Kāṇḍa 2

2.1.1 Now, after some time had passed, king Daśaratha, that joy of the Raghu line, spoke to his son Bharata, the son of Kaikeyī.

2.1.2 "My son, this man who is staying here is the son of the king of the Kekayas — your maternal uncle Yudhājit has come, O hero, to take you away."

2.1.3 Having heard this from Daśaratha, Bharata, son of Kaikeyī, prepared to depart, accompanied by Śatrughna.

2.1.4 Taking leave of his father, and of Rāma who never wearied in action, and of his mothers as well, that best of men, the valiant Bharata, departed together with Śatrughna.

2.1.5 Yudhājit, overjoyed at receiving Bharata along with Śatrughna, that hero entered his own city, and his father was greatly pleased.

2.1.6 There Bharata dwelt together with his brother, honoured with great hospitality, and fondly indulged by his maternal uncle Aśvapati with a father's affection.

2.1.7 Even while dwelling there and being satisfied in every desire, the two heroic brothers kept remembering the aged king Daśaratha.

2.1.8 The king too, of great majesty, remembered his two sons who were away — both Bharata and Śatrughna, comparable to Mahendra and Varuṇa.

2.1.9 Yet all four of his sons, those bulls among men, were dear to him alike, as though they were four arms issuing from his own body.

2.1.10 Yet among them all, the great-spirited Rāma, who gave delight to his father, excelled in virtues, as the Self-born Brahmā excels among all beings.

2.1.11 After Bharata had departed, Rāma and the mighty Lakṣmaṇa honoured their father, who was like unto a god.

2.1.12 Placing his father's command foremost, Rāma, whose soul was set on righteousness, carried out all the duties toward the citizens — whatever was pleasing and whatever was beneficial.

2.1.13 With the utmost self-restraint he performed the duties owed to his mothers, and at each proper time he attended to the duties owed to his teachers.

2.1.14 By Rāma's character and conduct, Daśaratha was pleased, as were the brāhmaṇas, the townspeople, and all the inhabitants of the kingdom.

2.1.15 For he was ever tranquil of soul and spoke with gentle words first; even when addressed harshly, he returned no harsh reply.

2.1.16 He was pleased by even a single service however slight, and through the mastery of his own self he did not remember even a hundred injuries done to him.

2.1.17 He was ever in conversation with good men who were advanced in conduct, knowledge, and age, even in the intervals between his exercises in archery.

2.1.18 He was of noble birth, virtuous, undepressed in spirit, truthful in speech, upright, and well-trained by elder twice-born men who understood righteousness and expediency.

2.1.19 He understood the true nature of dharma, artha, and kāma; he was endowed with memory and swift wit; he was well-versed and expert in worldly convention and social conduct.

2.1.20 He was learned in the śāstras and grateful for benefits received; he was skilled in reading the characters of men, and discerning in the proper exercise of restraint and favour.

2.1.21 He understood the means for raising revenue, and was knowledgeable about the workings of expenditure; he had attained eminence among the whole body of sciences, including the mixed branches of learning.

2.1.22 He grasped both artha and dharma together, was devoted to his own ease yet never indolent; he understood the principles and divisions of the practical arts.

2.1.23 He was accomplished in the mounting and training of elephants and horses; he was the foremost among those learned in the science of archery, and acknowledged as an atiratha — a supreme chariot warrior — in the world.

2.1.24 He was a bold attacker and a powerful striker, skilled in the movement of armies, and unconquerable in battle even by the wrath of gods and asuras alike.

2.1.25 He was free from envy, had conquered anger, was not arrogant, not jealous, did not belittle any being, and was not enslaved by the force of circumstance.

2.1.26 Thus endowed with the highest virtues, this son of the king was honoured among the people, respected in all three worlds for his earth-like quality of forbearance, equal to Bṛhaspati in wisdom, and equal to the lord of Śacī in valour.

2.1.27 And so Rāma shone forth with virtues that were dear to all people and that inspired the father's love, blazing like the sun in his rays.

2.1.28 The earth itself desired him as her lord — him who was endowed with such conduct and character, whose valour was irresistible, who was comparable to the guardians of the worlds.

2.1.29 Beholding his son endowed with these many incomparable virtues, king Daśaratha, that scorcher of foes, fell to pondering deeply.

2.1.30 "This supreme joy that revolves within my heart — when indeed shall I behold my beloved son anointed as crown prince?"

2.1.31 "For he desires the welfare of the world, he has compassion for all beings, and he is dearer to the world than I am — like rain-bearing Parjanya is dearer than those who receive his rain."

2.1.32 "Equal to Yama and Śakra in valour, equal to Bṛhaspati in wisdom, equal to a mountain in steadfastness — and yet surpassing even me in virtue."

2.1.33 "Having seen my own son governing this entire earth, and at this age, may I thereby attain to heaven."

2.1.34 Considering him to be endowed with all these gathered virtues, the great king deliberated with his ministers and resolved to appoint him crown prince.

2.1.35 The lord of the earth summoned the chief men dwelling in many different cities and separate provinces of the land.

2.1.36 Then upon the various seats distributed by the king's command, the assembled kings took their places, facing toward the king himself.

2.1.37 The king shone forth, surrounded by those honoured and humble kings, the dwellers in cities, and the men from the provinces seated nearby — even as the blessed thousand-eyed Indra shines surrounded by the immortals.

2.2.1 Then the lord of the earth addressed the entire assembly and spoke this unequalled speech, beneficial and heartening.

2.2.2 With his great voice, deep and reverberating like the sound of a kettledrum, the king thundered like a rain-cloud.

2.2.3 "I, who have guarded this world that was protected by the former kings of the Ikṣvāku line, now desire to yoke it to greater prosperity — this entire world that is worthy of happiness."

2.2.4 "By me also, following the path walked by those of old, the subjects have been protected constantly, without fatigue, to the full extent of my power."

2.2.5 "This body of mine has grown old in the shade of this white royal umbrella, while I wandered about for the welfare of the whole world."

2.2.6 "Having lived many thousands of years of life, I now desire rest for this aged body of mine."

2.2.7 "I am weary from bearing this heavy burden of dharma for the world — a burden invested with royal dignity, difficult to carry for those who have not conquered their senses."

2.2.8 "Thus I desire rest, having set my son in care of the people, and with the assent of all these eminent twice-born men assembled here."

2.2.9 "For my eldest son has been born with all my virtues — Rāma, equal to Purandara in valour, the conqueror of enemy citadels."

2.2.10 "With joy I intend to invest that best of those who uphold dharma, that bull among men, with the dignity of crown prince — even as the moon is joined with the asterism Puṣya."

2.2.11 "That lord of fortune, the elder brother of Lakṣmaṇa, is a fitting master for you — one by whose lordship even the three worlds would be better governed."

2.2.12 "Having forthwith yoked this earth to this greater good, and having entrusted it to that son, I shall be free of toil."

2.2.13 The assembled kings, joyful, applauded the king as he spoke thus — like peacocks crying out in acclaim of a great rain-bearing cloud that thunders.

2.2.14 Having understood in full the intent of that king who was learned in dharma and artha, and having known the aged king Daśaratha's mind, they said:

2.2.15 "O king, you are aged, having lived many thousands of years; therefore anoint Rāma as crown prince, O lord of the earth."

2.2.16 Having heard those words pleasing to their hearts, the king, as if wishing to enquire further and not yet knowing their full mind, spoke these words.

2.2.17 "How is it that while I am righteously governing the earth, you all wish to see my son as crown prince?"

2.2.18 They, along with the citizens and the people of the provinces, addressed that great-souled king: "O king, your son possesses many auspicious virtues."

2.2.19 "Rāma, equal to Śakra in divine qualities and true in his valour, surpasses indeed all the Ikṣvākus, O lord of the people."

2.2.20 "Rāma is a good man in the world, devoted to true dharma, knowing righteousness, true to his word, of excellent character, and free from envy."

2.2.21 "He is forbearing, a conciliator, gentle, grateful, master of his senses, soft-spoken, firm of mind, ever auspicious, and without envy."

2.2.22 "That Rāghava speaks kindly to all beings and speaks the truth; he is an attendant upon brāhmaṇas who are greatly learned and advanced in age."

2.2.23 "By reason of this, his incomparable glory, fame, and splendour grow here; and he is proficient in all the weapons of gods, asuras, and men."

2.2.24 "Whenever he goes into battle for the sake of a village or the city, going along with Saumitri (Lakṣmaṇa), he never returns without victory."

2.2.25 "Returning from battle, whether on elephant or chariot, he always enquires after the welfare of the townspeople as though they were his own kin."

2.2.26 "Regarding their sons, sacred fires, wives, servants and pupils — fully, in proper order, like a father with his own born sons."

2.2.27 "'Are your pupils diligently attending you, equipped for their duties?' — thus that tiger among men, Rāma, always addresses us."

2.2.28 "In the misfortunes of men he is greatly grieved, and at all their festivals he rejoices like a father."

2.2.29 "A speaker of truth, a great bowman, a servant of elders, master of his senses — by good fortune this Rāghava has been born as your son in a good hour; by good fortune you, endowed with the virtues of your son, are like Kaśyapa blessed with Mārīca."

2.2.30 "All the people in the kingdom and in the royal city pray for the strength, health, and long life of Rāma, that self-knowing one."

2.2.31 "The people of the inner and outer city, the town-dwellers and villagers, women old and young, morning and evening with concentrated mind —"

2.2.32 "— they bow in reverence to all the gods for the sake of the glorious Rāma; O lord, may their prayers be fulfilled by your grace."

2.2.33 "We wish to see Rāma, dark-complexioned as the blue lotus, the vanquisher of all enemies, your best of sons, established as crown prince."

2.2.34 "That son of yours, who is like unto the god of gods, who is devoted to the welfare of all the world — you, O granter of boons, should swiftly and joyfully anoint him who is endowed with nobility, for our own welfare."

2.3.1 Having received from all of them their lotus-like folded hands raised in salutation, the king spoke words both pleasing and beneficial to them.

2.3.2 "Ah, I am supremely delighted, and my majesty is unequalled, in that you desire my dear eldest son to be installed as crown prince."

2.3.3 Having thus honoured them in return, the king spoke these words to the brāhmaṇas, to Vasiṣṭha and Vāmadeva, while those same men listened.

2.3.4 "This auspicious month of Caitra, sacred and with forests in full bloom — let everything be made ready for the installation of Rāma as crown prince."

2.3.5 "It shall be done" — so said those two foremost of twice-born men, Vasiṣṭha and Vāmadeva, approaching the lord of the world, pleased and filled with joy, in accordance with his spoken command.

2.3.6 Then the radiant king spoke to Sumantra: "Let Rāma, that pure-souled one, be brought here by you swiftly."

2.3.7 Sumantra, having promised "So be it" and acting on the king's command, brought Rāma, the best of chariot-warriors, there by chariot.

2.3.8 Then the kings from the east, north, west, and south who were seated there around king Daśaratha —

2.3.9 — and the Mlecchas and the Āryas and all others who dwelt in forests and mountain borders — all waited upon him as the gods wait upon Vāsava (Indra).

2.3.10 That royal seer, standing in his palace among them like Vāsava among the Maruts, saw his son coming on the chariot.

2.3.11 — like unto the king of the Gandharvas, of renowned valour in the world, long-armed, of great being, walking with the gait of a rutting elephant —

2.3.12 — Rāma, whose face was fair as the moon, exceedingly pleasing to behold, whose beauty, nobility, and virtues stole away the eyes and minds of men —

2.3.13 — like rain-bearing Parjanya gladdening people scorched by summer heat — the lord of men, gazing upon him as he approached, was not satiated.

2.3.14 Sumantra, having helped that Rāghava down from the excellent chariot, followed him with joined palms as he walked toward his father's presence.

2.3.15 That bull among men, that Rāghava, ascended the palace that gleamed like the peak of Kailāsa to see his father, accompanied by the charioteer.

2.3.16 Approaching with joined palms, bowing low near his father, causing his own name to be announced, Rāma reverenced his father's feet.

2.3.17 Seeing him bowed at his side with joined palms, the king took his hands, drew him close, and embraced his beloved son.

2.3.18 And the glorious king directed Rāma to that excellent seat of honour which had been brought forward, adorned with gems and gold.

2.3.19 Having taken that best of seats, Rāghava illumined it by his own radiance, as the pure sun at its rising illumines Mount Meru.

2.3.20 Illumined by him, the assembly hall shone forth splendidly — like the autumnal sky, clear of planets and stars, shining by the moon.

2.3.21 Gazing upon his beloved son, the king was pleased, as if beholding his own adorned self placed in the surface of a mirror.

2.3.22 Addressing his son with a smile, the king, best of those who have sons, spoke these words — like Kaśyapa addressing the lord of the gods.

2.3.23 "You are a fitting son born of my foremost wife who is fit for you; you have arisen as my dearest son Rāma, excelling in virtue, born of my own self."

2.3.24 "Since these subjects are won over by your own virtues, therefore you shall receive the dignity of crown prince under the asterism Puṣya."

2.3.25 "By your very nature you are disciplined and virtuous of your own accord; yet even to one already virtuous, I shall speak what is beneficial for you, out of affection, my son."

2.3.26 "Cultivating humility still more, be always master of your senses; and abandon the vices that arise from desire and anger."

2.3.27 "Whether acting in matters seen or unseen, win the affection of all the constituents of the state, beginning with the ministers."

2.3.28 "He who governs the earth with satisfied and devoted subjects — his allies rejoice as the immortals rejoice on obtaining ambrosia. Therefore, my son, conduct yourself only after restraining your own self."

2.3.29 Having heard this, the friends of Rāma who loved to do him service hastened swiftly and went to announce the news to Kausalyā.

2.3.30 That best of women, Kausalyā, distributed gold, cows, and various jewels to those who had brought her the glad tidings.

2.3.31 Then, having paid his respects to the king, Rāghava mounted the chariot and departed to his own radiant dwelling, honoured by the throngs of people.

2.3.32 And the townspeople too, having heard that word of the king, as if obtaining a cherished gain, took leave of the lord of men and went to their homes, and worshipped the gods with exceeding joy.

2.4.1 Then, after the citizens had departed, the king once more deliberated together with his ministers; and he who was wise in firm resolve made a firm resolve.

2.4.2 "Tomorrow is the Puṣya asterism; tomorrow let my son Rāma — his eyes red as lotus — be consecrated to the office of crown prince." So declared the lord.

2.4.3 Then king Daśaratha entered his private apartments and commanded his charioteer: "Bring Rāma back here again."

2.4.4 Receiving that command, the charioteer once more went swiftly to Rāma's dwelling to bring Rāma back again.

2.4.5 The doorkeepers announced to Rāma the charioteer's renewed arrival; and even as Rāma heard of his coming, he was filled with apprehension.

2.4.6 Having quickly admitted him, Rāma spoke these words: "Tell me fully and completely the purpose that brings you here again."

2.4.7 Then the charioteer said to him: "The king desires to see you; having heard his word, you may decide whether to go or not."

2.4.8 Hearing the charioteer's words, Rāma then set out in haste to the royal palace to see the lord of men once more.

2.4.9 King Daśaratha, upon hearing that Rāma had arrived, caused his beloved and most excellent son to be ushered into the inner chamber.

2.4.10 The glorious Rāghava, even as he entered his father's dwelling, saw his father from afar, bowed down before him with hands cupped in reverence.

2.4.11 The lord of the earth raised him as he bowed, embraced him, directed a splendid seat to be given him, and then spoke again.

2.4.12 "Rāma, I am old and have lived a long life; I have enjoyed all the pleasures I desired; I have performed hundreds of sacrifices with lavish food and generous dakṣiṇā-offerings.

2.4.13 You, O best of men, have been born to me as the beloved and peerless offspring on this earth; I have made the desired gifts and have pursued the desired learning.

2.4.14 O hero, I have also experienced the desired pleasures; I am free from debt to the gods, to the sages, to the ancestors, to the Brāhmaṇas, and to my own self.

2.4.15 There is nothing left for me to accomplish other than your consecration; therefore whatever I tell you, you ought to carry it out for my sake.

2.4.16 Today all the ministers of state desire you as their sovereign; therefore, my son, I shall consecrate you as crown prince."

2.4.17 "Moreover, Rāma, today I see inauspicious and terrible dreams: great meteors accompanied by thunderbolts fall here with a mighty roar.

2.4.18 And the astrologers report to me, Rāma, that my birth star is beset by terrible planets — the Sun, Mars, and Rāhu.

2.4.19 For when such omens as these appear, a king generally meets with death or encounters a dreadful calamity.

2.4.20 Therefore, Rāghava, while my mind is still unconfused, let the consecration be performed without delay, for the minds of living beings are ever unstable.

2.4.21 Today the moon has come to Punarvasu, one asterism before Puṣya; tomorrow the astrologers will certainly announce the conjunction with Puṣya.

2.4.22 Under that Puṣya asterism let the consecration take place — my mind urges me toward haste. O scorcher of foes, tomorrow I shall consecrate you to the office of crown prince.

2.4.23 Therefore tonight you must observe a religious vow, with your mind disciplined and controlled, lying upon a bed of darbha-grass together with your wife, fasting the night.

2.4.24 And let your trusted friends guard you on all sides without negligence today, for undertakings of this kind are attended by many obstacles.

2.4.25 And since Bharata is absent from the city, this is precisely the opportune moment for your consecration — such is my considered view.

