi ʻilm » wa-hādhihi al-umūr lā-yumkin an tuʻraf al-battah illā bi-khabar ṣaḥīḥ ʻanhu ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam wa-lā-khabar ʻanhu ʻalayhi al-salām bi-ghayr mā-dhakarnā wa-bi-Allāh al-tawfīq fa-ṣaḥḥa anna al-shayṭān yamass al-insān alladhī yusalliṭuhu Allāh ʻalayhi massan kamā jāʼa fī al-Qurʼān yuthīr bihi min ṭabāʼiʻihi al-sawdāʼ wa-al-abkhirah al-mutaṣāʻidah ilá al-dimāgh kamā yukhbir bihi ʻan nafsihi kull maṣrūʻ bi-lā khilāf minhum fa-yuḥdith Allāh ʻazza wa-jalla lahu al-ṣarʻ wa-al-takhabbuṭ ḥīnaʼidhin kamā nushāhiduhu wa-hādhā huwa naṣṣ al-Qurʼān wa-mā-tūjibuhu al-mushāhadah wa-mā-zāda ʻalá hādhā fa-khurāfāt min tawlīd al-ʻazzāmīn wa-al-kadhdhābīn wa-bi-Allāh taʻālá natuʼayyad ah kalām Ibn Ḥazm

« al-Fakhr al-Rāzī »

Qāla fī mabāḥith al-istiʻādhah min awāʼil tafsīrihi : aṭbaqa al-kull ʻalá annahu laysa al-jinn wa-al-shayāṭīn ʻibārah ʻan ashkhāṣ jismānīyah kathīfah tajīʼ wa-tadhhab mithl al-nās wa-al-bahāʼim bal al-qawl al-muḥaṣṣal fīhi qawlān ( al-awwal ) annahā ajsām hawāʼīyah qādirah ʻalá al-tashakkul bi-ashkāl mukhtalifah wa-lahā ʻuqūl wa-afhām wa-qudrah ʻalá aʻmāl ṣaʻbah shāqqah ( wa-al-qawl al-thānī ) anna kathīran min al-nās athbatū annahā mawjūdāt ghayr mutaḥayyizah wa-lā ḥālah fī al-mutaḥayyiz wa-zaʻamū annahā mawjūdāt mujarradah ʻan al-jismīyah ( qālū ) wa-hādhihi al-arwāḥ qad takūn mushriqah ilāhīyah khayrah saʻīdah wa-hiya al-musammāh bi-al-ṣāliḥīn min al-jinn . wa-qad takūn kadirah sufliyah sharīrah wa-hiya al-musammāh bi-al-shayāṭīn ( thumma qāla )

Wa-iʻlam anna qawman min al-falāsifah ṭaʻanū fī hādhā al-madhhab wa-zaʻamū anna al-mujarrad yamtaniʻ ʻalayhi idrāk al-juzʼīyāt wa-al-mujarradāt yamtaniʻ kawnuhā fāʻilah li-al-afʻāl al-juzʼīyah : wa-hādhā bāṭil li-wajhayn ( al-awwal ) annahu yumkinunā an naḥkum ʻalá hādhā al-shakhṣ al-muʻayyan bi-annahu insān wa-laysa bi-faras wa-al-qāḍī ʻalá al-shayʼayn lā budda wa-an yuḥḍirahu al-maqḍī ʻalayhimā fa-hāhunā shayʼ wāḥid huwa mudrik li-al-kullī wa-huwa al-nafs fa-yalzam an yakūn al-mudrik li-al-juzʼī huwa al-nafs ( al-thānī ) hab anna al-nafs al-mujarradah lā-taqwá ʻalá idrāk al-juzʼīyāt ibtidāʼ lākin lā-nizāʻ annahu yumkinuhā an tudrik al-juzʼīyāt bi-wāsiṭat al-ālāt al-jismānīyah fa-lima lā-yajūz an yuqāl anna tilka al-jawāhir al-mujarradah al-musammāh bi-al-jinn wa-al-shayāṭīn lahā ālāt jismānīyah min kurat al-athīr aw-min kurat al-zamharīr thumma annahā bi-wāsiṭat tilka al-ālāt al-jismānīyah taqwá ʻalá idrāk al-juzʼīyāt wa-ʻalá al-taṣarruf fī hādhihi al-abdān

wa-ammā alladhīna zaʻamū anna al-jinn ajsām hawāʼīyah aw nārīyah fa-qālū al-ajsām mutasāwiyah fī al-ḥajmīyah wa-al-miqdār wa-hādhān al-maʻnayān aʻrāḍ fa-al-ajsām mutasāwiyah fī qabūl hādhihi al-aʻrāḍ , wa-al-ashyāʼ al-mukhtalifah bi-al-māhīyah lā-yamnaʻ ishtirākahā fī baʻḍ al-lawāzim fa-lima lā-yajūz an yuqāl al-ajsām mukhtalifah bi-ḥasab dhawātʹhā al-makhṣūṣah wa-māhīyātʹhā al-muʻayyanah wa-in kānat mushtarikah fī qabūl al-ḥajmīyah wa-al-miqdār wa-idhā thabata hādhā fa-naqūl lima lā-yajūz an yuqāl aḥad anwāʻ al-ajsām ajsām laṭīfah naffādhah ḥayyah li-dhawātʹhā ʻāqilah li-dhawātʹhā qādirah ʻalá al-aʻmāl al-shāqqah li-dhawātʹhā wa-hiya ghayr qābilah li-al-tafarruq wa-al-tamazzuq wa-idhā kāna al-amr kadhālika fa-tilka al-ajsām takūn qādirah ʻalá tashkīl anfusihā bi-ashkāl mukhtalifah thumma anna al-riyāḥ al-ʻāṣifah lā-tumazziquhā wa-al-ajsām al-kathīfah lā-tufarriquhā , a-laysa anna al-falāsifah qālū anna al-nār allatī tanfaṣil ʻan al-ṣawāʻiq tanfudh fī al-laḥẓah al-laṭīfah fī bawāṭin al-aḥjār wa-al-ḥadīd wa-takhruj min al-jānib al-ākhar fa-lima lā-yafʻal mithlahu fī hādhihi al-ṣūrah , wa-ʻalá hādhā al-taqdīr fa-inna al-jinn takūn qādirah ʻalá al-nufūdh fī bawāṭin al-nās wa-ʻalá al-taṣarruf fīhā wa-annahā tabqá ḥayyah faʻʻālah maṣūnah ʻan al-fasād ilá al-ajal al-muʻayyan wa-al-waqt al-muʻayyan , fa-kull hādhihi al-aḥwāl iḥtimālāt ẓāhirah wa-al-dalāyil lam yaqum ʻalá ibṭālihā fa-lam yajuz al-maṣīr ilá al-qawl bi-ibṭālihā

( thumma qāla al-Rāzī ) iʻlam anna al-insān idhā jalasa fī al-khalwah wa-tawātarat al-khawāṭir fī qalbihi fa-rubbamā ṣāra bi-ḥaythu ka-annahu yasmaʻ fī dākhil qalbihi wa-dimāghihi aṣwātan khafīyah wa-ḥurūfan khafīyah fa-ka-anna mutakalliman yatakallam maʻahu wa-mukhāṭiban yukhāṭibuhu fa-hādhā amr wijdānī yajiduhu kull aḥad min nafsihi . thumma ikhtalafa al-nās fī tilka al-khawāṭir fa-qālat al-falāsifah anna tilka al-ashyāʼ laysat ḥurūfan wa-lā aṣwātan wa-innamā hiya takhayyulāt al-ḥurūf wa-al-aṣwāt wa-takhayyul al-shayʼ ʻibārah ʻan ḥuḍūr ismihi wa-mithālihi fī al-khayāl wa-hādhā kamā annā idhā takhayyalnā ṣuwar al-jibāl wa-al-biḥār wa-al-ashkhāṣ fa-aʻyān tilka al-ashyāʼ ghayr mawjūdah fī al-ʻaql wa-al-qalb bal al-mawjūd fī al-ʻaql wa-al-qalb ṣuwaruhā wa-amthilatʹhā wa-rusūmuhā wa-hiya ʻalá sabīl al-tamthīl jāriyah majrá al-ṣūrah al-murtasimah fī al-mirʼāh fa-innā idhā aḥsasnā fī al-mirʼāh ṣūrat al-falak wa-al-shams wa-al-qamar fa-laysa dhālika li-ajl annahu ḥaḍarat dhawāt hādhihi al-ashyāʼ fī al-marāʼah fa-inna dhālika muḥāl wa-innamā al-ḥāṣil fī al-mirʼāh rusūm hādhihi al-ashyāʼ wa-amthilatʹhā wa-ṣuwaruhā , wa-idhā ʻarafta hādhā fī takhayyul al-mubṣarāt fa-iʻlam anna al-ḥāl fī takhayyul al-ḥurūf wa-al-kalimāt al-masmūʻah kadhālika fa-hādhā qawl jumhūr al-falāsifah ,