2.4.26 To be sure, your brother Bharata stands firm in the conduct of the virtuous — he is obedient to his elder, righteous in spirit, compassionate, and master of his senses.

2.4.27 Yet the human mind is fickle — such is my conviction; and even of the virtuous who are ever steadfast in righteousness, the character can be enhanced by what is already accomplished, O Rāghava.

2.4.28 Thus addressed and granted leave regarding the consecration to take place on the morrow with the word "Go," Rāma paid obeisance to his father and proceeded to his own dwelling.

2.4.29 Having entered his own dwelling, and learning of the consecration appointed by the king, he departed that very instant and went to his mother's inner apartments.

2.4.30 There he found his mother, clad in silk garments, engrossed in silent prayer in the household shrine, beseeching the goddess of prosperity.

2.4.31 Sumitrā had already arrived there, as had Lakṣmaṇa; and Sītā too had been summoned upon hearing the glad news of Rāma's consecration.

2.4.32 At that time Kausalyā stood with half-closed eyes in meditation, attended by Sumitrā, by Sītā, and by Lakṣmaṇa.

2.4.33 Having heard of her son's consecration as crown prince under the Puṣya asterism, she was engaged in breath-control exercises while meditating upon the divine Janārdana.

2.4.34 Approaching his mother who was thus absorbed in her religious observances and paying reverence to her, Rāma then spoke these words, gladdening her heart.

2.4.35 "Mother, I have been appointed by my father to the task of protecting the subjects; my consecration will take place tomorrow — such is my father's command to me.

2.4.36 Tonight Sītā and I must keep a fast together — so has my father commanded me, in the presence of the officiating priests and the preceptors."

2.4.37 "Whatever auspicious rites are appropriate here for the consecration tomorrow — arrange them today for me and for the Vaidehī as well."

2.4.38 Hearing this long-cherished news, Kausalyā spoke these words to Rāma, her voice broken with tears of joy.

2.4.39 "My son Rāma, live long; may your enemies be slain. Endowed with royal splendour, bring joy to me and to Sumitrā and to all our kinsmen.

2.4.40 "Truly you were born to me under an auspicious star, my son — for by your virtues you have won the deepest affection of your father Daśaratha.

2.4.41 "Surely my patient endurance in bearing you, O man with eyes like lotus-petals, has not been in vain — for the royal splendour of the Ikṣvāku line shall now, my son, find its refuge in you."

2.4.42 Thus addressed by his mother, Rāma spoke these worthy words, glancing with a smile at Lakṣmaṇa who sat with folded hands and bowed head.

2.4.43 "Lakṣmaṇa, rule this earth together with me — you who are as my second self, my inner soul; this royal fortune has come to you as much as to me."

2.4.44 "Son of Sumitrā, enjoy the pleasures you desire and all the fruits of kingship; for it is for your sake that I long for both my life and the kingdom."

2.4.45 Having thus spoken to Lakṣmaṇa, Rāma paid obeisance to both mothers, obtained the permission of Sītā, and departed to his own dwelling.

2.5.1 Having given instructions to Rāma regarding the consecration on the morrow, the king summoned his family priest Vasiṣṭha and spoke these words.

2.5.2 "Go, O wealth of austerity, and cause the descendant of Kākutstha today to observe a fast, keeping his vow diligently together with his wife, for the attainment of royal glory, fame, and sovereignty."

2.5.3 Replying "So be it" to the king, the venerable Vasiṣṭha — best among those learned in the Veda — himself went to Rāma's dwelling.

2.5.4 That best of sages, reaching Rāma's dwelling which shone like a dense white cloud, entered three successive courtyards in his chariot itself.

2.5.5 Rāma, eager to honour him who was worthy of honour, went out of his dwelling to receive the arriving sage, hastening with a manner of respectful agitation.

2.5.6 Approaching quickly to the proximity of the sage's chariot, he then helped the wise one down from the chariot, taking hold of him himself.

2.5.7 Seeing him humble and reverent, the family priest addressed him with pleased and gracious words, gladdening Rāma who was so deserving of joy, and spoke thus.

2.5.8 "Rāma, your father is pleased; you shall attain the office of crown prince. Let Your Honour today observe a fast together with Sītā."

2.5.9 "For in the morning your father, King Daśaratha, will consecrate you to the office of crown prince with loving delight, even as Nahuṣa once consecrated Yayāti."

2.5.10 Having spoken thus, the sage then caused Rāma, diligently keeping his vow, to observe the fast together with the Vaidehī, in accordance with the prescribed Vedic rites.

2.5.11 Then, having been duly worshipped by Rāma according to proper custom, the royal preceptor took his leave of the descendant of Kākutstha and departed from Rāma's dwelling.

2.5.12 Rāma too, having been honoured there by his well-wishers, took leave of them all and entered his dwelling, dismissing them all with his blessing.

2.5.13 Rāma's dwelling, thronged with rejoicing women and men, shone at that time like a lake filled with fully bloomed lotuses and joyful flocks of birds.

2.5.14 Vasiṣṭha, departing from that Rāma's dwelling which rivalled the royal palace, beheld the roads filled with crowds of people.

2.5.15 In Ayodhyā the royal highways in every direction were completely crowded and thronged with people eager with curiosity, gathered in groups upon groups.

2.5.16 At that time the noise of the royal highway, resounding with the joyful sounds of human waves and surging crowds, was like the roar of the ocean.

2.5.17 That day the city of Ayodhyā, adorned with garlands of forest-flowers and with banners raised above its houses, had its streets sprinkled and swept clean.

2.5.18 For then all the inhabitants of Ayodhyā — women, children, the aged, and the strong alike — yearning for Rāma's consecration, longed for the rising of the sun.

2.5.19 The people became eager to behold that great festival of Ayodhyā which was the very ornament of the subjects and the increaser of the people's joy.

2.5.20 Thus the family priest, as if cleaving through that mass of people, made his way slowly through the crowd-thronged royal highway toward the royal palace.

2.5.21 Ascending the palace whose pinnacles resembled white clouds, he came before the king of men, even as Bṛhaspati comes before Śakra, lord of the gods.

2.5.22 Beholding him as he arrived, the king rose from his royal seat and inquired; and Vasiṣṭha duly reported to him that the matter had been accomplished.

2.5.23 Dismissed by his preceptor, the king, having dispersed those throngs of men, entered his inner apartments like a lion entering a mountain cave.

2.5.24 That dwelling, thronged with women adorned in finest attire and rivalling the palace of the great Indra, the king made to radiate with his glorious entry, even as the moon illumines the sky crowded with multitudes of stars.

2.6.1 After the departure of the family priest, Rāma, having bathed and with mind controlled and composed, approached Nārāyaṇa together with his wide-eyed wife.

2.6.2 Taking on his head the vessel of the oblation offering, he then, in accordance with the prescribed rites, poured the clarified butter as a libation into the blazing fire for the great divinity.

2.6.3 And having consumed the remainder of the oblation, invoking blessings upon himself, meditating upon the divine Nārāyaṇa, he lay upon a well-spread bed of kuśa-grass.

2.6.4 Maintaining silence, with controlled mind, the son of the best of men lay in the beautiful shrine of Viṣṇu, together with the Vaidehī.

2.6.5 When but one watch of the night remained, he awoke and caused the entire prescribed arrangement of decorations to be prepared throughout the dwelling.

2.6.6 There, listening to the pleasant words of the panegyrists — bards, heralds, and eulogists — he attended to the rites of the early morning twilight and performed his silent prayers with concentrated mind.

2.6.7 He also hymned and bowed with his head before the slayer of Madhu, clad in spotless silken garments, and caused the Brāhmaṇas to recite sacred texts.

2.6.8 Then their holy-day proclamations — deep, melodious, and resonant — filled all of Ayodhyā, re-echoing with the sound of musical instruments.

2.6.9 All the inhabitants of Ayodhyā, upon hearing that the Rāghava had kept his fast together with the Vaidehī, were exceedingly joyful.

2.6.10 Then all the citizens of the city, having heard of Rāma's consecration and seeing the night give way to dawn, made the city resplendent once more with supreme adornment.

2.6.11 In the temples of the gods whose pinnacles were like white clouds, at the crossroads, on the thoroughfares, at the sacred shrines, and on the turrets and towers —

2.6.12 — in the merchants' stalls stocked with various wares, and in the prosperous and beautiful houses of householders —

2.6.13 — in all the assembly halls and even on the visible trees, decorated banners were raised and colourful flags were displayed at that time.

2.6.14 And from here and there were heard the words — pleasing to both the mind and the ear — of troupes of actors and dancers and of singers as they sang.

2.6.15 People conversed among themselves about matters relating to Rāma's consecration; at the crossroads and in their homes, with Rāma's consecration having arrived, they talked of nothing else.

2.6.16 Even children at play, gathered in groups at the doorways of houses, spoke among themselves of nothing else but what pertained to Rāma's consecration.

2.6.17 The royal highway was made magnificent by the citizens on the occasion of Rāma's consecration, adorned with flower offerings and pervaded with the fragrance of incense.

2.6.18 And fearing the coming of night — wishing to keep it illuminated — they also erected lamp-trees all along the streets in every direction.

2.6.19 Having thus adorned the city in this manner, all the inhabitants of the city, longing for the consecration of Rāma to the office of crown prince —

2.6.20 — assembled together in groups at the crossroads and in the assembly halls, speaking to one another and praising the lord of men.

2.6.21 "Ah, how magnanimous is this king, this joy of the Ikṣvāku line — who, recognizing himself as old, will consecrate Rāma to the kingship!"

2.6.22 "We are all truly blessed, in that Rāma — a seer of all worlds, high and low — will be our protector and lord of the earth for a long time to come."

2.6.23 "A man of humble mind, learned, righteous in spirit, devoted to his brothers — as the Rāghava is affectionate to his brothers, so is he to us as well."

2.6.24 "Long may the blameless and righteous king Daśaratha live — by whose grace we shall behold the consecrated Rāma!"

2.6.25 While the city-dwellers were conversing in this manner, people from the rural districts arrived — those who had already heard the news — coming from all the quarters.

2.6.26 These rural folk, arriving at the city from all the quarters to witness Rāma's consecration, filled Rāma's city to overflowing.

2.6.27 From those spreading surges of human multitudes a roar was heard there, like the roar of the ocean whose currents surge and swell during the days of the full and new moon.

2.6.28 Then that city, resembling the abode of Indra, became on all sides noisy and crowded with the rural people who had come to behold it, even as the waters of the ocean are crowded and teeming with the creatures of the sea.

2.7.1 A servant-maid born of Kaikeyī's kinsmen, who had lived there alongside her, happened to climb the palace that shone like the moon.

2.7.2 From that palace Mantharā gazed out over the whole of Ayodhyā — its royal roads sprinkled with water and strewn with lotus blossoms and blue water-lilies.

2.7.3 The city was adorned with precious banners and pennants, sprinkled with sandalwood water, and thronged with people who had bathed and washed their hair.

2.7.4 Seeing a nurse standing nearby, Mantharā — filled with great curiosity and intent on learning the reason — questioned her.

2.7.5 "Why is Rāma's mother distributing wealth to the people? Tell me what is the reason for this extraordinary rejoicing. And what is the king so delighted about that he is about to do?"

2.7.6 Bursting with joy and with supreme delight, the nurse then disclosed to the hunchback all the great glory that was about to come upon Rāghava.

2.7.7 "Tomorrow, under the Puṣya constellation, King Daśaratha will consecrate the sinless Rāma, conqueror of anger, as crown prince."

2.7.8 Upon hearing the nurse's words, the hunchback was immediately seized with indignation and descended swiftly from the palace, which had the appearance of a Kailāsa peak.

2.7.9 Burning with rage, Mantharā, that one of evil vision, went to Kaikeyī as she lay resting and spoke these words to her.

2.7.10 "Arise, fool! Why do you lie there? Fear is fast approaching you. Submerged in a great flood, do you not understand your own situation?"

2.7.11 "You boast of your good fortune though its form is ill-omened. Your prosperity is as fleeting as the current of a river in summer."

2.7.12 Addressed thus with harsh words by the evil-sighted hunchback in her anger, Kaikeyī fell into the deepest distress.

2.7.13 Kaikeyī then said to the hunchback: "Is everything not well with you, Mantharā? I see your face is downcast and you seem deeply distressed."

2.7.14 Having heard Kaikeyī's sweet words, Mantharā — that one skilled in speech — replied with words filled with rage.

2.7.15 Becoming ever more despondent, the hunchback — claiming to act in Kaikeyī's interest — spoke to grieve her and to drive a wedge against Rāghava.

2.7.16 "A great misfortune has come about, O queen — your ruin is at hand. King Daśaratha will consecrate Rāma as crown prince."

2.7.17 "I am plunged into a bottomless fear, overcome with grief and sorrow, burning as if in fire — and yet I have come here for your sake."

2.7.18 "Your grief becomes my great grief, Kaikeyī, and your prosperity becomes my prosperity — of this there is no doubt."

2.7.19 "Born into a royal lineage, you are the chief queen of the king. How is it, O goddess, that you do not understand the harsh realities of royal duty?"

2.7.20 "Your husband, though he speaks of righteousness, is a deceiver; though he speaks gently, he is cruel. In your pure-hearted state you do not know this, and so he has outwitted you."

2.7.21 "Your husband deploys soothing words toward you as a mere pretense — when it comes to actual benefit, today he will endow Kausalyā."

2.7.22 "That evil-souled king, having sent Bharata away among your kinsmen, will tomorrow establish Rāma in the kingdom with all obstacles removed."

2.7.23 "An enemy under the guise of a husband, who appears to wish you well as a mother would — like a venomous serpent clasped to one's bosom — that is who you have taken to heart, dear girl."

2.7.24 "Just as a serpent or an enemy left unheeded would act, King Daśaratha has treated you together with your son today."

2.7.25 "By the wicked man's false soothing words, O young one, ever accustomed to comfort — by his installing Rāma in the kingdom — you together with your kin are truly ruined."

2.7.26 "Therefore, Kaikeyī, act at once while there is still time — do what is for your good. Save your son, save yourself, and save me too, O you of wondrous appearance."

2.7.27 Having heard Mantharā's words, the lovely-faced Kaikeyī rose from her couch and gave a fine ornament to that hunchback.

2.7.28 Having given the ornament to the hunchback, Kaikeyī, most excellent of women, joyfully said this again to Mantharā:

2.7.29 "This that you have told me, Mantharā, is most pleasing to me. What more can I do for you who have brought me such welcome news?"

2.7.30 "I see no difference between Rāma and Bharata. Therefore I am pleased that the king will consecrate Rāma in the kingdom."

2.7.31 "There is nothing you could tell me that would please me more, O worthy one, well-spoken and excellent. Since you have spoken words that are all the more dear, I offer you a choice boon — choose it."

2.8.1 But Mantharā, envying her, flung back that ornament and spoke these words then filled with anger and sorrow:

2.8.2 "Why are you rejoicing so foolishly at the wrong moment, childish woman? Do you not understand that you stand in the midst of an ocean of grief?"

2.8.3 "How fortunate indeed is Kausalyā, whose son will be consecrated tomorrow under the Puṣya star with the great ceremony of crown prince by the foremost of brahmins."

2.8.4 "That Kausalyā, triumphant and her enemies destroyed, will have attained supreme delight — and you will wait upon her with hands folded like a servant girl."

2.8.5 "The chief wives of Rāma will indeed be joyful. But your daughters-in-law will be joyless at Bharata's ruin."

2.8.6 Seeing Mantharā speaking thus, filled with great grief, Queen Kaikeyī praised Rāma's virtues.

2.8.7 "Rāma knows dharma, is restrained by his elders, is grateful, truth-speaking, and pure. As the king's eldest son, he rightly deserves the position of crown prince."

2.8.8 "Long-lived, he will care for his brothers and servants as a father does. How can you grieve, hunchback, upon hearing of Rāma's consecration?"

2.8.9 "Bharata too, that bull among men, will certainly obtain the ancestral kingdom — his father's and grandfather's — after a hundred years in succession to Rāma."

2.8.10 "When prosperity has arrived, and is present, and good fortune is yet to come, why do you grieve, Mantharā? And moreover, Rāma serves me more than he does Kausalyā."

2.8.11 Having heard Kaikeyī's words, Mantharā, deeply grieved, sighed a long, hot sigh and said this to Kaikeyī:

2.8.12 "Blind to your own ruin through foolishness, you do not perceive your own situation — you who are sinking into an ocean of grief, wide with sorrow and calamity."

2.8.13 "Rāghava will be king, and then whoever is Rāghava's son — but Bharata, Kaikeyī, will be excluded from the royal line."

2.8.14 "Not all sons of a king remain in the kingdom, O passionate one — for if all were to be installed, the transgression would be very great."

2.8.15 "Therefore, Kaikeyī, kings establish the mechanisms of rule in the eldest son — O you of faultless limbs — even when the others too are possessed of virtues."

2.8.16 "Your son will be utterly destitute, like one without a protector, cut off from comforts and from the royal line, dear one."

2.8.17 "I have come for your sake, yet you do not understand me — you who wish to give me a gift meant to celebrate a co-wife's advancement."

2.8.18 "Once Rāma has obtained an uncontested kingdom, he will certainly send Bharata away to another land — or even to another world."

2.8.19 "Bharata was sent to his maternal uncle's house while still a child and was not brought back by you — for affection grows even in stationary beings through proximity."