wa-li-qāʼil an yaqūl hādhā alladhī sammaytuhu bi-takhayyul al-ḥurūf wa-al-kalimāt hal huwa musāwin li-al-ḥarf wa-al-kalimah fī al-māhīyah aw-lā fa-in ḥaṣalat al-musāwāh fa-qad ʻāda al-kalām ilá anna al-ḥāṣil fī al-khayāl ḥaqāʼiq al-ḥurūf wa-al-aṣwāt wa-ilá anna al-ḥāṣil fī al-khayāl ʻinda takhayyul al-baḥr wa-al-samāʼ ḥaqīqat al-baḥr wa-al-samāʼ — wa-in kāna al-ḥaqq huwa al-thānī wa-huwa anna al-ḥāṣil fī al-khayāl shayʼ ākhar mukhālif li-al-mubṣarāt wa-al-masmūʻāt fa-ḥīnaʼidhin yaʻūd al-suʼāl wa-huwa-annā kayfa najid min anfusinā ṣuwar hādhihi al-marʼīyāt wa-kayfa najid fī anfusinā hādhihi al-kalimah wa-al-ʻibārāt wijdānan lā-nashukk annahā ḥurūf mutawāliyah ʻalá al-ʻaql wa-alfāẓ mutaʻāqibah ʻalá al-dhihn fa-hādhā muntahá al-kalām fī kalām al-falāsifah

ammā al-jumhūr al-aʻẓam min ahl al-ʻilm fa-innahum sallamū anna hādhihi al-khawāṭir al-mutawāliyah al-mutaʻāqibah ḥurūf wa-aṣwāt ḥaqīqīyah

wa-iʻlam anna al-qāʼilīn bi-hādhā al-qawl qālū fāʻil hādhihi al-ḥurūf wa-al-aṣwāt ammā dhālika al-insān aw-insān ākhar wa-ammā shayʼ ākhar rūḥānī mubāyin yumkinuhu ilqāʼ hādhihi al-ḥurūf wa-al-aṣwāt ilá hādhā al-insān sawāʼ qīla anna dhālika al-mutakallim huwa al-jinn wa-al-shayāṭīn aw-al-malak wa-ammā an yuqāl khāliq tilka al-ḥurūf wa-al-aṣwāt huwa Allāh taʻālá ( ammā al-qism al-awwal ) wa-huwa anna fāʻil hādhihi al-ḥurūf wa-al-aṣwāt huwa dhālika al-insān fa-hādhā qawl bāṭil li-anna alladhī yaḥṣul bi-ikhtiyār al-insān qādiran ʻalá tarkahu fa-law-kāna ḥuṣūl hādhihi al-khawāṭir bi-fiʻl al-insān la-kāna al-insān idhā arāda dafʻahā aw-tarakahā la-qadara ʻalayhi wa-maʻlūm annahu lā-yaqdir ʻalá dafʻahā fa-innahu sawāʼ ḥāwala fiʻlahā aw-ḥāwala tarkahā fa-tilka al-khawāṭir tatawārad ʻalá ṭabʻihi wa-tataʻāqab ʻalá dhihnihi bi-ghayr ikhtiyārihi