2.8.20 "Saumitri Lakṣmaṇa is Rāma's protector, and Rāghava is Lakṣmaṇa's — their fraternal bond is renowned in the worlds, like that of the twin Aśvins."

2.8.21 "Therefore Rāma will do no harm to Lakṣmaṇa — but that Rāma will do harm to Bharata, of this there is no doubt."

2.8.22 "Therefore let your son depart to the forest directly from the king's house. This is what I strongly favor, and it is greatly for your benefit."

2.8.23 "Thus it will be well for your kinsmen's side too, if Bharata obtains by right the paternal kingdom."

2.8.24 "Your boy, accustomed to comfort, is Rāma's natural enemy — deprived of wealth while the other is prosperous, how will he live in subjection?"

2.8.25 "Like the lord of an elephant herd in a forest attacked by a lion, Bharata being overwhelmed by Rāma — you ought to save him."

2.8.26 "Rāma's mother, your co-wife, was formerly humiliated by you in your pride and good fortune — how would she not now take revenge?"

2.8.27 "When Rāma obtains the earth, Bharata will certainly be destroyed. Therefore think at once of securing the kingdom for your own son — and of a cause for banishing the other's."

2.9.1 Thus addressed, Kaikeyī — her face blazing with anger — breathed a long, hot breath and said this to Mantharā:

2.9.2 "Today I will send Rāma away from here quickly to the forest, and will swiftly consecrate Bharata as crown prince."

2.9.3 "Now look at this: by what means, Mantharā, will Bharata obtain the kingdom and Rāma in no way obtain it?"

2.9.4 Thus addressed by the queen, Mantharā, evil-visioned, eager to harm Rāma's cause, said this to Kaikeyī:

2.9.5 "Very well — I shall tell you now, Kaikeyī; listen to me and hear how your son Bharata alone will obtain the kingdom."

2.9.6 Having heard those words of Mantharā's, Kaikeyī rose somewhat from her well-spread couch and spoke thus:

2.9.7 "Tell me the means — by what means, Mantharā, will Bharata obtain the kingdom and Rāma in no way obtain it?"

2.9.8 Thus addressed by the queen, Mantharā, evil-visioned, eager to harm Rāma's cause, the hunchback spoke these words:

2.9.9 "In the war between the gods and asuras, your husband went, taking you with him along with royal sages, to render aid to the king of gods."

2.9.10 "Heading toward the southern direction, toward the Daṇḍaka region, toward the city known as Vaijayanta, where dwelt Timidhvaja —"

2.9.11 "— that one known as Śambara, the great asura of a hundred illusions, who had not been defeated by the hosts of gods, gave battle to Śakra."

2.9.12 "In that great battle, King Daśaratha, having lost his senses, was carried away from the fighting by you, O queen."

2.9.13 "There too, your husband was wounded by weapons and was protected by you. Delighted with you, he granted you two boons, O beautiful one."

2.9.14 "You said to your husband then, O queen: 'Whenever I wish, I shall receive those two boons' — and that great-souled one said 'So be it.' I am not unaware of this, for you yourself told me long ago."

2.9.15 "Ask those two boons of your husband: the consecration of Bharata, and the banishment of Rāma for fourteen years."

2.9.16 "Enter the chamber of wrath today as though enraged, O daughter of Aśvapati; lie on the ground without your bed, dressed in soiled garments. Do not look at him nor speak to him."

2.9.17 "You are always dear to your husband — of this I have no doubt. For your sake the great king would even enter fire."

2.9.18 "He cannot bear to make you angry, nor to face you when you are angry. Indeed, the king would give up his very life for what pleases you."

2.9.19 "The lord of the earth is not capable of transgressing your word. Know your own power of good fortune, you who are slow to understand your own nature."

2.9.20 "King Daśaratha would give gems, pearls, gold, and various jewels — do not set your mind on those."

2.9.21 "Those two boons that Daśaratha granted in the war between the gods and asuras — remind him of them, O illustrious one. Do not let that matter pass you by."

2.9.22 "When Rāghava himself rises to grant you a boon, having settled the great king, then ask for this boon."

2.9.23 "Send Rāma to wander in the forest for fourteen years; let Bharata be made king over the earth — that bull among kings."

2.9.24 "Thus banished, Rāma will be without Rāma's estate, and Bharata, with his enemies destroyed, will become king for you."

2.9.25 "By the time Rāma returns from the forest, your son will have taken root and will have gathered his men, standing firm with his allies, self-possessed."

2.9.26 "I consider this the right moment — without hesitation, hold back the king and turn him from his resolve to consecrate Rāma."

2.9.27 Made to embrace disaster in the form of benefit by her, Kaikeyī — now elated and convinced — said this to Mantharā:

2.9.28 "Hunchback, I did not know you — the best of those who speak of the best! Among all hunchbacks on earth you are the greatest in the resolution of intelligence."

2.9.29 "You alone are ever engaged in my interests and wish me well. I would not have understood what the king intends, O hunchback."

2.9.30 "There are hunchbacks ill-formed, crooked, supremely wicked — but you, bent by the wind like a lotus, are pleasing to behold."

2.9.31 "Your chest curves inward, rising up to your shoulders, while your belly below is quiet, as though ashamed of its own navel."

2.9.32 "Your hips are well-formed, adorned with the girdle's cord; your calves are well-placed, and both your feet are long."

2.9.33 "You, Mantharā, clad in silk, going before me on your long thighs, shine like a regal swan."

2.9.34 "That hump of yours, which is long and extends like the front of a chariot — in it dwell your counsels, your knowledge of statecraft, and your stratagems."

2.9.35 "On it I will fasten a golden garland for you, hunchback, when Bharata has been consecrated and Rāghava has gone to the forest."

2.9.36 "With genuine gold, well-refined, O beautiful one — when your purpose is achieved and you are content — I will anoint your hump."

2.9.37 "I will have a bright auspicious tilaka mark made of gold applied to your face, and fair ornaments adorned on you, hunchback."

2.9.38 "Clad in beautiful garments you will move about like a deity among deities; with a face that rivals the moon, unmatched in beauty, you will go your way as chief among all, making your enemies proud."

2.9.39 "Even other hunchbacks, adorned with all ornaments, will attend upon your feet as you always attend upon mine."

2.9.40 Thus praised, she — Mantharā — said this to Kaikeyī as she lay upon her bright couch, like a flame of fire upon an altar:

2.9.41 "A dam is not built, dear one, after the waters have gone. Arise, do what is auspicious — show yourself to the king."

2.9.42 Thus encouraged, the queen — large-eyed, proud in the intoxication of her good fortune — went together with Mantharā and entered the chamber of wrath.

2.9.43 The beautiful woman removed her pearl garland worth many hundreds of thousands, and also her fine and worthy ornaments.

2.9.44 Then Kaikeyī, golden in complexion, brought under the spell of the hunchback's words, lay down upon the ground there and said this to Mantharā:

2.9.45 "Either, hunchback, you will report me dead here — or, when Rāghava has gone to the forest, Bharata will obtain the earth."

2.9.46 Having spoken those most terrible words, the passionate woman laid aside all her ornaments and lay down upon the bare earth without a covering, like a fallen kinnarī.

2.9.47 Her face veiled in the darkness of surging rage, her finest garlands and ornaments thus cast off, the wife of the lord of men became despondent — like the sky obscured by darkness, its stars submerged.

2.10.1 Having ordered the consecration of Rāghava, the great king — self-controlled and desirous of bearing glad tidings to one who deserved gladness — entered the inner apartments.

2.10.2 There the lord of the earth saw her fallen to the floor, lying prostrate in a manner wholly unbecoming her — he, who was himself as though scorched with grief.

2.10.3 That aged king — himself without guilt — beheld upon the ground his young wife, dearer to him than life itself, yet harbouring wicked intent.

2.10.4 As a great elephant in the forest tenderly touches a she-elephant pierced by a hunter's poisoned arrow, so did he, in affection, stroke her.

2.10.5 Having touched her with his hands, his heart greatly alarmed, the passion-bound king spoke thus to the lotus-eyed woman.

2.10.6 "I do not perceive what anger has taken hold in your heart, O queen. By whom have you been aggrieved? By whom have you been dishonoured?"

2.10.7 "O auspicious one, why do you lie thus in the dust for my grief? Why do you lie upon the ground, tormenting my heart — you whose heart is auspicious — as though possessed by an evil spirit?"

2.10.8 "I have skilled physicians, all of them entirely devoted. They shall bring you comfort — tell me your ailment, O lovely one."

2.10.9 "Whose favour shall I do for you? Who has done you displeasure? Who shall today receive great benefit, or who shall receive great harm?"

2.10.10 "Shall one who is not to be slain be slain, or shall one condemned to death be freed? Shall a poor man be made wealthy, or a wealthy man be stripped of all?"

2.10.11 "I myself and all that is mine are under your command. I dare not thwart any purpose of yours."

2.10.12 "Speak, even at the cost of my own life, whatever your heart desires — the entire earth over which the wheel of sovereignty turns is mine."

2.10.13 Thus reassured, she, intending to speak that which was hateful, set about further tormenting her husband.

2.10.14 "I have not been wronged by anyone, O lord, nor dishonoured. But there is a certain desire of mine — I wish it to be fulfilled by you."

2.10.15 "Make me a promise — swear that you will do it — and then I shall speak what it is that I desire."

2.10.16 Thus spoken to by his beloved, the king — fallen under a woman's sway — replied to Kaikeyī with a slight smile, the great-spirited one.

2.10.17 "O proud one, do you not know — there is no person dearer to me than you, save that tiger among men, Rāma?"

2.10.18 "O gentle one, search even this heart of mine and draw it forth — having considered this, Kaikeyī, say what you think right."

2.10.19 "Knowing your own power, you ought not to be doubtful of me. I will bring you joy — I swear to you by my good deeds."

2.10.20 Elated by those words, she disclosed her inner intention — dreadful as Death himself approaching.

2.10.21 "As you swear in due order and grant me the boon — let the thirty-three gods headed by Indra hear that!"

2.10.22 "Let the moon and sun, the sky and planets, night and day and the directions, the whole world and the earth itself, along with Gandharvas and Rākṣasas —"

2.10.23 "— the night-roaming creatures, the household deities dwelling in houses, and whatever other beings there are — let them all know your spoken word."

2.10.24 "This great-splendoured one, true to his word, knowing dharma, and well-composed — he grants me a boon. Let the gods hear this for me."

2.10.25 Thus the queen, having embraced and adjured the great archer, then spoke further to that boon-granting one bewildered by desire.

2.10.26 "The two boons that were given to me by you at that time, O lord of the earth — I shall now state them this very day. Listen to my words."

2.10.27 "The consecration that has been prepared for Rāghava — with this very consecration let my Bharata be anointed."

2.10.28 "And let Rāma, wearing bark garments, deerskin, and matted locks, dwell as an ascetic in the Daṇḍaka forest for nine and five years."

2.10.29 "Let Bharata today assume the undisputed rank of crown prince — and this very day let me see Rāghava setting out for the forest."

2.10.30 Then the great king, having heard Kaikeyī's terrible words, was distressed and agitated, like a deer that has seen a tigress.

2.10.31 Seated upon the uncovered ground, breathing long and deep, crying out "Alas! Shame!" in anguish, the lord of men fell once more into a swoon, his consciousness overwhelmed by grief.

2.10.32 After a long while the king regained his senses, deeply distressed; in fury he spoke to Kaikeyī, as though burning her with his gaze.

2.10.33 "O cruel one, O evil in conduct, O destroyer of this family — what wrong has Rāma done you, O sinful woman? What wrong have I done you?"

2.10.34 "Rāghava always behaves toward you as he would toward his own mother — for what reason are you roused to work his ruin?"

2.10.35 "You were brought by me into my own house for my own destruction — a princess, not properly known, like a venomous serpent."

2.10.36 "When all the living world here sings the praises of Rāma's virtues, pointing to what offence shall I abandon my beloved son?"

2.10.37 "I could abandon Kausalyā, or Sumitrā, or royal fortune, or even my own life — but never Rāma, who is devoted to his father."

2.10.38 "My joy is supreme when I behold my eldest son; but when I do not see Rāma, consciousness itself forsakes me."

2.10.39 "The world might endure without the sun, or crops without water — but my life could not remain in this body without Rāma."

2.10.40 "Therefore, abandon this resolve, O you who are resolved on sin. With my head I touch your feet — be gracious to me."

2.10.41 That lord of the earth, lamenting like one helpless, seized by the woman in her exceeding firmness, fell — and, like one sick, could not quite reach the two extended feet of the queen.

2.11.1 That great king — lying prostrate in a manner wholly unbefitting him, like Yayāti fallen from the world of the gods at the exhaustion of his merit —

2.11.2 — that woman, herself the embodiment of calamity yet successful in her purpose, fearless though she showed fear, demanded once again that very same boon.

2.11.3 "You boast, O great king, of being truthful and firm in your vow — why then do you wish to withhold this boon of mine?"

2.11.4 Thus addressed by Kaikeyī, King Daśaratha replied in anger, reeling for a moment as though bewildered.

2.11.5 "When I am dead and Rāma — that foremost of men — has gone to the forest: alas, O ignoble woman, O my enemy, Rāma has been banished to the forest!"

2.11.6 "If I speak truly in this, then may it be untrue — for surely boundless infamy and dishonour will be mine in this world."

2.11.7 As he lamented thus, his mind whirling in confusion, the sun set and night drew on.

2.11.8 That night of three watches, adorned by the orb of the moon, did not shine beautifully for the king as he lamented in such affliction.

2.11.9 So too the aged king Daśaratha, breathing hot sighs, lamented his sorrow like one in anguish, his eyes fixed upon the sky.

2.11.10 "I do not wish for a dawn to come through you — this folded salutation I now make. Or rather, go away quickly — I do not wish to see the merciless and cruel Kaikeyī, on whose account this great calamity has befallen."

2.11.11 Having spoken thus, the king then, with hands folded in supplication, sought once more to propitiate Kaikeyī, and spoke to her again.

2.11.12 "Let grace be shown — especially to this king of upright conduct, now wretched, dependent upon you, and with life nearly spent. O queen, O gentle one."

2.11.13 "This was spoken by me in utter desolation, O lovely-hipped one. Show me proper grace — you are, after all, a woman of feeling."

2.11.14 Yet she who harboured a wicked heart, though he was pure of heart — she, merciless, made no reply to her husband even after hearing that wondrous and piteous lamentation of the king, whose eyes were red and brimming with tears.

2.11.15 Then the king, looking once more upon his beloved who was unsatisfied and speaking contrary words regarding the banishment of his son, fell insensible to the ground, stricken with grief.

2.12.1 That sinful woman, gazing upon the descendant of Ikṣvāku — tormented by grief for his son, fallen unconscious to the ground and writhing — spoke thus.

2.12.2 "As though having committed a sin, why do you lie collapsed on the floor after having heard my promise? You ought to stand firm in your resolve."

2.12.3 "Those who know dharma declare that truth is the highest dharma. Relying on truth, I have urged you toward dharma as well."

2.12.4 "Śaibya the lord of the earth, O king, having pledged and then given his own body to the hawk, attained the highest destiny."

2.12.5 "Similarly the splendid Alarka, when a brahmin learned in the Vedas begged of him, plucked out his own eyes and gave them without hesitation."

2.12.6 "The lord of rivers, bound to truth, does not, by its truth-compact, transgress the appointed shoreline at the proper season, however narrow that boundary."

2.12.7 "And if you will not honour this noble compact of mine, then, before your very eyes, having been abandoned, I shall abandon my life."

2.12.8 Thus pressed by the fearless Kaikeyī, the king was unable to free himself from the snare — like Bali from the bond fashioned by Indra.

2.12.9 Bewildered in his heart, he became pale and voiceless — like a draught-ox struggling between the yoke and the wheel.

2.12.10 The lord of the earth, his eyes unsteady and as though unseeing, summoning his composure with great difficulty through his fortitude, spoke thus to Kaikeyī.

2.12.11 "The hand of yours which I clasped in fire at the sacred rite, O sinful woman — that I renounce, and your son who is my own kin, and you along with him."

2.12.12 Then Kaikeyī — wicked in her conduct, yet skilled in speech — overcome with rage, spoke harsh words to the king once more.

2.12.13 "What is this you say, O king — words like a poison's sting? You should have Rāma, your son, brought here without delay."

2.12.14 "Having established my son in the kingdom, having sent Rāma to dwell in the forest, and having left me without a rival — you will then be one whose purpose is accomplished."

2.12.15 Goaded repeatedly like a noble horse urged by a sharp goad, the king spoke thus to Kaikeyī.

2.12.16 "I am bound by the bond of dharma and my understanding has forsaken me. I wish to see Rāma, my beloved eldest son, that righteous one."

2.12.17 Hearing the king's words, Kaikeyī thereupon herself spoke to the charioteer: "Go, bring Rāma here."

2.12.18 Then that majestic and righteous king, his joy extinguished in regard to his son, his eyes red with grief, looked up at the charioteer and spoke.

2.12.19 Sumantra, having heard the piteous words and seen the wretched state of the king, withdrew a little from that spot with hands folded in reverence.

2.12.20 When the lord of the earth was unable out of misery to speak himself, then Kaikeyī — well-versed in counsel — spoke to Sumantra.

2.12.21 "Sumantra, I wish to see Rāma — bring the handsome one quickly." He, thinking this to be auspicious, rejoiced in his heart.

2.12.22 Sumantra reflected, hastened on by her: "Clearly Rāma, who knows dharma, will come here for the consecration."

2.12.23 Having so resolved, the charioteer of great splendour went forth once more, with great joy, eager to behold Rāghava.

2.12.24 Then, having gone forth suddenly from the front, looking about at those standing at the gateway of the lords of the earth, he saw various townspeople of great wealth who had come and stood assembled at the door.

2.13.1 Having spent that night, the Brāhmaṇas who were masters of the Vedas presented themselves for the morning audience together with the royal chaplain.

2.13.2 Ministers, commanders of the army, and the leading men of the guilds — all delighted — assembled together for the consecration of Rāghava.

2.13.3 When the pure sun had risen and the day of the Puṣya asterism had arrived, the foremost twice-born had prepared everything for the consecration of Rāma.

2.13.4 Golden water-jars were arrayed, an auspicious throne was richly adorned, and a resplendent tiger-skin had been properly spread upon it for Rāma.

2.13.5 Water had been brought from the sacred confluence of the Gaṅgā and Yamunā, and from other holy rivers, lakes, wells, and ponds.

2.13.6 From streams flowing eastward, northward, and laterally, water had been carefully gathered, and likewise from all the oceans.

2.13.7 Honey, curds, clarified butter, parched grain, darbha-grass, flowers, and milk — golden and silver jars covered with milk-plants, adorned with lotuses and blue water-lilies, gleamed, filled to the brim with the finest water.

2.13.8 A splendid white yak-tail fan, bright as moonbeams, adorned with jewels, stood ready for Rāma.

2.13.9 And a white parasol resembling the orb of the moon — radiant, magnificent, and placed in readiness for the consecration — stood waiting.

2.13.10 A white bull stood ready, a white horse was properly stationed, and a majestic rutting elephant — fit for a king to ride — waited in attendance.

2.13.11 Eight auspicious maidens adorned with all their ornaments, all manner of musical instruments, and likewise bards and panegyrists — all were assembled.

2.13.12 In the manner customary within the kingdom of the Ikṣvākus for a royal consecration, all the prescribed requisites for the anointing of a prince had been assembled.

2.13.13 Those who had assembled there by the king's command, not seeing the lord of the earth, said among themselves: "Who now will announce us to the king?"

2.13.14 "We do not see the king, yet the sun has risen, and all is prepared for the consecration of wise Rāma as heir-apparent."

2.13.15 While they were speaking thus, Sumantra — honoured by the king — addressed all those sovereign lords of the earth with these words.

2.13.16 "On the king's command I shall inquire after the well-being of these long-lived lords, and also after the reason for their coming, once the king has been awakened."

2.13.17 Having said this, the knower of ancient lore went to the inner-palace gate and praised Rāghava with auspicious benedictions full of virtuous import.

2.13.18 "The blessed night has passed, an auspicious day has come. Awaken, O tiger among kings, and proceed to your duty without delay."

2.13.19 "Brāhmaṇas, commanders of the army, and the guild-leaders have all come, O king, awaiting your audience. Awaken, O Rāghava."

2.13.20 Having awakened while that charioteer Sumantra, skilled in counsel, was thus praising him, the king then spoke these words.

2.13.21 "I have not yet slept — bring Rāghava quickly." With these words king Daśaratha once more commanded the charioteer.

2.13.22 Hearing the king's command and honouring it by bowing his head, Sumantra departed from the royal dwelling, thinking this a great favour.

2.13.23 Setting out along the royal road adorned with pennants and banners, that charioteer heard conversations all concerning Rāma.

2.13.24 Then Sumantra beheld Rāma's beautiful dwelling — radiant as Mount Kailāsa, in splendour equal to the abode of Indra.

2.13.25 It was closed by great doors, beautiful with hundreds of terraced pavilions, adorned with golden statues throughout, with arched gateways of gems and coral.

2.13.26 White as the thick clouds of autumn, blazing with light, resembling the caverns of Mount Meru, it was adorned with very long garlands of the finest flowers.

2.13.27 That charioteer, arriving with his horse-yoked chariot and beholding the vast, opulent royal palace crowded with people, was filled with delight — his hair standing on end with joy.

2.13.28 That charioteer entered unimpeded into the palace — resembling mountain-peaks, massive rocks, and clouds, like a great assemblage of the finest mansions, abounding in treasures — as a sea-creature enters the ocean.

2.14.1 Having passed through the inner-palace gate thronged with people, the knower of ancient lore reached a secluded inner courtyard.

2.14.2 It was guarded by young men bearing javelins and bows, wearing polished earrings, vigilant, single-minded, and deeply devoted.

2.14.3 There at the door he saw elderly women superintendents of the inner apartments, wearing ochre robes, holding cane-staffs, richly ornamented, and deeply composed.

2.14.4 Seeing him approach and wishing to please Rāma, they immediately announced Sumantra to Rāma together with his wife.

2.14.5 Learning that the charioteer had been announced as coming from his father within, Rāghava had him brought in at once, out of a desire to do what was pleasing.

2.14.6 The charioteer saw him — resembling Vaiśravaṇa himself, richly adorned — seated on a couch covered with a golden spread and upper cloth.

2.14.7 The scorcher of foes was anointed with the most exquisite sandal-paste — pure, fragrant, and the hue of boar's blood.

2.14.8 With Sītā standing at his side, yak-tail fan in hand, he was further graced, like the moon attended by the splendid star Citrā.

2.14.9 Sumantra, like a trained panegyrist observant of protocol, reverently saluted him — the granter of boons, blazing like the sun in his own radiance.

2.14.10 With hands joined in reverence, after inquiring about his comfort in recreation, sleep, and rest, Sumantra — honoured by the king — said this to the prince.

2.14.11 "O lord, the auspicious Kausalyā and your father wish to see you, together with the queen Kaikeyī. Go there without delay."

2.14.12 Thus addressed, that lion among men of great radiance was filled with joy; he then honoured Sītā and spoke to her thus.

2.14.13 "O lady, the king and the queen — consulting together in my presence — are surely deliberating something connected with my consecration."

2.14.14 "For she — gracious and fair-handed, intoxicating-eyed — having perceived the king's intention and being eager to please me, is urging the king on my behalf."

2.14.15 "Such is the assembly gathered there, and such is the messenger who has come — the king will certainly consecrate me as heir-apparent this very day."

2.14.16 "Come now, I shall go quickly hence and see the lord of the earth. You remain here comfortably with your retinue and rejoice."

2.14.17 Sītā, honoured by her husband, the dark-eyed lady, followed her lord as far as the door, silently invoking auspicious blessings upon him.

2.14.18 He saw all the petitioners who had gathered, greeted them affectionately, and then mounted his splendid chariot that blazed like fire.

2.14.19 That chariot seemed to steal away all eyes with its dazzling golden radiance, and was yoked with the finest horses swift as young elephants.

2.14.20 Like thousand-eyed Indra mounting a tawny-horsed chariot, Rāghava blazing with royal splendour swiftly set forth, having taken his seat.

2.14.21 Resounding like a rain-cloud in the sky, the illustrious Rāma emerged from his dwelling as the moon issues from a great cloud.

2.14.22 Lakṣmaṇa, the younger brother of Rāghava, parasol and yak-tail fan in hand, mounted the chariot and guarded his brother from behind.

2.14.23 Then a great tumultuous roar arose on all sides from the multitude of people as he came forth.

2.14.24 Rāghava heard there the conversations and talk of the assembled people, and the varied utterances — extolling him — of the joyful citizens of the city.

2.14.25 "Today Rāghava, by the king's favour, is going to receive immense prosperity. We — whose ruler this one will be — are all our desires fulfilled. It is the gain of these people that he will obtain this entire kingdom for a long time."

2.14.26 Accompanied by resonant-sounding horses and elephants preceding him, honoured by svastika-reciters, bards, and panegyrists, praised by the finest musicians, he proceeded like Vaiśravaṇa himself.

2.14.27 Rāma beheld the beautiful great highway — teeming with she-elephants, bull-elephants, chariots, and horses, with its open spaces filled by great crowds of people, abounding in treasures and extensive stores of merchandise.

2.15.1 Illustrious Rāma, having mounted his chariot, with friends and well-wishers delighted around him, gazed upon the city thronged with multitudes of various people.

2.15.2 Rāma proceeded along the royal road, beautiful with white houses resembling clouds, and perfumed throughout with the smoke of burning agaru wood.

2.15.3 That excellent royal road was brilliant and unobstructed, filled with various wares and with foods of every kind, both fine and coarse.

2.15.4 Hearing many benedictions voiced by his well-wishers, and honouring all men as befitted them, he rode on.

2.15.5 "The path that was walked by your grandfathers and great-grandfathers — take it up from this day forward, once consecrated, and guard it well."

2.15.6 "As we were cherished by your father, as by the grandfathers of old — even more happily shall we all dwell under Rāma as our king."

2.15.7 "Enough today with eating, enough with all our other concerns — so long as we can see Rāma riding forth, established in his kingdom."

2.15.8 "For nothing shall be dearer to us, nor shall any other thing equal it, than the consecration of Rāma of boundless glory to his kingdom."

2.15.9 Hearing these and other such auspicious words from well-wishers — words that honoured him personally — Rāma rode with equanimity along the great highway.

2.15.10 For no person could turn either mind or eyes away from that best of men, even after Rāghava had passed by.

2.15.11 For that righteous-souled one shows compassion to all the four varṇas and to all four stages of life; therefore they were all devoted to him.

2.15.12 Reaching the royal palace — comparable to the abode of great Indra — that prince, blazing with royal splendour, entered his father's dwelling.

2.15.13 Having passed through all the courtyards, that son of Daśaratha dismissed all his attendants and proceeded to the pure inner apartments.

2.15.14 Then, after the prince had entered his father's presence, all that joyful multitude waited for his re-emergence, as the ocean awaits the rising of the moon.

2.16.1 Rāma saw his father seated on the auspicious throne, desolate, accompanied by Kaikeyī, his face withered and parched.

2.16.2 He first reverently saluted his father's feet in the customary humble manner, then composed, he also paid obeisance to the feet of Kaikeyī.

2.16.3 Having uttered only the word "Rāma," with eyes overwhelmed by tears, the wretched king was unable either to look at him or to speak to him.

2.16.4 Seeing that unprecedented, terrifying aspect of the lord of men, Rāma too was seized with fear, as though he had touched a serpent with his foot.

2.16.5 With senses joyless, he beheld the great king, emaciated by grief and anguish, sighing heavily, his mind troubled and distraught.

2.16.6 He was like the ocean, ordinarily unshakeable yet now agitated with waves; like the sun eclipsed; like a sage made to utter an untruth.

2.16.7 Perceiving the inconceivable, extraordinary grief of his father, Rāma became more agitated, like the ocean at the full moon.

2.16.8 Then Rāma, ever devoted to his father's welfare, began to reflect: "Why does the king today not welcome me as he usually does?"

2.16.9 "At other times, even when angry, my father grows pleased upon seeing me — what distress has come upon him today when he looks at me?"

2.16.10 Rāma, looking as though wretched, stricken with sorrow, the radiance of his face dimmed, saluted Kaikeyī and then spoke these words.

2.16.11 "Have I unknowingly committed some offense because of which my father is angry? Tell me that, and do you yourself appease him."

2.16.12 "Wretched, with face drained of colour, he does not speak to me — is there no bodily or mental affliction, no grief or burning anguish troubling him? For happiness is always hard to attain."

2.16.13 "Has nothing inauspicious befallen prince Bharata of lovely form, or mighty Śatrughna, or any of my mothers?"

2.16.14 "If I have failed to please the great king or have not acted on my father's words, I would not wish to live even for a moment while the king is angry."

2.16.15 "How should one not honor him through whom a person sees the origin of his own existence here in this world — he being a visible divinity before one's eyes?"

2.16.16 "Has my father perhaps been addressed by you with harsh words born of pride, spoken in anger, words that have agitated his mind?"

2.16.17 "Tell me truthfully, O queen, as I earnestly ask — what is the cause of this unprecedented change in the lord of men?"

2.16.18 "At the king's command I would leap into fire, drink sharp poison, or plunge into the sea — when directed to do so by my revered father, the king who wishes my good."

2.16.19 "Therefore speak, O queen, whatever the king desires — I shall do it, and I swear to it: Rāma does not speak twice."

2.16.20 To Rāma, who was thus full of sincerity and truthful in speech, the ignoble Kaikeyī spoke words that were exceedingly cruel.

2.16.21 "Long ago, O Rāghava, in the war between gods and demons, your father, having protected me when I was wounded in that great battle, granted me two boons.

2.16.22 "From those boons I have asked the king: the consecration of Bharata as crown prince, and your departure, this very day, O Rāghava, to the Daṇḍaka forest."

2.16.23 "If you wish to keep your father true to his pledge, and to maintain your own honor, O foremost of men, then hear these words of mine."

2.16.24 "Abide by your father's command as he has promised on your behalf: you are to enter the forest for nine years and five years — fourteen years in all."

2.16.25 "Seven and seven years dwelling in the Daṇḍaka wilderness, abandoning this consecration, you shall live clad in matted locks and bark garments."

2.16.26 "Let Bharata rule this earth, rich in diverse gems and furnished with horses, chariots, and elephants, from the city of Kosala."

2.16.27 Hearing those unpleasant words, words equivalent to death, Rāma, slayer of enemies, was not disturbed, and he said this to Kaikeyī.

2.16.28 "So be it. I shall go from here to dwell in the forest, wearing matted locks and bark garments, upholding the king's pledge."

2.16.29 "But this I wish to know: why does the lord of the earth, the invincible subduer of enemies, not welcome me as before?"

2.16.30 "Do not feel anger, O queen. Speak before you. I shall go — be well pleased — to the forest wearing bark garments and matted locks."

2.16.31 "What pleasing act would I not confidently perform when directed by my beneficent elder, my grateful father the king?"

2.16.32 "Yet one false thing in my heart burns me as with fire: that the king did not himself tell me of Bharata's consecration."

2.16.33 "For I would gladly give of my own accord — without being prompted — Sītā, the kingdom, my cherished life, and my wealth to my brother Bharata."

2.16.34 "How much more so when directed by the lord of men, my own father, and when upholding a pledge for the sake of fulfilling your desire?"

2.16.35 "So console him — why does the lord of the earth keep his gaze fixed on the ground and weep these slow tears?"

2.16.36 "Let messengers go this very day, by the king's command, on swift horses, to bring Bharata from his maternal uncle's home."

2.16.37 "As for me, I depart swiftly from here to the Daṇḍaka forest, without deliberating over my father's words, to dwell there for fourteen years."

2.16.38 Kaikeyī, delighted upon hearing those words of Rāma, believing his departure certain, urged Rāghava to set out without delay.

2.16.39 "So be it: men shall go on swift horses to bring Bharata back from his maternal uncle's family."

2.16.40 "But for you, who are not eager to linger, I think delay is not proper, Rāma — therefore you ought to depart swiftly to the forest from here."

2.16.41 "And that the king, filled with shame, does not speak to you himself — this is nothing at all, O foremost of men; let this anger be set aside."

2.16.42 "As long as you have not departed swiftly to the forest from this city, Rāma, your father will neither bathe nor eat."

2.16.43 Sighing, "Alas, what misery!" the king, overwhelmed with grief, fell unconscious on that gold-adorned couch.

2.16.44 Rāma, urged on by Kaikeyī, raised the king up, and like a horse struck by a whip, made haste to depart to the forest.

2.16.45 Having heard that cruel, deeply unpleasant speech of the ignoble woman, Rāma, free from distress, spoke these words to Kaikeyī.

2.16.46 "I am not devoted to material gain, O queen, nor do I aspire to inhabit the world for that — know me as equal to the sages, standing solely by dharma."

2.16.47 "Whatever agreeable thing it is possible for me to do for his honored self, even at the cost of giving up my life, that is in every way already done."

2.16.48 "For there is no practice of dharma greater than service to one's father and the fulfillment of his command."

2.16.49 "Even uninstructed by his honored self, at your word I shall dwell in the lonely forest here for fourteen years."

2.16.50 "You truly expect no virtue in me at all, O Kaikeyī, that you — being more powerful than I — spoke to the king in this way on my behalf."

2.16.51 "As soon as I take leave of my mother and comfort Sītā, I shall depart this very day to the great Daṇḍaka forest."

2.16.52 "Let Bharata rule the kingdom and serve his father as befits him — this too must be arranged by you, for that is eternal dharma."

2.16.53 On hearing Rāma's words, the father, deeply stricken with pain, unable to hold back his tears from grief, wept aloud with a great cry.

2.16.54 Having saluted the feet of his father who had lost consciousness, and the feet also of the ignoble Kaikeyī, the great-resplendent Rāma departed.

2.16.55 Rāma, having circumambulated his father and Kaikeyī, stepped out of the inner apartments and saw his own circle of dear friends.

2.16.56 Eyes brimming with tears, utterly furious, Lakṣmaṇa, the increaser of Sumitrā's joy, followed behind him.

2.16.57 Rāma circumambulated the consecration materials and walked slowly away, his gaze lingering, turning back with a longing look.

2.16.58 The loss of the kingdom did not diminish his great splendor, just as the night does not diminish the loveliness of the cool-rayed moon that is beloved of the world.

2.16.59 In one wishing to go to the forest and relinquishing the earth, no perturbation of mind was apparent — as in one who has transcended all the worlds.