( wa-ammā al-qism al-thānī ) wa-huwa annahā ḥaṣalat bi-fiʻl insān ākhar fa-huwa ẓāhir al-fasād . wa-lammā baṭala hādhān al-qismān baqiya ( al-thālith ) wa-hiya annahā min fiʻl al-jinn aw-al-malak aw-min fiʻl Allāh taʻālá ( ammā alladhīna qālū ) anna Allāh taʻālī lā-yajūz an yafʻal al-qabāʼiḥ fa-al-lāʼiq bi-madhhabihim an yaqūlū anna hādhihi al-khawāṭir al-khabīthah laysat min fiʻl Allāh taʻālá fa-baqiya annahā min aḥādīth al-jinn wa-al-shayāṭīn , wa-ammā alladhīna qālū annahu lā-yaqbuḥ min Allāh shayʼ fa-laysa fī madhhabihim māniʻ yamnaʻuhum min isnād hādhihi al-khawāṭir ilá Allāh taʻālá ) ah

« al-Māwardī »

Qāla fī kitābihi Aʻlām al-nubūwah : al-jinn min al-ʻālam al-nāṭiq al-mumayyiz yatanāsalūn wa-yamūtūn , wa-ashkhāṣuhum maḥjūbah ʻan al-abṣār , wa-in tamayyazū bi-afʻāl wa-āthār , illā an yakhuṣṣ Allāh bi-ruʼyatʹhim man yashāʼ , wa-innamā ʻarrafahum al-ins min al-kutub al-ilāhīyah , wa-mā takhayyalūhu min āthārihim al-khafīyah ,

( thumma qāla ) : wa-ikhtalafū fī al-shayāṭīn fa-zaʻama qawm annahum kuffār al-jinn yatanāsalūn wa-yamūtūn wa-zaʻama ākharūn annahum ghayr al-jinn wa-annahum min walad Iblīs wa-ikhtalafa man qāla bi-hādhā fī tanāsulihim wa-mawtʹhim fa-dhahaba farīq minhum ilá annahum yatanāsalūn wa-yamūtūn wa-dhahaba ākharūn ilá annahum ka-Iblīs lā-yamūtūn illā maʻahu wa-anna tanāsulahum inqaṭaʻa bi-inẓār Iblīs ilá yawm yubʻathūn , fa-in ankara qawm khalq al-jinn wa-lam yuʼminū bi-al-kutub al-ilāhīyah qaharatʹhum barāhīn al-ʻuqūl wa-ḥujaj al-qiyās ( thumma asʹhaba fī dhālika raḥimahu Allāh )

« al-Qāshānī »

Qāla fī tafsīr āyah « wa-idh ṣarafnā ilayka nafaran min al-jinn » fī sūrat al-Aḥqāf mā-mithāluhu : al-jinn nufūs arḍīyah tajassadat fī abdān laṭīfah murakkabah min laṭāʼif al-ʻanāṣir sammāhā ḥukamāʼ al-Furs ( al-ṣuwar al-muʻallaqah ) wa-li-kawnihā arḍīyah mutajassidah fī abdān ʻunṣurīyah wa-mushārakatʹhā al-ins fī dhālika summiyā thaqalayn wa-kamā amkana al-nās al-tahaddī bi-al-Qurʼān amkanahum wa-ḥikāyātʹhum min al-muḥaqqiqīn wa-ghayrihim akthar min an yumkin radd al-jamīʻ wa-awḍaḥ min an baqbal al-taʼwabīl :