2.16.60 Bearing the sorrow inwardly, restraining his senses, that self-possessed one entered his mother's dwelling, bearing the bearer of unwelcome tidings for her.

2.16.61 Having entered and seeing the dwelling filled with great joy, and having become aware of the calamity that had come to pass, even there Rāma showed no perturbation, out of concern lest his dear ones be alarmed at his own misfortune.

2.17.1 Rāma, greatly fatigued, sighing like an elephant, the self-restrained one went with his brother to his mother's inner apartments.

2.17.2 There he saw an elderly man of great honor seated at the doorway of the house, and many others standing there as well.

2.17.3 Entering the first courtyard, in the second he saw aged Brāhmaṇas learned in the Vedas, honored by the king.

2.17.4 Rāma bowed to those elders, and in the third courtyard he saw women — both old and young — intent on guarding the door.

2.17.5 Those delighted women greeted him and then swiftly entered the house and announced to Rāma's mother the joy of his arrival.

2.17.6 Queen Kausalyā too, having kept vigil through the night in concentrated prayer, at dawn performed worship of Viṣṇu, she who desired her son's welfare.

2.17.7 She, clad in a silk garment, joyful, ever devoted to vows, performed oblations into the sacred fire with mantras, having made all auspicious rites.

2.17.8 Then Rāma, entering his mother's auspicious inner apartments, saw his mother there engaged in making offerings to the sacred fire.

2.17.9 She, seeing her son who had long been awaited, the delight of his mother, now arrived, rushed forward overjoyed, as a mare rushes toward her young colt.

2.17.10 Kausalyā, out of maternal love for her son, spoke to that Rāghava, her invincible child, these words that were both affectionate and beneficial.

2.17.11 "May you attain the long life, glory, and dharma proper to the lineage of the noble, dharma-disciplined, great-souled royal sages."

2.17.12 "Behold, O Rāghava, your father the king, true to his pledges — this very day the righteous-souled one shall consecrate you as crown prince."

2.17.13 Rāghava, extending his joined palms toward his mother, spoke to her — he who was naturally humble and now bent down in reverence.

2.17.14 "O queen, you surely do not know that a great peril is at hand — one that will bring sorrow to you, to Vaidehī, and to Lakṣmaṇa."

2.17.15 "For fourteen years I shall dwell in the lonely forest, living on honey, roots, and fruits, having forsaken meat in the manner of a sage."

2.17.16 "The great king grants the crown-princeship to Bharata, and banishes me — as an ascetic — to the Daṇḍaka forest."

2.17.17 Seeing her — unaccustomed to sorrow — fallen like a plantain tree, insensible, Rāma raised his mother up.

2.17.18 Having turned and raised her up — wretched as an overburdened mare — her every limb covered with dust, he stroked her with his hand.

2.17.19 She, afflicted with sorrow, she who was accustomed to happiness, spoke to Rāghava who sat beside her — that tiger among men — while Lakṣmaṇa listened.

2.17.20 "O Rāghava, my son, if you had not been born for my grief, then I, being childless, would have seen no greater sorrow than that."

2.17.21 "For a barren woman has only one human sorrow — the grief of 'I am without a child' — truly there is no other sorrow, my son."

2.17.22 "It was with the hope that I might behold good fortune or happiness through a husband's valor or through a son that I persevered, placing my faith in Rāma."

2.17.23 "I, though the chief among co-wives, shall be forced to hear many unpleasant, heart-piercing words from those junior co-wives — what greater sorrow can there be for any woman?"

2.17.24 "Even with you present near me, I was thus rejected and ignored — what then when you are gone, my dear? Death alone is certain for me."

2.17.25 "Whoever serves me or follows my wishes, upon looking toward Kaikeyī's son, that person does not address me."

2.17.26 "Seventeen years since your birth have passed, O Rāghava, while I waited in expectation for the end of my sorrows."

2.17.27 "Through fastings, austerities, and many hardships — reared with difficulty you have been raised in vain by me in my misfortune."

2.17.28 "Firm indeed I deem my heart, that it does not break apart, like the bank of a great river touched by the new flood-waters of the rains."

2.17.29 "Surely death does not exist for me, nor is there room for me in Yama's realm, since Death does not this very day carry me off by force, as a lion carries off a weeping doe."

2.17.30 "My heart is surely firm as iron, that it does not shatter, that upon this earth it does not split asunder with this body given over to such grief — for truly, untimely death does not exist."

2.17.31 "This is my sorrow: that my vows, gifts, self-restraints, and austerities practiced for the sake of offspring are utterly fruitless — like good seed sown in barren soil."

2.17.32 "If one could attain untimely death by one's own will when worn away by great sorrow, I would have gone this very day to the assembly of the dead, like a cow bereft of her own calf."

2.17.33 Deeply unhappy, overcome with indignation, she lamented much, gazing upon Rāghava, perceiving that great calamity — like a kiṃnarī looking upon her son bound in chains.

2.18.1 To Kausalyā, Rāma's mother, lamenting thus, Lakṣmaṇa, stricken with sorrow, spoke words befitting that moment.

2.18.2 "It does not please me either, O noble lady, that Rāghava should go to the forest, abandoning royal splendor, having been subjected to the words of a woman."

2.18.3 "A king who has changed in character, who is old, and who has been overpowered by the senses — what might such a one not say when provoked while in the grip of passion?"

2.18.4 "I see no offense in him, nor any fault of that kind, on account of which Rāghava should be banished from the kingdom to dwell in the forest."

2.18.5 "I see no one in the world — not even speaking behind his back — no man, enemy or estranged, who would name a fault in him."

2.18.6 "Who, bearing in mind dharma, would abandon without cause a son who is godlike, upright, self-restrained, tender even toward his enemies?"

2.18.7 "What son, keeping in mind the conduct proper to kings, would take to heart this word of a king who has reverted to childhood?"

2.18.8 "As long as no person knows of this matter, until then, establish your authority while it rests in yourself — act jointly with me."

2.18.9 "With me standing at your side bearing my bow, protecting you, O Rāghava, who is capable of doing you harm — as if standing against Death himself?"

2.18.10 "I shall empty this entire Ayodhyā of men with sharp arrows if she persists in this wrong, O bull among men."

2.18.11 "Whoever sides with Bharata or wishes his good — all of them I shall slay; for the gentle are always overpowered."

2.18.12 "With both you and me as his unsurpassed enemies, who has the power to give sovereignty to Bharata, O chastiser of foes?"

2.18.13 "I am genuinely devoted with my whole being to my brother, O queen — I swear to you by truth, by my bow, and by the sacrificial offerings I have made."

2.18.14 "If Rāma enters a blazing fire or the wilderness, know me, O queen, as having already entered there before him."

2.18.15 "I shall remove your sorrow by my valor, as the risen sun disperses darkness — let the queen behold my prowess, and let Rāghava behold it."

2.18.16 Having heard these words of the great-souled Lakṣmaṇa, Kausalyā, weeping and distracted with grief, spoke to Rāma.

2.18.17 "My son, you have heard what your brother Lakṣmaṇa has said — do accordingly whatever follows from that, if it pleases you."

2.18.18 "And you ought not to depart from here, leaving me scorched with grief, after hearing the unrighteous words spoken by my co-wife."

2.18.19 "O knower of dharma, if you are righteous and wish to practice dharma, then serve me, remaining here — practice the highest dharma."

2.18.20 "Serving his mother, my son, Kaśyapa, dwelling restrained in his own home, endowed with the highest austerity, attained the three heavens."

2.18.21 "Just as the king is to be honored by you with reverence, so too am I — I do not give you permission; you must not go to the forest from here."

2.18.22 "Without you, life holds no purpose for me, nor happiness — with you beside me, even eating grass is my greater good."

2.18.23 "If you go to the forest leaving me here consumed with grief, I shall sit here in a fast unto death — I shall not be able to live."

2.18.24 "Then you, my son, shall attain the hell renowned in the world, just as the lord of rivers, the ocean, receives the sin of brahminicide through unrighteousness."

2.18.25 Then the righteous-souled Rāma spoke words suffused with dharma to his mother Kausalyā, lamenting thus in her misery.

2.18.26 "I have no power to transgress my father's word — I bow my head and beseech you: I wish to go to the forest."

2.18.27 "Even the learned sage Kaṇḍu, practitioner of vows, while carrying out his father's command — knowing dharma — slew a cow."

2.18.28 "And in our own lineage of old, by the Sāgaras who dug at their father Sagara's command, a most great destruction was accomplished."

2.18.29 "By Rāma Jāmadagnya, carrying out his father's command, his own mother Reṇukā was herself slain with an axe in the forest."

2.18.30 "This adherence to a father's command is not being done by me alone — this path, intended by the ancients, is being followed in their footsteps."

2.18.31 "This therefore must be done by me on earth, and no otherwise — for one who carries out his father's word never comes to diminishment."

2.18.32 Having thus addressed his mother, he spoke again to Lakṣmaṇa: "I know, Lakṣmaṇa, your unsurpassed love for me, though the purport of truth and of tranquility has not been understood."

2.18.33 "For dharma is supreme in the world; truth is grounded in dharma; and this highest word of my father rests upon dharma."

2.18.34 "Having pledged to a father's word, or a mother's, or a Brāhmaṇa's, one standing firm in dharma must not make it vain, O hero."

2.18.35 "I am not able to transgress my father's command — for it is by my father's word, O hero, that Kaikeyī has sent me forth."

2.18.36 "Therefore abandon this ignoble resolve rooted in the dharma of warriors, take refuge in dharma, set aside harshness — let my counsel be followed."

2.18.37 Having thus spoken out of affection to his brother, the elder brother of Lakṣmaṇa spoke again to Kausalyā, with joined palms and bowed head.

2.18.38 "Grant me permission, O queen, as I go to the forest from here — I swear to you by my life: perform the auspicious rites for me; having fulfilled my vow, I shall return again from the forest to the city."

2.18.39 "For I am not able to bring about great prosperity behind the back of renown merely for the sake of the kingdom in a short while — nor, O queen, do I today choose a lesser earth through unrighteousness over life."

2.18.40 That bull among men, still intent on going to the Daṇḍaka forest by his own valor, propitiating his mother, and then firmly instructing his younger brother, made a final appearance, circumambulated his mother in his heart, and took his leave.

2.19.1 Then, seeing him afflicted with anguish, intensely indignant, breathing like a mighty serpent, his eyes dilated with fury —

2.19.2 — Rāma, self-possessed, steadying his composure with fortitude, approached Saumitri, that dear friend and beloved brother, and spoke these words:

2.19.3 "O Saumitri, let the bustle of preparations that was made for my consecration now serve instead for the reversal of that consecration.

2.19.4 She whose heart is being tormented on account of my consecration — that mother of ours — act in such a way that she may have no further cause for anxiety.

2.19.5 I cannot bear, O Saumitri, to disregard even for a moment the grief born of apprehension that has arisen in her heart.

2.19.6 I do not recall having ever done, intentionally or unwittingly, even the slightest thing displeasing to my mothers or to my father.

2.19.7 My father, who is truthful, steadfast in his truth-pledges, ever of true valor — may he who fears the sin of falsehood in the next world be freed from fear.

2.19.8 For if this act is not carried through, his heart would burn with the torment that his pledge of truth was not honored — and his torment would in turn torment me.

2.19.9 Therefore, O Lakṣmaṇa, having set aside the rite of consecration, I wish straightaway to depart to the forest from this very place.

2.19.10 Once I am banished today, that king's daughter will have achieved her purpose, and then she will consecrate her son Bharata without impediment.

2.19.11 When I have gone to the forest clad in bark garments and deerskin, wearing matted locks, Kaikeyī's heart will be at peace.

2.19.12 That by which this resolve has been directed and the mind fully composed — that I ought not to trouble; I shall go forth without delay.

2.19.13 In my banishment and in the return of the kingdom that was granted to me — fate alone, O Saumitri, is to be seen at work.

2.19.14 For how could Kaikeyī have come to act in such a way as to cause me harm, were this not the disposition of fate, ordained by the god of death?

2.19.15 For you know, O gentle one, that there was never any distinction in my regard for my mothers, nor any special difference in hers toward me, her child.

2.19.16 Therefore, that she should have spoken to me those harsh, bitter words aimed at annulling the consecration and at banishment — I attribute this to nothing other than fate.

2.19.17 How could a princess of such natural nobility, possessed of such qualities, have spoken in the presence of her husband of my humiliation, as though she were a common woman?

2.19.18 That fate which is inscrutable cannot be prevented even among living beings — clearly, a reversal has befallen both her and me.

2.19.19 Who, O Saumitri, can venture to fight against fate, whose workings in any action can be grasped by nothing other than itself?

2.19.20 Pleasure and pain, fear and anger, gain and loss, existence and non-existence — whatever is thus constituted, is that not indeed the work of fate?

2.19.21 Even though my consecration has been thwarted, I feel no grief. Therefore, free from grief yourself and following my lead, quickly withdraw the preparations for the consecration rite.

2.19.22 O Lakṣmaṇa, in this obstruction of my kingship, the younger mother is not to be overly blamed — for those overtaken by fate speak of unwished things; and you know well the power of fate to work thus.

2.20.1 While Rāma was speaking thus, Lakṣmaṇa repeatedly hung his head low; hearing these words, he felt himself pulled between grief and fierce resolve.

2.20.2 Then, O bull among men, he knitted his brows together, and breathed hard — like a great serpent coiled in its den, enraged.

2.20.3 His face, set with that fearsome frown, was then unbearable to behold — resembling the visage of a lion roused to wrath.

2.20.4 He who was unconstrained, shaking like an elephant shaking its own trunk, let his neck drop sideways and upward across his body —

2.20.5 — and looking at his brother askance from the corners of his eyes, he said: "This very great agitation of yours has arisen in the wrong place.

2.20.6 How could a man of your stature speak such things composedly, when the world would not so readily suspect fault in dharma?

2.20.7 Why do you, a bold bull among kṣatriyas, praise fate as though it were cowardly? Why do you invoke pitiful, impotent fate?

2.20.8 O righteous one, how is it that you harbor no suspicion of those two sinful ones? There are subtle tests of dharma — do you not perceive them?

2.20.9 The consecration of another in your place — which the world would hate — is what has led your mind to this confusion, O lord of the earth. That very dharma by whose invocation you are bewildered is hateful to me.

2.20.10 Even if your resolve is of divine origin and their opinion carries weight, still, the fact that you would overlook this — that does not please me either.

2.20.11 One who is faint-hearted and bereft of valor submits to fate; heroes who hold their souls in high esteem do not merely worship fate.

2.20.12 A man who has the power to overcome fate by his own exertion does not sink down when his purpose is ruined by fate.

2.20.13 Today they shall see the power of fate and the power of a man; today the distinction between the divine and the human will be made manifest.

2.20.14 Today people shall see fate struck down by my valor, just as today we have seen your royal consecration struck down by fate.

2.20.15 Just as a maddened elephant running rampant beyond the goad is turned back, so I shall turn back fate by my own exertion.

2.20.16 Not all the guardians of the worlds together could obstruct Rāma's consecration today — nor could all three worlds — much less a father alone.

2.20.17 Those who have secretly conspired for your exile to the forest, O king — they shall dwell in the forest likewise for fourteen years.

2.20.18 I shall cut off that hope of your father and of her — the hope that works through obstructing your consecration so that a son may become king.

2.20.19 Faced with my power in opposition, the force of fate shall not be able to prevail to cause harm in the way my own fierce exertion shall.

2.20.20 After a thousand years, once the duty of ruling over the people is fulfilled, the noble-born sons shall perform the forest-dwelling themselves — after you have already gone.

2.20.21 For according to the way of former royal seers, forest-dwelling is prescribed — entrusting the people to one's sons to be cared for as children.

2.20.22 O king, if out of fear that the kingship might be disrupted by a divided mind you do not wish to hold the kingdom in yourself, O Rāma, O righteous one —

2.20.23 — then I pledge to you, O hero — may I forfeit my place in the world of heroes — I shall guard your kingdom as the shore guards the ocean.

2.20.24 Be consecrated with auspicious rites; be engaged in that alone. I alone am capable of holding back by force all the kings of the earth.

2.20.25 These two arms of mine are not for adornment; the bow is not worn by me for decoration; the sword is not bound on for show; the arrows are not for display.

2.20.26 All these four — arms, bow, sword, and arrows — serve me for the crushing of enemies; nor do I have excessive desire for what I regard as hostile.

2.20.27 With my sharp-edged sword, blazing like leaping lightning, I count as no foe even the wielder of the thunderbolt himself.

2.20.28 The ground before me, dense and hard to traverse, shall be strewn with the trunks, thighs, and heads of elephants, horses, and men — crushed and pressed by my sword's blows.

2.20.29 Today, struck by my sword's edge, elephants shall fall to earth blazing like mountains — like clouds falling with their lightning.

2.20.30 With my leather finger-guard strapped on and my bow taken up, how could anyone count himself a true man among men while I yet stand?

2.20.31 Surpassing many enemies as one, and many as if they were one, I shall release my arrows into the vital points of men, horses, and elephants.

2.20.32 Today the power of my weapons shall make itself felt — to strip the king of his sovereignty and to establish your sovereignty, O master.

2.20.33 Today — for the sake of sandalwood paste and the loosening of armlets, for the bestowal of wealth, and for the protection of friends —

2.20.34 — these two arms of mine shall do fitting work, O Rāma, in warding off those who are responsible for the obstruction of your consecration.

2.20.35 Tell me — who is your enemy, that he may this very day be separated from me, from life and glory? Command me as you see fit so that this earth may come under your sway; I am your servant.

2.20.36 Wiping away his tears and consoling Lakṣmaṇa again and again, he who was the enhancer of the Rāghava line said: "Know me as one firmly set in our father's command — this, O gentle Saumitri, is the true path."

2.21.1 Seeing him steadfastly intent on fulfilling his father's decree, Kausalyā, choking with tears, spoke righteous words.

2.21.2 "One who has never known sorrow, righteous in soul, beloved in speech to all living beings — born of Daśaratha and of me — how shall he live by gleaning?

2.21.3 He whose own servants and slaves eat the finest prepared food — how shall that lord subsist in the forest on roots and fruits?

2.21.4 Who would believe this, hearing it? And for whom would fear not arise — that Rāghava, virtuous and beloved of the king, is being banished?

2.21.5 Bereft of you, the immeasurable great fire of grief shall consume me, as the bright-flamed fire consumes dry grass at the end of winter.

2.21.6 For how could a cow not follow her own calf when it departs? I shall follow you, O son, wherever you go.

2.21.7 Having heard those words spoken thus by his mother, Rāma, that bull among men, spoke in reply to his deeply grieved mother:

2.21.8 "Deceived by Kaikeyī, and with me gone to the forest, and abandoned by you as well, the king surely will not survive.

2.21.9 The abandonment of one's husband is said to be a cruelty peculiar to a woman — that you must not do, condemned even in thought.

2.21.10 As long as my father, the Kākutstha, lord of the earth, still lives — serve him; that is the eternal dharma.

2.21.11 Thus addressed by Rāma, the fair-visaged Kausalyā replied "So be it" with full willingness to Rāma the tireless in action.

2.21.12 Thus addressed, Rāma, foremost among the upholders of dharma, once more spoke these words to his deeply grieved mother:

2.21.13 "Both you and I must do our father's bidding — the king is husband, teacher, most excellent, the lord and master of all.

2.21.14 Having passed these fourteen years in the great forest, I shall return in supreme gladness and shall abide by your word.

2.21.15 Thus addressed, her face filled with tears, her heart consumed with anguish, Kausalyā, that devoted mother, then spoke to her beloved son:

2.21.16 "It is not possible for me to dwell among these co-wives, O Rāma. Take me too, O Kākutstha, to the forest, like a doe of the wild — if your mind is resolved on going, in deference to your father.

2.21.17 To her weeping thus, Rāma, himself in tears, replied: "For a living woman, her husband is the deity and the master — today the king is master, lord over both you and me.

2.21.18 And Bharata too, righteous in soul, dear in speech to all creatures, will attend to you — for he is always devoted to dharma.

2.21.19 Act vigilantly so that, after my departure, the king may not suffer even the slightest affliction through grief for his son.

2.21.20 A woman, however supremely excellent, who is devoted to vows and fasts but does not follow her husband's path — even she incurs a sinful fate.

2.21.21 She should render service alone, devoted to the beloved welfare of her husband — this is the dharma seen of old in the world, heard in the Veda, and remembered in the Smṛtis.

2.21.22 O queen, on my account you should honor the brāhmaṇas and those of excellent vows — and thus wait out the time, longing for my return.

2.21.23 You shall attain your supreme wish when I return — if the foremost of those who uphold dharma, the king, shall hold on to life.

2.21.24 Thus addressed by Rāma, her eyes clouded with a rush of tears, Kausalyā, afflicted by the sorrow for her son, spoke to Rāma: "Go, my son, single-minded; may you ever be blessed, O lord."

2.21.25 Thus indeed, seeing Rāma resolved upon forest-dwelling, the queen with her highest mind spoke words to Rāma of auspicious marks, and she became one who longed to perform rites of benediction over him.

2.22.1 Having performed her ablutions and touched the pure water, putting aside that distress, Rāma's wise and noble mother performed the auspicious rites.

2.22.2 May the Sādhyas, the Viśvas, the Maruts, and the great seers bestow well-being; may Dhātṛ, Vidhātṛ, Pūṣan, Bhaga, and Aryaman bestow well-being.

2.22.3 May the seasons, the fortnights, the months, the years, the nights, the days, and the hours always bring you well-being.

2.22.4 May Memory, Fortitude, and Dharma protect you on all sides, my son; and may the divine lord Skanda, Soma, and Bṛhaspati protect you.

2.22.5 May the Seven Seers and Nārada protect you on all sides; may all the lunar mansions and the planets together with their presiding deities protect you, the wise one clad in an ascetic's garb as you roam the great forests.

2.22.6 May jumping creatures, scorpions, biting insects, mosquitoes, reptiles, and all manner of bugs in the dense forest cause you no harm.

2.22.7 May the great elephants, lions, tigers, bears with their fangs, and the fierce horned buffalo do you no harm, my dear son.

2.22.8 May the terrible beings who feed on human flesh, and whatever other kinds of creatures there may be, do you no injury, my son — for I have duly propitiated them here.

2.22.9 May your journeys be auspicious; may your feats of valor be accomplished; may all prosperity attend you, Rāma. Go in safety, my son.

2.22.10 May there be well-being for you again and again from the celestial regions and from the earthly regions; from all the gods, and from those who obstruct your path.

2.22.11 May Brahmā, the lord of all worlds, the sustainer of all beings, along with the sages and the remaining gods, protect you as you dwell in the forest.

2.22.12 With these words, that illustrious wide-eyed woman honored the hosts of gods with garlands, perfumes, and fitting hymns of praise.

2.22.13 Whatever auspiciousness arose for the thousand-eyed Indra, saluted by all gods, at the slaying of Vṛtra — may that same auspiciousness be yours.

2.22.14 Whatever auspiciousness Vinatā fashioned long ago for Suparṇa — Garuḍa — when he was seeking the nectar of immortality, may that auspiciousness be yours.

2.22.15 Kausalyā also fashioned a protective charm using the efficacious and auspicious herb Viśalyakaraṇī, and muttered the appropriate sacred formulas over it.

2.22.16 Bowing, smelling his head, and embracing him, that illustrious woman said: "Go comfortably, Rāma, my son, your purposes fulfilled."

2.22.17 "May I see you again, my dear child, returned to Ayodhyā healthy, all your aims accomplished, dwelling happily and well established in the royal palace."

2.22.18 "The bands of gods headed by Śiva, the great seers, the beings, great asuras, and serpents that I have honored — may they and all the directions long desire your welfare, O Rāghava, as you depart for the forest."

2.22.19 Having spoken thus with eyes brimming with tears, and having duly completed the benedictory rites, she circumambulated the Rāghava and again and again pressed him tightly in her embrace.

2.22.20 Having thus been circumambulated by the queen, and having pressed his mother's feet again and again, that great-glorious Rāghava, blazing with his own splendor, departed for the dwelling of Sītā.

2.23.1 Having reverenced Kausalyā, Rāma set out for the forest, blessed with the auspicious rites performed by his mother, steadfast on the path of righteousness.

2.23.2 The prince, illuminating the royal road crowded with people, seemed to churn the hearts of the assembled folk by the sheer power of his virtues.

2.23.3 The afflicted Vaidehī had heard none of all this, for in her heart there was only the expectation of Rāma's consecration as crown prince.

2.23.4 Having performed her worship of the gods, that grateful and joyful woman, well versed in the duties of royalty, awaited the prince.

2.23.5 Then Rāma entered his own beautifully adorned dwelling, filled with joyful attendants, his face cast slightly downward out of shame.

2.23.6 Then Sītā sprang up and beheld her husband trembling — scorched by grief, his senses disturbed by anxious thoughts.

2.23.7 Seeing his face pale and streaming with perspiration, beside himself with agitation, and herself scorched by grief, she said: "What is this now, my lord?"

2.23.8 "Today, O Rāghava, the auspicious Puṣya asterism is in conjunction with Bṛhaspati — so declare the learned Brāhmaṇas. Why then are you downcast?"

2.23.9 "Your lovely face is not graced, as it should be, by the royal parasol with its hundred ribs, white as the foam of water, held above it."

2.23.10 "Your face, whose eyes resemble the lotus, is not being fanned by the two principal fly-whisks, white as the moon and the swan."

2.23.11 "O bull among men, the eloquent bards and panegyrists — the Sūtas and the Māgadhas — are not seen today joyfully singing your praises with auspicious hymns."

2.23.12 "The Brāhmaṇas who are masters of the Veda are not placing honey and curds upon your head in the prescribed manner, as upon one who has had the consecration poured over him."

2.23.13 "All the ministers of state, adorned with ornaments, and the heads of the guilds, together with the townspeople and the country folk, do not seem to wish to accompany you."

2.23.14 "Why does the chief ceremonial chariot, yoked to four swift horses adorned with golden ornaments, not go before you?"

2.23.15 "Nor is the auspicious, mark-honored elephant, dark as a rain cloud or a mountain, seen going before you in the procession, O hero."

2.23.16 "Nor do I see the golden, ornately decorated throne being carried ahead of you, O fair to behold, with heroes marching before it."

2.23.17 "When the consecration was ready, what has now happened to you? Your complexion is unprecedented, and no exhilaration is visible in you."

2.23.18 To her lamenting thus, the delight of the Raghu clan spoke: "Sītā, the revered lord — my father — is sending me into exile in the forest."

2.23.19 "O Jānakī, born of a great lineage, one who knows righteousness and walks in its ways, listen to how this has come about step by step."

2.23.20 "My father King Daśaratha, a man of true vows, once gladly granted two great boons to Kaikeyī."

2.23.21 "Now, today, when the king had made ready my consecration, she has called in that old debt; that appointed time has been invoked and compelled by dharma."

2.23.22 "I must dwell in the Daṇḍaka forest for fourteen years; my father has also installed Bharata as crown prince. I have come to see you before I depart for the uninhabited forest."

2.23.23 "You should never speak of me in Bharata's presence. Men who have attained power cannot endure praise of a rival; therefore my virtues should not be spoken of before Bharata."

2.23.24 "Nor should you ever be treated by him as a special charge; you can comport yourself near him only with compliance and agreeableness."

2.23.25 "I too, honoring that promise made to my elder, shall depart for the forest this very day. Be steadfast, O wise one."

2.23.26 "And when I have gone to the forest frequented by sages, O auspicious one, O sinless one, you must be devoted to vows and fasts."

2.23.27 "Rising early in the morning and performing the worship of the gods in the prescribed manner, you must pay reverence to Daśaratha, my father, the lord of men."

2.23.28 "And my mother Kausalyā, aged and worn thin by grief, deserves your respect, placing dharma above all else."

2.23.29 "You must always revere my other mothers as well, for in terms of affection, tenderness, and the enjoyment of my company, they are all equal to my mother."

2.23.30 "And Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna, who are dearer to me than my own life, are to be regarded by you especially as sons and brothers alike."

2.23.31 "And you must never do anything disagreeable to Bharata, for he is now the king and lord both of the realm and of the family."

2.23.32 "Kings who are gratified by good conduct and attended upon with effort become gracious; in the contrary case they grow wrathful."

2.23.33 "Kings abandon even their own natural sons if they act against their interests, and embrace even ordinary people who serve them capably."

2.23.34 "I shall depart for the great forest, my dear; you must remain here, O beautiful one. So that you do no wrong to anyone, act in accordance with these words of mine."

2.24.1 Thus addressed, Vaidehī — who deserved only tender words and spoke only tender words — became indignant out of deep love, and spoke these words to her husband.

2.24.2 "O noble son, a father, a mother, a brother, a son — and likewise a daughter-in-law — each enjoys the fruits of their own merit and tends to their own separate destiny."

2.24.3 "But a wife, O bull among men, partakes solely of her husband's fortune. Thus it is I who have been destined to dwell in the forest as well."

2.24.4 "Neither a father, nor a son, nor one's own self, nor a mother, nor a circle of friends — in this world and after death, the husband is ever the sole refuge of women."

2.24.5 "If you depart today for that inaccessible forest, O Rāghava, I shall go before you, crushing underfoot the sharp kuśa grass and thorns."

2.24.6 "Setting aside jealousy and anger as one sets aside water left over after a meal, take me with you without apprehension, O hero — no sin resides in me."

2.24.7 "Whatever the condition — whether in palace towers, or aerial mansions, or traveling through the sky — the shadow of a husband's feet excels them all."

2.24.8 "I have been instructed by my mother and my father in conduct befitting all manner of circumstances; I need not now be told how I should comport myself."

2.24.9 "I shall dwell happily in the forest just as in my father's house, giving no thought to the three worlds, but thinking only of my vow to my husband."

2.24.10 "Ever attending upon you, self-disciplined, and observing the vow of chastity, I shall take delight with you, O hero, in the honey-fragrant forests."

2.24.11 "For you, Rāma, are able to protect in the forest the people of others — how much more so me, O giver of honor."

2.24.12 "I shall subsist always on fruits and roots, without doubt. Living with you, I shall cause you no hardship."

2.24.13 "I long to see the rivers, the mountains, the lakes, and the forests everywhere, fearless in every place, with you, my wise lord, as my protector."

2.24.14 "I would wish, made happy by union with you, O hero, to behold the lotus pools thronged with geese and kāraṇḍava ducks, their lotuses in full and beautiful bloom."

2.24.15 "With you, O large-eyed one, I shall take the greatest delight — and thus I could dwell with you for a hundred thousand years."

2.24.16 "And if my abode, O Rāghava, O tiger among men, were to be even in heaven but without you, I should not desire that either."

2.24.17 "I shall go to the forest most difficult to traverse, filled with deer, inhabited by monkeys and elephants; I shall dwell in the forest as in my father's house, clasping your very feet, honored by you."

2.24.18 "Take me — whose mind is set on none other, whose heart cleaves to you alone, who am resolved on death if separated from you. Do this kindness, grant my entreaty; no burden shall thereby fall upon you from me."

2.24.19 Yet even as she spoke thus, that best of men, attached to righteousness, did not intend to take Sītā; and he spoke to her at length, on the subject of dissuasion, and concerning the hardships of dwelling in the forest, addressing her in her distress.

2.25.1 As Sītā spoke thus, that knower of dharma, devoted to righteousness, that righteous soul, spoke these words to turn her back.

2.25.2 "Sītā, you are born of a great lineage and are ever devoted to dharma. Practise your own duty here — do not act merely as your heart desires."

2.25.3 "Sītā, you must act as I shall tell you, O gentle one. The forest holds many hardships; hear me speak of them."

2.25.4 "Sītā, abandon this resolve to dwell in the forest. What is called the wilderness is full of many dangers."

2.25.5 "I say this out of concern for your welfare: the forest knows no happiness — it is nothing but misery at every turn."

2.25.6 "The roars of lions dwelling in mountain caves, rising from mountain torrents — these are dreadful to hear. For this reason, the forest is suffering."

2.25.7 "One must sleep on leaf-beds, broken and spread on the bare ground, weary from exertion through the nights. For this reason, the forest is yet harder to bear."

2.25.8 "Fasts must be kept, O Maithilī, as one's strength allows; matted locks must be worn, and garments of bark must be borne."

2.25.9 "There the wind is fierce, the darkness deep, and hunger constant; great terrors abound — for this reason, the forest is harder still."

2.25.10 "Many reptiles of many forms, O passionate one, crawl boldly over the ground. For this reason, the forest is very hard to endure."

2.25.11 "Serpents that dwell in rivers, winding through their bends, lie coiled across the paths. For this reason, the forest is harder to bear."

2.25.12 "Locusts, scorpions, worms, horse-flies and mosquitoes together torment one ceaselessly, O gentle one. All of it is suffering — therefore the forest is misery."

2.25.13 "Thorny trees, and kusa grass and kāśa reeds, with their branch-tips tangled in the forest, O passionate one — for this reason the forest is harder to endure."

2.25.14 "Therefore, enough of going to the forest. The forest is not fit for you. Considering it carefully, I see the forest as full of many faults indeed."

2.25.15 But even after the great-souled Rāma resolved not to take her to the forest, Sītā paid no heed to his words. Then, deeply distressed, she spoke to Rāma thus.

2.26.1 Hearing Rāma's words, Sītā, stricken with grief, her face streaming with tears, spoke these words slowly.

2.26.2 "The hardships you have named regarding life in the forest — know that I regard all of them as virtues, offered forth by your love for me."

2.26.3 "I must go with you — such is the command of my elders. Without you, Rāma, I must give up this life here."

2.26.4 "Standing at your side, O Rāghava, not even Śakra, lord of the gods, could overpower me by his might."

2.26.5 "A woman bereft of her husband cannot live — such is the very truth, Rāma, that you have yourself shown me."

2.26.6 "And besides, O greatly wise one, I once heard from brāhmaṇas, truly, in my father's house, that I am destined to dwell in the forest."

2.26.7 "Hearing the words of those auspicious twice-born sages at home, O mighty one, I have ever since felt a keenness for living in the forest."

2.26.8 "That sojourn in the forest, so foretold, must come to me — and there, beloved, I shall go with you alone, no other way."

2.26.9 "The prophecy shall be fulfilled — I shall go with you. Now the time has come; let the brāhmaṇa's word prove true."

2.26.10 "I know well that in forest-life, many kinds of suffering are surely encountered by men of undisciplined spirit, O hero."

2.26.11 "And as a girl in my father's house, I heard of forest-dwelling from a wandering ascetic woman of virtuous conduct, here in the presence of my mother."