Wa-qāla fī tafsīr sūrat al-jinn : qad marra anna fī al-wujūd nufūsan arḍīyah qawīyah lā-fī ghilaẓ al-nufūs al-sabʻīyah wa-al-bahīmīyah wa-kathāfatʹhā wa-qillat idrākihā wa-lā ʻalá hayʼāt al-nufūs al-insānīyah wa-istiʻdādātʹhā li-yalzam taʻalluqihā bi-al-ajrām al-kathīfah al-ghālib ʻalayhā al-arḍīyah — wa-lā fī ṣafāʼ al-nufūs al-mujarradah wa-laṭāfatʹhā-li-tattaṣil bi-al-ʻālam al-ʻulwī wa-tatajarrad aw-tataʻallaq bi-baʻḍ al-ajrām al-samāwīyah mutaʻalliqah bi-ajrām ʻunṣurīyah laṭīfah ghalabat ʻalayhā al-hawāʼīyah aw-al-nārīyah aw-al-dukhānīyah ʻalá ikhtilāf aḥwālihā sammāhā baʻḍ al-ḥukamāʼ ( al-ṣuwar al-muʻallaqah ) wa-lahā ʻulūm wa-idrākāt min jins ʻulūminā wa-idrākātinā , wa-lammā kānat qarībah bi-al-ṭabʻ ilá al-malakūt al-samāwī amkanahā an tatalaqqá min ʻālamihā baʻḍ al-ghayb fa-lā tastabʻid an tartaqī ilá ufuq al-samāʼ fa-tastariq al-samʻ min kalām al-malāʼikah ay ⟨...⟩al-nufūs al-mujarradah — wa-lammā kānat arḍīyah ḍaʻīfah bi-al-nisbah ilá al-quwá al-samāwīyah taʼaththarat bi-taʼthīr ⟨...⟩lka al-quwá fa-rujimat bi-taʼthīrihā ʻan bulūgh shaʼwihā wa-idrāk madāhā min al-ʻulūm , wa-lā tunkir an ⟨...⟩shtaʻil ajrāmuhā al-dukhānīyah bi-ashiʻʻat al-kawākib fa-taḥtariq wa-tahlik aw-tanzajir min al-irtiqāʼ ilá al-ufuq ⟨...⟩al-samāwī fa-tatasaffal , fa-innahā umūr laysat bi-khārijah ʻan al-imkān ah

« al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʻlā ibn al-Farrāʼ »

Naqala ʻanhu al-Safārīnī annahu qāla : al-jinn ajsām muʼallafah wa-ashkhāṣ mumaththalah wa-yajūz an takūn ⟨...⟩qīqah wa-an takūn kathīfah khilāfan li-al-Muʻtazilah fī qawlihim annahum ajsām raqīqah wa-li-riqqatʹhā lā-narāhā ⟨...⟩ qāla ) : wa-lā-qudrah li-al-shayāṭīn ʻalá taghyīr khalqihim wa-al-intiqāl fī al-ṣuwar wa-innamā yajūz an yuʻallimahum ⟨...⟩llāh ḍarban min ḍurūb al-afʻāl idhā faʻalahu naqalahu Allāh min ṣūrah ilá ṣūrah fa-yuqāl annahu qādir ⟨...⟩lá al-taṣwīr wa-al-takhyīl ʻalá maʻná annahu qādir ʻalá amr idhā faʻalahu naqalahu Allāh ʻan ṣūrah ilá ṣūrah ⟨...⟩khrá li-jarī al-ʻādah wa-ammā an yuṣawwir nafsahu fa-dhālika muḥāl li-anna intiqālahā ʻan ṣūrah ilá ṣūrah ⟨...⟩nnamā yakūn bi-naqḍ al-binyah wa-tafrīq al-ajzāʼ wa-idhā intaqalat baṭalat al-ḥayāh wa-istaḥāla wuqūʻ al-fiʻl ⟨...⟩n al-jumlah wa-kayfa tanqul nafsahā ( qāla ) wa-al-qawl fī tashkīl al-malāʼikah mithl dhālika ( wa-sa-yaʼtī fī ⟨...⟩wl al-khātimah mabḥath tamaththul al-rūḥānī mufaṣṣalan )

« Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymīyah »

Naqala ʻanhu al-Safārīnī annahu qāla : lam yukhālif aḥad min ṭawāʼif al-muslimīn fī wujūd al-jinn wa-kadhā jumhūr al-kuffār li-anna wujūdahum tawātarat bihi akhbār al-anbiyāʼ tawāturan maʻlūman bi-al-iḍṭirār yaʻrifuhu ⟨...⟩al-khāṣṣah wa-al-ʻāmmah ( qāla ) wa-lam yunkir al-jinn illā shirdhimah qalīlah min juhhāl al-falāsifah wa-naḥwihim , ( wa-qāla ) laysa al-jinn ka-al-ins fī al-ḥadd wa-al-ḥaqīqah fa-lā-yakūn mā-umirū bihi wa-mā-nuhū ʻanhu musāwiyan ⟨...⟩li-mā ʻalá al-ins fī al-ḥadd wa-al-ḥaqīqah lākinnahum mushārikūhum fī jins al-taklīf bi-al-amr wa-al-nahy wa-al-taḥlīl wa-al-taḥrīm bi-lā nizāʻ aʻlamuhu bayna al-ʻulamāʼ : ( wa-qāla fī tafsīr sūrat al-Ikhlāṣ ) anna al-falāsifah kalāmuhum fī al-ilāhīyāt wa-al-kullīyāt al-ʻaqlīyah kalām qāṣir jiddan wa-fīhi takhlīṭ kathīr wa-innamā yatakallamūn jayyidan fī al-umūr al-ḥissīyah al-ṭabīʻīyah wa-fī kullīyātʹhā fa-kalāmuhum fīhā fī al-ghālib jayyid , wa-ammā al-ghayb alladhī tukhbir bihi al-anbiyāʼ wa-al-kullīyāt al-ʻaqlīyah allatī taʻumm al-mawjūdāt kullahā wa-tuqassim al-mawjūdāt qismah ṣaḥīḥah fa-lā yaʻrifūnahā al-battah fa-inna hādhā lā-yakūn illā mimman aḥāṭa bi-anwāʻ al-mawjūdāt wa-hum lā yaʻrifūn illā qalīlan min al-mawjūdāt wa-mā-lā-yashhaduhu al-Ādamīyūn min al-mawjūdāt aʻẓam qadran wa-ṣifah mimmā yashhadūnahu bi-kathīr , wa-li-hādhā kāna hāʼulāʼ alladhīna ʻarafū mā-ʻarafatʹhu al-falāsifah idhā samiʻū akhbār al-anbiyāʼ bi-al-malāʼikah wa-al-ʻarsh wa-al-kursī wa-al-jannah wa-al-nār wa-hum yaẓunnūn an lā-mawjūd illā mā-ʻalimūhu hum wa-al-falāsifah yaṣīrūn ḥāʼirīn mutaʼawwilīn li-kalām al-anbiyāʼ ʻalá mā-ʻarafūhu wa-in kāna hādhā lā-dalīl ʻalayhi wa-laysa lahum bi-hādhā al-nafy ʻilm fa-inna ʻadam al-ʻilm laysa ʻilman bi-al-ʻadam lākin nafyahum hādh⟨...⟩ ka-nafy al-ṭabīb li-al-jinn li-annahu laysa fī ṣināʻat al-ṭibb mā-yadull ʻalá thubūt al-jinn wa-illā fa-laysa fī ⟨...⟩ al-ṭibb mā-yanfī wujūd al-jinn wa-hākadhā tajid man ʻarafa nawʻan min al-ʻilm wa-imtāza bihi ʻalá al-ʻāmmah alladhī lā-yaʻrifūnahu fa-yabqá bi-jahlihi nāfiyan li-mā lā-yaʻlamuhu , wa-banū Ādam ḍalāluhum fīmā jaḥadūhu wa-nafawhu bi-ghayr ʻilm akthar min ḍalālihim fīmā athbatūhu wa-ṣaddaqū bihi , qāla taʻālá « bal kadhdhabū bimā lam yuḥīṭū bi-ʻilmihi wa-lammā yaʼtʹhum taʼwīlahu » a⟨...⟩

Wa-qad asʹhaba raḥimahu Allāh fī kitābihi al-Furqān — al-maṭbūʻ — fīmā yataʻallaq bi-al-jinn wa-al-shayāṭīn fa-li-yurājaʻ

« Ibn al-Qayyim »