2.26.12 "You have been entreated in many ways before, O lord — for the journey of forest-dwelling together with you is what I have longed for."

2.26.13 "I am ready and resolved for the journey, O Rāghava — bless you! The wandering life of the forest, proper to a hero, is pleasing to me."

2.26.14 "O pure-souled one, following my husband out of love, I shall be free of all sin — for a husband is my very deity."

2.26.15 "Even in the life after death, union with you is auspicious for me — so runs the holy scripture that is heard from the illustrious brāhmaṇas."

2.26.16 "O greatly wise one, a woman who has been given by her parents to a man here in this world with the rite of water and in accord with dharma — she belongs to him even in the afterlife."

2.26.17 "Given all this, for what reason do you not wish to take me — your own wife, of good conduct and devoted to her husband?"

2.26.18 "You ought to take me, O Kākutstha — devoted, faithful to my vow, helpless, equal in joy and in sorrow — one who shares equally in happiness and grief."

2.26.19 "If you do not wish to take me, thus wretched, to the forest, then I shall resort to poison, fire, or water as the cause of my death."

2.26.20 Even as she pleaded with him in many ways for permission to go, the mighty-armed Rāma did not consent to taking her into the desolate forest.

2.26.21 Spoken to in this way, Maithilī fell into deep anguish, and the hot tears flowing from her eyes seemed to drench the earth.

2.26.22 As she brooded thus, the self-composed Kākutstha consoled Vaidehī at length, even as she was overcome with anger, trying to turn her away from her resolve.

2.27.1 But even while being consoled by Rāma, Maithilī, daughter of Janaka, spoke these words to her husband in order to go to the forest.

2.27.2 Deeply agitated, Sītā embraced broad-chested Rāghava out of both affection and wounded pride.

2.27.3 "What must my father, Vaideha, lord of Mithilā, have thought of you, Rāma — a son-in-law who has a woman's form in the shape of a man?"

2.27.4 "False and ignorant is what the world will say — that there is no supreme valour in Rāma — when he blazes like the sun in the sky."

2.27.5 "What have you done to make you downcast? Or whence comes the fear that makes you wish to abandon me who have no refuge but you?"

2.27.6 "Know me, O hero, to be like Sāvitrī who was devoted to Satyavat, son of Dyumatsena — wholly devoted to you, under your authority alone."

2.27.7 "I have never looked upon another man, even in my mind, O sinless one. How could I go without you, O Rāghava, like a woman who dishonours her family?"

2.27.8 "And yet, Rāma, you yourself wish to hand me over to others — your wife, taken in youth, long cohabited with, chaste — as a stage-dancer might his own."

2.27.9 "Without taking me, you should not set out for the forest. Whether it be penance, wilderness, or heaven — all is to be with you."

2.27.10 "There will not be any hardship for me on the path, following behind you, whether in the places of wandering or in sleeping."

2.27.11 "The kuśa grass, kāśa reeds, śara rushes, and thorny trees along the way — to me, travelling with you, their touch will be as soft as cotton or hide."

2.27.12 "The dust that a great wind will scatter upon me, O beloved, I shall regard as the most precious sandalwood paste."

2.27.13 "Resting on the grassy meadows at the forest's edge, familiar with the forest, on beds spread with kuthā grass — what could be more pleasant than that?"

2.27.14 "Whatever leaf, root, or fruit you yourself gather and give me — whether little or much — that will be like the taste of nectar to me."

2.27.15 "There I shall not think of my mother, nor my father, nor the house, as I enjoy the seasonal flowers and fruits."

2.27.16 "There you shall not see anything unpleasant on my account; there will be no sorrow for you because of me, nor shall I be a burden to you."

2.27.17 "Where you are is heaven; where you are not is hell — knowing this supreme love of mine, go, Rāma, with me."

2.27.18 "But if you will not take me — thus calm and resolved — to the forest, I shall this very day drink poison. I will not fall under the power of your enemies."

2.27.19 "Even thereafter, life abandoned by you in sorrow is no life at all, O lord — death at that very moment is better."

2.27.20 "This grief I cannot bear even for a moment — how much less, wretched, for thirteen years?"

2.27.21 Thus she, scorched by grief, having lamented piteously and at length, clung tightly to her husband, weeping aloud in her anguish.

2.27.22 Pierced by many sharp words as a she-elephant by poisoned arrows, she released the tears long suppressed, like fire released from the araṇi wood.

2.27.23 Water clear as crystal, born of her anguish, flowed from her two eyes as water flows from two lotuses.

2.27.24 Embracing her in his arms — she who was grief-stricken and as if unconscious — Rāma then spoke words of reassurance.

2.27.25 "O goddess, I do not desire even heaven purchased by your suffering. I have no fear from any quarter, like Svayambhū himself."

2.27.26 "Without knowing your full mind, O fair-faced one, I did not wish to dwell in the forest — even though I am capable of protecting you."

2.27.27 "Since you were created to share forest-dwelling with me, O Maithilī, you cannot be forsaken by me — as a self-respecting man cannot forsake his honour."

2.27.28 "The dharma practised of old by the good — that I follow today, O elephant-gaited one, as Suvarcalā follows the sun."

2.27.29 "This is dharma, O fair-hipped one — to be subject to one's father and mother. Having transgressed their command, I cannot bear to live."

2.27.30 "I wish to conduct myself as my father instructs me, he who stands firm on the path of truth and righteousness — for that is eternal dharma. Follow me, O timid one; be my companion in dharma."

2.27.31 "Give jewels to the brāhmaṇas and food to the mendicants; give to those who seek — and make haste, do not delay."

2.27.32 Learning that her husband's departure and her own journey were now agreed, the goddess Sītā, joyful, swiftly set about giving gifts.

2.27.33 Then she, elated and with heart full of joy, the illustrious and noble-minded woman, heeding her husband's words, set about giving wealth and jewels to those who uphold dharma.

2.28.1 Then the great-spirited Rāma spoke to Lakṣmaṇa, who stood before him ready to go forward, a hero entreating with palms joined together.

2.28.2 "O Saumitri, when you depart with me today into that forest, who will support the illustrious Kausalyā and Sumitrā?"

2.28.3 "The great-spirited king, who showered upon them their desires even as rain-clouds shower upon the earth, is now bound fast in the noose of passion."

2.28.4 "For she, the daughter of King Aśvapati, having now obtained this kingdom, will not deal kindly with her co-wives who are in distress."

2.28.5 Having been addressed thus by Rāma with gentle words, Lakṣmaṇa — skilled in speech — then replied to that master of eloquence.

2.28.6 "By your very glory alone, O hero, Bharata will with devotion honour both Kausalyā and Sumitrā — of this there is no doubt."

2.28.7 "The noble Kausalyā could sustain even a thousand men like me, for she has the revenue of a thousand villages to live upon."

2.28.8 "Bearing bow and arrows, carrying a spade and a basket, I shall go ahead of you, pointing out the path."

2.28.9 "I shall constantly gather for you roots and fruits, and whatever other forest foods are the natural sustenance of ascetics."

2.28.10 "While you take delight with the Vaidehī on mountain slopes, I shall do everything for you, whether you are awake or asleep."

2.28.11 Rāma, greatly pleased by these words, replied to him: "Go take leave, O Saumitri, of all our dear friends."

2.28.12 "And the two divine bows of fearful aspect which the great-souled Varuṇa himself gave to King Janaka at the great sacrifice —"

2.28.13 "— the two divine, impenetrable coats of armour, two quivers with inexhaustible arrows, and two swords pure as the sun and adorned with gold —"

2.28.14 "— all this was reverently deposited in the preceptor's house. Go quickly, Lakṣmaṇa, and bring those weapons here."

2.28.15 He, resolute for forest life, took leave of his dear ones and of the preceptor of the Ikṣvāku line, and then took up those supreme weapons.

2.28.16 Saumitri, the tiger among princes, displayed all those divine, duly honoured, garland-adorned weapons to Rāma.

2.28.17 The self-controlled Rāma, with affection, spoke to Lakṣmaṇa who had arrived: "You have come at the right time, O gentle Lakṣmaṇa, when I was longing for you."

2.28.18 "O scorcher of foes, I wish to distribute this wealth of mine — together with you — to the brāhmaṇas and ascetics."

2.28.19 "The most excellent twice-born who dwell here with steadfast devotion serving the elders — and especially to all who depend on me for their livelihood."

2.28.20 "Quickly bring here the noble Suyajña, son of Vasiṣṭha, foremost among the twice-born; for I shall depart to the forest after honouring all the other venerable brāhmaṇas as well."

2.29.1 Then, having learned his brother's most auspicious and beloved command, he went quickly and entered the dwelling of Suyajña.

2.29.2 Saluting that brāhmaṇa who was standing by the sacred fire, Lakṣmaṇa said: "Come, dear friend; behold the home of him who performs difficult deeds."

2.29.3 Then, after quickly completing the twilight devotions, he went together with Saumitri and entered that charming abode of Rāma, graced with prosperity.

2.29.4 With palms joined together, Rāghava, together with Sītā, approached the arrived Suyajña — knower of the Vedas — as one approaches a consecrated fire.

2.29.5 With splendid bracelets and earrings of pure gold, together with golden thread-necklaces, jewels, armlets, and bangles,

2.29.6 — and with many other gems — the Kākutstha honoured Suyajña; and then Rāma, prompted by Sītā, spoke to him.

2.29.7 "Convey, O gentle one, this necklace and golden thread to your wife; and now Sītā wishes to give you, dear friend, this girdle as well."

2.29.8 "The Vaidehī also desires to bestow upon you this couch with its excellent coverlet adorned with manifold gems."

2.29.9 "The elephant named Śatruṃjaya which my maternal uncle gave me — that elephant, worth a thousand common elephants, I give to you, O bull among the twice-born."

2.29.10 Thus addressed by Rāma, Suyajña accepted all that and pronounced auspicious blessings upon Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa, and Sītā.

2.29.11 Then Rāma, sweet of speech, spoke these words to his dear and composed brother Saumitri, even as Brahmā might address Indra, lord of the thirty gods.

2.29.12 "Invite both Agastya and Kauśika, those two most excellent brāhmaṇas, O Saumitri, and honour them with jewels as rain bestows blessings on crops."

2.29.13 "And the one who devotedly attends on Kausalyā with blessings — the teacher of the Taittirīyas, handsome and learned in the Vedas —"

2.29.14 "— give to him, O Saumitri, a carriage, female servants, and silk garments — as much as may satisfy that brāhmaṇa."

2.29.15 "The noble charioteer Citraratha, a trusted minister of long standing — gratify him too with precious gems, garments, and wealth."

2.29.16 "And prepare also, O Saumitri, a thousand loads of fine rice, two hundred auspicious ones, and a thousand cows to be used for relish."

2.29.17 Then that tiger among men, Lakṣmaṇa, himself distributed that wealth to the foremost of brāhmaṇas just as instructed, even as Kubera the wealth-giver.

2.29.18 Then, after bestowing abundant goods upon each of his dependants who stood there with tears in their eyes, he spoke to them.

2.29.19 "Both Lakṣmaṇa's house and this house of mine are to be kept each one occupied and not left empty, until my return."

2.29.20 Having spoken thus to all those grieving dependants, he said to the treasurer: "Let the wealth be brought here." Thereupon all his dependants brought all his wealth.

2.29.21 Then that tiger among men, together with Lakṣmaṇa, caused that wealth to be distributed to the twice-born, to children and the aged, and to the destitute.

2.29.22 There was among them a tawny-eyed brāhmaṇa of the Gārgya lineage named Trijaṭa; no one barred him up to the fifth enclosure.

2.29.23 Approaching the prince, Trijaṭa spoke these words: "O prince of great renown, I am without wealth and have many sons; I live by gleaning grain in the forest — please look after me."

2.29.24 Then Rāma spoke to him with gentle humour: "Not even one of a thousand cows has yet been distributed by me; however far you throw your staff, that far shall you receive."

2.29.25 He hastily and excitedly wrapped his cloth tightly round his waist, then whirling his staff hurled it with all the force of his might.

2.29.26 Then Rāma spoke, reassuring that scion of the Gārgyas: "Do not be angry — for this was but a jest of mine."

2.29.27 Then the great sage Trijaṭa, together with his wife, joyfully received the herd of cattle and in return offered to the great-souled one blessings that swelled with fame, strength, joy, and happiness.

2.30.1 Having distributed abundant wealth to the brāhmaṇas together with the Vaidehī, the two Rāghavas set out together with Sītā to see their father.

2.30.2 Then, with those terrible-to-behold weapons taken up and adorned by Sītā with garlands and strings of flowers, the two shone resplendent.

2.30.3 Then the prosperous people, climbing the palaces, mansions, and the pinnacles of towers, looked on with sorrowful detachment.

2.30.4 For the streets thronged with so many people that it was impossible to pass through them; hence they climbed the palaces and in grief watched Rāghava.

2.30.5 Seeing Rāma proceeding on foot without his royal umbrella, the people, their hearts stricken with grief, uttered many diverse words.

2.30.6 "He whom a great four-division army used to follow when he went forth — now only Lakṣmaṇa follows that one alone, together with Sītā."

2.30.7 "He who knows the taste of sovereignty and who is the fulfiller of desires for those who desire, yet he does not wish to render his father's word false, out of reverence for dharma."

2.30.8 "Sītā, who could not be seen even by beings moving through the sky, is today seen by the people who have come into the royal road."

2.30.9 "Sītā, accustomed to body-unguents and to the use of red sandalwood paste, will quickly be discoloured by rain, heat, and cold."

2.30.10 "Surely today Daśaratha speaks under the sway of some other force — for a king ought not to banish a beloved son."

2.30.11 "How could there be banishment even of a son without virtues? — and how much more of him who has won the entire world by his conduct alone?"

2.30.12 "Non-cruelty, compassion, learning, good character, self-control, and tranquillity — these six virtues adorn Rāghava, the most excellent of men."

2.30.13 "Therefore, by the affliction done to him, the subjects are sorely tormented, like water-creatures in summer when the waters dry up."

2.30.14 "The entire world is afflicted by the affliction of this lord of the world, just as a fruit- and flower-bearing tree is afflicted by the striking of its root."

2.30.15 "Let us quickly follow, together with our kin, even as Lakṣmaṇa does — following where Rāghava goes."

2.30.16 "Abandoning our gardens, our fields, and our houses, sharing in one sorrow and one joy, let us follow the righteous Rāma."

2.30.17 "Our treasuries dug up and emptied, our courtyards ruined, our grain and wealth taken, stripped of all substance —"

2.30.18 "— our houses covered with dust, abandoned by the gods, deserted by us — let Kaikeyī have them."

2.30.19 "Let the forest where Rāghava goes become the city; and let this city, abandoned by us, become a forest."

2.30.20 "Let all the fanged beasts take to the lairs and the mountain slopes to the deer and birds; and what we abandon — let them inhabit what was frequented, and abandon what was abandoned."

2.30.21 Rāma heard all these diverse words uttered by people of every kind; and having heard them, his mind was not shaken.

2.30.22 Waiting for those kinsfolk who were suffering, yet himself appearing without distress and almost smiling, Rāma went forward, wishing to see his father and to fulfil his father's command in due order.

2.30.23 Before that, the great-souled son of the Ikṣvāku line, Rāma, about to depart for the forest, paused on seeing Sumantra there, intending to use him as an intermediary to his father.

2.30.24 The Rāghava, devoted to dharma and with his resolve firmly fixed on entering the forest in accordance with his father's command, looked at Sumantra and said: "Announce my arrival to the king."

2.31.1 Sent swiftly by Rāma, his senses clouded with grief, the charioteer entered and found the king sighing deeply.

2.31.2 Seeing the king's mind utterly distraught and lamenting for Rāma alone, the greatly wise charioteer sat down with folded hands.

2.31.3 "This son of yours, tiger among men, stands at the door, having distributed wealth to the brāhmaṇas and to all who depend upon him."

2.31.4 "May Rāma of true valor see you — may it be well with you; having taken leave of all his friends, he now desires to behold you."

2.31.5 "He is about to depart for the great forest — behold him, O lord of the earth, encircled by all the qualities of a king, as the sun is encircled by its rays."

2.31.6 That king — truthful, righteous in soul, deep as the ocean, spotless as the sky — answered him.

2.31.7 "Sumantra, bring me all my wives who are here; surrounded by all my consorts I wish to behold Rāghava."

2.31.8 Passing into the inner apartments, he spoke to those women: "The noble king summons you — go there without delay."

2.31.9 Thus addressed by Sumantra on the king's command, all the women set out for that dwelling, heeding their lord's decree.

2.31.10 Those seven hundred and fifty women of copper-red eyes, firm in their vows, surrounding Kausalyā, moved forward slowly.

2.31.11 When his wives had arrived, the lord of the earth surveyed them and said to the charioteer: "Sumantra, bring me my son."

2.31.12 The charioteer then swiftly led Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa, and Maithilī before the lord of the earth.

2.31.13 The king, seeing his son approaching from afar with joined hands, leapt swiftly from his seat in anguish, surrounded by the women.

2.31.14 The lord of the people rushed toward Rāma with speed; before he could reach him, stricken with sorrow, he fell to the ground in a swoon.

2.31.15 Rāma rushed quickly to him, and so did the great warrior Lakṣmaṇa — to the king who lay as though senseless, overwhelmed with grief.

2.31.16 A wail arose from a thousand women throughout the royal palace — the cry "Alas, Rāma!" suddenly overwhelmed by the clamor of their ornaments.