Qāla raḥimahu Allāh fī Zād al-Maʻād fī ʻilāj al-ṣarʻ mā mithāluhu : al-ṣarʻ ṣarʻān ṣarʻ min al-arwāḥ al-khabīthah al-arḍīyah — wa-ṣarʻ min al-akhlāṭ al-radīyah . wa-al-thānī huwa alladhī yatakall⟨...⟩ fīhi al-aṭibbāʼ fī sababihi wa-ʻilājihi . wa-ammā ṣarʻ al-arwāḥ fa-aʼimmatʹhum wa-ʻuqalāʼuhum yaʻtarifūn bi-ar⟨...⟩ ʻilājihi bi-muqābalat al-arwāḥ al-sharīfah al-khayrah al-ʻulwīyah li-tilka al-arwāḥ al-sharīrah al-khabīthah fa-tadf⟨...⟩ āthārahā wa-tuʻāriḍ afʻālahā wa-tubṭiluhā . wa-qad naṣṣa ʻalá dhālika Buqrāṭ fī baʻḍ kutubihi fa-dhakara baʻḍ ʻilāj al-ṣarʻ wa-qāla : hādhā innamā yanfaʻ min al-ṣarʻ alladhī sababuhu al-akhlāṭ wa-al-māddah wa-ammā al-ṣar⟨...⟩ alladhī yakūn min al-arwāḥ fa-lā yanfaʻ fīhi hādhā al-ʻilāj : wa-ammā-jahalat al-aṭibbāʼ fa-yunkirūn ṣar⟨...⟩ al-arwāḥ wa-lā-yuqirrūn bi-annahā tuʼaththir fī badan al-maṣrūʻ wa-laysa maʻahum illā al-jahl wa-illā fa-laysa fī al-ṣināʻah al-ṭibbīyah mā-yadfaʻ dhālika wa-al-ḥiss wa-al-wujūd shāhid bihi , wa-iḥālatʹhum dhālika ʻalá ghalab⟨...⟩ baʻḍ al-akhlāṭ huwa ṣādiq fī baʻḍ aqsāmihi lā-fī kullihā , wa-qudamāʼ al-aṭibbāʼ yusammūn hādh⟨...⟩ al-ṣarʻ al-maraḍ al-ilāhī wa-qālū : annahu min al-arwāḥ , wa-ammā Jālīnūs wa-ghayruhu fa-taʼawwalū ʻalayhi⟨...⟩ hādhihi al-tasmiyah wa-qālū : innamā sammawhā bi-al-maraḍ al-ilāhī li-kawn hādhihi al-ʻillah taḥduth fī al-raʼs fa-tuḍ⟨...⟩ bi-al-juzʼ al-ilāhī al-ṭāhir alladhī maskanuhu al-dimāgh : wa-hādhā al-taʼwīl nashaʼa lahum min jahlihim bi-hādh⟨...⟩ al-arwāḥ wa-aḥkāmihā wa-taʼthīrātʹhā wa-jāʼat zanādiqat al-aṭibbāʼ fa-lam yuthbitū illā ṣarʻ al-akhlā⟨...⟩ waḥdahu , wa-man lahu ʻaql wa-maʻrifah bi-hādhihi al-arwāḥ wa-taʼthīrātʹhā yaḍḥak min jahl hāʼulāʼ al-aṭibbā⟨...⟩ wa-ḍaʻf ʻuqūlihim

( thumma qāla Ibn al-Qayyim ) hādhā wa-law kushifa al-ghiṭāʼ la-raʼayta akthar al-nufūs al-basharīyah ṣarʻá maʻa hādhihi al-arwāḥ al-khabīthah wa-hiya fī asrihā wa-qabḍatʹhā tasūquhā ḥaythu shāʼat wa-lā-yumkinuhā al-imtināʻ ʻanhā wa-lā-mukhālafatʹhā wa-bihā al-ṣarʻ al-aʻẓam alladhī lā-yufīq ṣāḥibuhu illā ʻinda al-mufāraqah wa-al-muʻāyanah fa-hunāka yataḥaqqaq annahu kāna huwa al-maṣrūʻ ḥaqīqah

Wa-ʻilāj hādhā al-ṣarʻ bi-iqtirān al-ʻaql al-ṣaḥīḥ ilá al-īmān bimā-jāʼat bihi al-rusul ʻalayhim al-salām

« al-Ustādh al-Imām al-Shaykh Muḥammad ʻAbduh »

Qāla fī tafsīr qawlihi taʻālá « alladhī yuwaswis fī ṣudūr al-nās min al-jinnah wa-al-nās » al-muwaswisūn qismān qism al-jinnah wa-hum al-khalq al-mustatirūn alladhīna lā-naʻrifuhum wa-innamā najid fī anfusinā atharan yunsab ilayhim , wa-li-kull wāḥid min al-nās shayṭān wa-hiya qūwah nāziʻah ilá al-sharr yaḥduth minhā fī nafsihi khawāṭir al-sūʼ :

Wa-qāla fī mawḍiʻ ākhar : (١) anna ilhām al-khayr wa-al-waswasah bi-al-sharr mimmā jāʼa fī lisān ṣāḥib al-waḥy ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam wa-qad usnidā ilá hādhihi al-ʻawālim al-ghaybīyah , wa-khawāṭir al-khayr allatī tusammá ilhāman wa-khawāṭir al-sharr allatī tusammá waswasah kull minhumā maḥalluhu al-rūḥ fa-al-malāʼikah wa-al-shayāṭīn idhan arwāḥ tattaṣil bi-arwāḥ al-nās . fa-lā-yaṣiḥḥ an numaththil al-malāʼikah bi-al-tamāthīl al-juthmānīyah al-maʻrūfah lanā li-anna hādhihi law ittaṣalat bi-arwāḥinā fa-innamā tattaṣil bihā min ṭuruq ajsāminā wa-naḥnu lā-nuḥiss bi-shayʼin yattaṣil bi-abdāninā lā-ʻinda al-waswasah wa-lā-ʻinda al-shuʻūr bi-dāʻī al-khayr min al-nafs fa-idhan hiya min ʻālam ghayr ʻālam al-abdān qaṭʻan

( thumma qāla ) yashʻur kull man fakkara fī nafsihi , wa-wāzana bayna khawāṭirihi ʻinda mā-yahimm bi-amr fīhi wajh li-al-ḥaqq aw li-al-khayr , wa-wajh li-al-bāṭil aw-li-al-sharr , bi-anna fī nafsihi tanāzuʻan kāna al-amr qad ʻuriḍa fīhā ʻalá majlis shūrá fa-hādhā yūrid wa-dhāka yadfaʻ , wa-wāḥid yaqūl ifʻal wa-ākhar yaqūl lā-tafʻal ḥattá yantaṣir aḥad al-ṭarafayn , wa-bi-tarajjuḥ aḥad al-khāṭirayn , fa-hādhā al-shayʼ alladhī awdaʻa fī anfusinā wa-nusammīhi qūwah wa-fikran — wa-huwa fī al-ḥaqīqah maʻná lā-yudrak kunhuhu wa-rūḥ lā-taktanih ḥaqīqatʹhā — lā-yabʻud an yusammīhi Allāh taʻālá malakan wa-yusammī asbābahu malāʼikah aw-mā-shāʼa min al-asmāʼ fa-inna al-tasmiyah lā-taḥjur fīhā ʻalá al-nās fa-kayfa yaḥjur fīhā ʻalá ṣāḥib al-irādah al-muṭlaqah wa-al-sulṭān al-nāfidh wa-al-ʻilm al-wāsiʻ ah wa-sabaqa fī kalām al-Ghazzālī naḥwuhu wa-sa-yaʼtī fī al-khātimah ʻan al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī mā-yuʼayyiduhu

— al-ḥawāshī —

[36] ( ١ ) Wa-qāla al-Ghazzālī qabla dhālika fī mabḥath al-ruʼyah : wa-tamaththul Jibrīl fī ṣūrat Diḥyah al-Kalbī laysa bi-maʻná annahu inqalaba dhāt Jibrīl ṣūrat Diḥyah al-Kalbī bal annahu ẓaharat tilka al-ṣūrah li-al-Rasūl mithālan muʼaddiyan ʻan Jibrīl mā-awḥá ilayhi wa-kadhālika qawluhu taʻālá « fa-tamaththala lahā basharan sawīyan » ah

[36] ( ٢ ) Yuʼayyiduhu āyah min sharr al-waswās ( wa-al-wasāwis ) ḥaqīqah fī al-maṣdar alladhī huwa al-waswasah . wa-yushbih mā-li-al-Ghazzālī hunā qawl man qāla anna al-shayṭān qūwah min jumlat al-qiwá al-insānīyah wa-hākadhā qāla al-Rāghib : kull qūwah dhamīmah al-insān fa-huwa shayṭān

[44] ( ١ ) Naqalahu al-Manār mujallad ١١ ṣafḥah ( ٥٨٨ )