2.31.17 Both Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa embraced him with their arms and, weeping, laid him together with Sītā upon his couch.

2.31.18 Then, after a moment, when the lord of the earth had regained consciousness — inundated in an ocean of grief — Rāma spoke to him with joined hands.

2.31.19 "I take leave of you, great king — you are the lord of us all; behold me, who am about to depart for the Daṇḍaka forest, and send me off with your blessing."

2.31.20 "Grant leave also to Lakṣmaṇa, and to Sītā who follows me into the forest — though dissuaded with many true reasons, neither of them is willing to desist."

2.31.21 "Grant leave to all of us — Lakṣmaṇa, Sītā, and me — setting aside your grief, O giver of honor, as Prajāpati gives leave to his creatures."

2.31.22 As Rāghava waited patiently for the leave-granting of the lord of the earth, the king gazed upon him and spoke of the forest-dwelling.

2.31.23 "I, O Rāghava, have been deluded by the boon-gift of Kaikeyī; restrain me now and yourself become king of Ayodhyā this very day."

2.31.24 Thus addressed by the king, Rāma — best among upholders of dharma, skilled in speech — replied to his father with joined hands.

2.31.25 "You are lord of the earth for a thousand years, O king; I shall dwell in the forest. No falsehood need be done by you on my account."

2.31.26 "For your welfare and prosperity, dear father, and for my return hereafter — go in peace, undisturbed, by a path free from all danger."

2.31.27 "But do not go this very night at all, my son; seeing your mother and me, spend this night here; gratified in all your desires, you may set out at dawn."

2.31.28 Then Rāma, having heard thus the words of his grief-stricken father, spoke sorrowfully to his brother Lakṣmaṇa.

2.31.29 "Whatever merits I may acquire today, who will grant me those same ones tomorrow? Therefore I choose departure itself over all pleasures."

2.31.30 "Let this earth — with its kingdoms, its people, abundant in wealth and grain, relinquished by me — be given over to Bharata."

2.31.31 "Let your grief depart; do not be overwhelmed with tears; for the invincible ocean, lord of rivers, is not disturbed."

2.31.32 "I desire neither kingship, nor comfort, nor even Maithilī — I desire only your truth, not untruth, O bull among men."

2.31.33 "The city, the kingdom, and the whole earth — relinquished by me — let them be given to Bharata; I, honoring your command, shall go to the forest to serve it for a long time."

2.31.34 "Let Bharata govern this earth — relinquished by me — with its mountain ranges, its cities, and its forests, auspicious and well-bounded; only let what you have said, O king, stand as it is."

2.31.35 "My mind is not so fixed on great pleasures, O king, nor even on what is dear to myself, as it is on fulfilling your command approved by the righteous — let your sorrow on my account depart, O sinless one."

2.31.36 "Therefore today I would choose neither the imperishable kingdom, nor all pleasures, nor comfort, nor Maithilī, nor even life itself, so as to involve you in falsehood — let your vow of truth remain so."

2.31.37 "Eating fruits and roots in the forest, beholding mountains, rivers, and lakes, entering the forest with its manifold trees, I shall be content — may you find peace."

2.32.1 Then the scion of Ikṣvāku, tormented by this pledge, breathing in deep sighs with tears, spoke again and again.

2.32.2 "Charioteer, let an army of the fourfold force, richly furnished with gems, be swiftly prepared to escort Rāghava."

2.32.3 "Let graceful courtesans of excellence, and merchants of great wealth, spread out and adorn the prince's retinue."

2.32.4 "Those who depend upon him and those with whom he delights to display his valor — assign them here too, after giving them manifold gifts."

2.32.5 "Hunting deer and elephants, drinking the wild honey of the forest, beholding the various rivers, he will not remember the kingdom."

2.32.6 "Whatever treasury of grain and treasury of wealth I possess — let both follow Rāma as he dwells in the desolate forest."

2.32.7 "Performing sacrifices at sacred places, distributing gifts with fitting fees, and meeting with sages, he will dwell happily in the forest."

2.32.8 "Long-armed Bharata shall protect Ayodhyā; may glorious Rāma be fully provided with all that he desires and then return."

2.32.9 As the scion of Kākutstha spoke thus, fear came upon Kaikeyī; her face grew parched and her voice choked.

2.32.10 Dejected and fearful, Kaikeyī spoke: "O virtuous one, a kingdom emptied of its people, like wine from which the cream has been drunk, utterly tasteless and barren — Bharata will not accept such."

2.32.11 When Kaikeyī spoke thus, utterly shameless, in the most cruel manner, King Daśaratha said to her of the wide eyes: "Why do you torment me, harnessing me to a yoke not fit to bear?"

2.32.12 Kaikeyī, doubly enraged, said this to the king: "In your own lineage, Sagara obstructed his eldest son — known as Asamañja — and so this one also deserves to go."

2.32.13 Thus addressed, King Daśaratha only exclaimed "Shame!" and all the assembled people were mortified — but she took no heed of this.

2.32.14 There an aged chief minister, Siddhārtha by name, pure in conduct and highly regarded by the king, said this to Kaikeyī.

2.32.15 "Asamañja, seizing children to play with along the path and flinging them into the waters of the Sarayū — this wicked-minded one amused himself thus."

2.32.16 "Seeing this, all the citizens, enraged, said to the king: choose between Asamañja alone and us, O increaser of the realm."

2.32.17 "The king then said to them: what is the cause of this fear? And the subjects, questioned by the king, spoke their grievance."

2.32.18 "'This one, out of his senses, snatches our young children to play with and out of folly casts them into the Sarayū, enjoying incomparable delight.'"

2.32.19 "Hearing the words of his subjects, O lord of men, Sagara abandoned that harmful son, wishing to do what was dear to them."

2.32.20 "Thus the most righteous king Sagara indeed abandoned his son. What sin has Rāma committed, that he should be obstructed in this manner?"

2.32.21 Hearing the words of Siddhārtha, the king — his voice still more exhausted — spoke thus to Kaikeyī in a voice afflicted by grief.

2.32.22 "I shall follow Rāma today, abandoning the kingdom, comfort, and wealth; together with King Bharata, enjoy the kingdom at leisure for a long time as you please."

2.33.1 Having heard the words of the minister, Rāma then addressed Daśaratha, versed in courtesy, speaking in a courteous manner.

2.33.2 "For me who have renounced enjoyments, O king, living in the forest on forest fare, who have relinquished all attachments — what need is there of an escort?"

2.33.3 "For one who has given away the finest elephant and then sets his mind upon the halter-rope — what use is that rope's attachment to one who has relinquished the finest elephant?"

2.33.4 "So for me likewise, O best among the righteous, O lord of the earth — what use is an army? I renounce everything; let only bark-cloth garments be brought for me."

2.33.5 "Bring also a spade and a basket for me as I depart; I shall dwell in the forest for fourteen years."

2.33.6 Then Kaikeyī herself fetched bark-cloth garments and, shamelessly, before the multitude, said to Rāghava: "Put these on."

2.33.7 That tiger among men accepted the bark-cloth from Kaikeyī, laid aside his fine garment, and put on the ascetic's dress.

2.33.8 Lakṣmaṇa too, right there, setting aside his auspicious garments, took on the hermit's covering before his father.

2.33.9 Then Sītā — clad in silk — gazed at the bark-cloth meant for her own wearing, trembling like a doe caught in a snare.

2.33.10 Receiving it as if with shame, downcast in heart, she said to her husband — who was like the king of gandharvas: "How do the sages who dwell in the forest tie the bark-cloth?"

2.33.11 She, the daughter of Janaka, unskilled in this and ashamed, draped one strip of bark-cloth around her neck and held another in her hand, and stood there not knowing how to proceed.

2.33.12 Coming quickly to her, Rāma — best among upholders of dharma — himself tied the bark-cloth over Sītā's silk garment.

2.33.13 As she who had a protector was being dressed in bark-cloth as if she had none, all the people cried out: "Shame upon you, Daśaratha!"

2.33.14 Sighing a hot breath, the scion of Ikṣvāku said to that wife: "Kaikeyī, Sītā does not deserve to go clad in kusa-bark."

2.33.15 "Is not the banishment of Rāma itself enough of a sin for you, wicked woman? What need of these further wretched transgressions committed by you?"

2.33.16 Even as his father spoke thus, Rāma — already setting out for the forest — spoke these words to him who sat with his head bowed down.

2.33.17 "This Kausalyā — righteous, illustrious, my mother, aged and of noble character — let her not be held in contempt by you in an act censured by the gods."

2.33.18 "O giver of boons, you must take thought once more for her — bereft of me, plunged into an ocean of grief, facing a misfortune such as she has never known before."

2.33.19 "You must so provide for this my mother — who bore within her a child comparable to great Indra — that, wasting away in grief while I abide in the forest, she does not lay down her life and depart to the realm of Yama."

2.34.1 Having heard Rāma's words and having seen him clad in the garb of an ascetic, the king, together with his wives, lost all consciousness.

2.34.2 Tormented by grief, he could not look upon that Rāghava, nor, gazing at him, could he bring himself to speak — so wretched was he in his mind.

2.34.3 For a moment that lord of the earth, afflicted and senseless, lamented, his great arms hanging limp, his thoughts fixed on Rāma alone.

2.34.4 "Surely in a former life I must have separated many creatures from their young, or else slain living beings — and therefore this calamity has come upon me."

2.34.5 "Yet the life-breath does not depart the body before its appointed hour; even as I am tormented by Kaikeyī, death does not find me."

2.34.6 "I who look upon my own son standing before me, radiant as fire, having set aside his fine garments for the dress of an ascetic —"

2.34.7 "For the sake of one woman alone — Kaikeyī — who strives for her own ends and has resorted to this base deception, all this people suffers."

2.34.8 Having spoken these words, his eyes sealed shut with tears, he uttered once only the name "Rāma" and could speak no more.

2.34.9 After a moment that king of the earth recovered his senses and, with eyes brimming with tears, spoke these words to Sumantra:

2.34.10 "Harness the royal chariot with the finest horses and come; convey this most fortunate one beyond the boundaries of this kingdom."

2.34.11 "Such, I believe, is said to be the fruit of virtue for the virtuous — that a righteous hero is banished to the forest by both his father and his mother."

2.34.12 Understanding the king's command, Sumantra, swift of movement, harnessed the chariot adorned with horses and drove it there.

2.34.13 The charioteer, joining his palms together, announced to the prince that chariot adorned with gold and yoked with the finest steeds.

2.34.14 The king, knowing time and place, quickly summoned the treasurer who was engaged in the management of the treasury and spoke to him clearly, with full resolution.

2.34.15 "Count out the years of her exile and bring quickly the most precious garments and the finest ornaments befitting Vaidehī."

2.34.16 Thus addressed by the king, the treasurer went to the treasury and, having brought everything, gave it all immediately to Sītā.

2.34.17 She who was born of noble lineage, Vaidehī, setting forth for the forest, adorned her graceful limbs with those many-coloured ornaments.

2.34.18 Vaidehī, thus richly adorned, illumined that palace as the radiance of the rising sun illumines the sky at the hour of dawn.

2.34.19 Her mother-in-law embraced her in both arms, kissed her on the crown of the head, and spoke, even as Maithilī showed no sign of despair:

2.34.20 "In this entire world, women who are constantly honoured and pampered by their dear ones do not follow their husbands when they fall upon misfortune — such women are false."

2.34.21 "My son who has been sent into exile must not be slighted by you; whether he be penniless or wealthy, let him be your deity."

2.34.22 Understanding her mother-in-law's words, which were rooted in righteousness and truth, Sītā stood before her, folded her palms, and replied:

2.34.23 "I shall do all that the noble lady instructs me. I know well how one ought to conduct oneself toward one's husband — this I have heard and learnt."

2.34.24 "The noble lady need not count me among ignoble women. I am no more capable of straying from dharma than moonlight is of straying from the moon."

2.34.25 "A vīṇā without its strings does not sound; a chariot without its wheel does not move; a wife does not flourish in happiness without her husband, even if she has a hundred sons."

2.34.26 "A father gives in measure; a mother gives in measure; a son gives in measure — but a husband gives without measure. What woman would not revere such a giver?"

2.34.27 "Being thus, I am the best, well-versed in the highest and lowest teachings of dharma. Noble lady, why should I dishonour my husband? For a husband is indeed the deity of women."

2.34.28 Having heard Sītā's words, which touched the heart, Kausalyā — pure of nature — suddenly shed tears born at once of sorrow and of joy.

2.34.29 Then Rāma, supremely versed in dharma, drew near with joined palms to his mother who was honoured above all among the mothers, and addressed her:

2.34.30 "Mother, do not grieve. Attend to my father. The period of forest exile will come to an end swiftly."

2.34.31 "The fourteen years will pass for you as if in sleep, and you shall see me returned here, complete, surrounded by friends."

2.34.32 Having spoken these words of well-measured meaning to his mother, he looked and beheld the three hundred and fifty mothers gathered there.

2.34.33 To those mothers, equally distressed, the son of Daśaratha spoke this righteous word with palms joined together:

2.34.34 "Whatever harsh thing has been done by me from living together in close quarters, or from ignorance, please forgive me all of it — and I take leave of you all."

2.34.35 Then, as Rāghava spoke thus, a wail arose from those wives of the lord of men — like the cry of krauñca cranes.

2.34.36 The mansion of Daśaratha, which had once resounded like the rumble of murajas and paṇavas and thunder-clouds, now became utterly wretched, filled with lament and wailing, plunged into calamity.

2.35.1 Then Rāma, Sītā, and Lakṣmaṇa, with joined palms, embraced the king and, pitifully, performed the rite of circumambulation around him.

2.35.2 Having obtained the king's leave, Rāghava, the knower of dharma, dazed with grief, then paid obeisance to his mother together with Sītā.

2.35.3 After his brother, Lakṣmaṇa paid obeisance to Kausalyā, and then in turn clasped the feet of his own mother Sumitrā.

2.35.4 His mother, weeping, wishing his good, kissed Lakṣmaṇa of the mighty arms on the crown of the head as he bowed, and spoke to the son of Sumitrā:

2.35.5 "You were born for this forest sojourn, deeply devoted to those dear to you. Son, be not heedless toward Rāma as your elder brother proceeds on his way."

2.35.6 "Whether he be in adversity or in prosperity, he is your refuge, O sinless one. This is the dharma of the good in this world — to be obedient to one's elder brother."

2.35.7 "This is the eternal, fitting conduct of this lineage: giving, consecration in sacrifices, and the offering of one's body in battle."

2.35.8 "Know Rāma as Daśaratha, know me as Janaka's daughter, know the forest as Ayodhyā — go, dear child, at your ease."

2.35.9 Then Sumantra, humble and well-versed in courtesy — as Mātali addresses Vāsava — spoke to that scion of the Kākutstha line with joined palms:

2.35.10 "Mount the chariot — good fortune to you, O prince of great renown. I shall swiftly convey you, Rāma, wherever you direct me."

2.35.11 "For fourteen years are to be spent by you in the forest; those years must now be entered upon, as the queen has urged upon you."

2.35.12 Sītā, that noble lady, adorned herself and then, with a joyful heart, mounted that chariot resplendent as the sun.

2.35.13 Likewise the two brothers placed in the body of the chariot all manner of weapons, their armour, and the leather quivers with their hard casings.

2.35.14 Having seen the three — Rāma, Sītā, and Lakṣmaṇa — mounted, Sumantra boldly urged on the chosen horses, swift as the wind in their speed.

2.35.15 But as Rāghava set out for the great forest for so many long nights, a swoon fell over the city, a swoon fell over the army and the people alike.

2.35.16 That city, thrown into confusion and agitation, resounded with great noise — the trumpeting of frenzied elephants and the jingling of horses.

2.35.17 Then that city — young and old together — stricken with extreme anguish, rushed after Rāma alone, as the heat-parched earth rushes toward water.

2.35.18 Clinging to the sides and the rear of the chariot, all faces turned toward him, their faces filled with tears, all spoke to him in deep distress:

2.35.19 "Hold back the reins of the horses, charioteer — drive slowly, slowly! I would behold Rāma's face, which shall be hard for us to see again."

2.35.20 "Surely the heart of Rāma's mother must be made of iron, since it does not break even as one who is like the offspring of a god goes to the forest."

2.35.21 "Vaidehī has truly accomplished her life's purpose — like a shadow she follows her husband, she who is devoted to dharma forsakes him not, as the sun's radiance does not forsake Mount Meru."

2.35.22 "O Lakṣmaṇa, you have achieved your purpose, you who shall attend upon your brother who is ever kind in speech and radiant as a god."

2.35.23 "This indeed is a great achievement for you; this is a great rise of fortune; this is the very path to heaven — that you follow him." So saying, those people could not hold back the tears that had come upon them.

2.35.24 Then the king, his spirit utterly desolate, surrounded by wretched women, came forth from the palace, saying "I will see my dear son."

2.35.25 And ahead of him was heard the great wailing of the women weeping — like the cry of she-elephants when a great bull elephant is bound in chains.

2.35.26 And the father, that glorious king of the Kākutstha line, appeared at that moment stricken and diminished — like the full moon at the appointed time swallowed by a eclipse.

2.35.27 Then a great tumult of wailing arose behind Rāma as the people looked upon the king sinking under his terrible grief.

2.35.28 Some among the people cried "Ah, Rāma!" and others cried "Ah, Rāma's mother!" — and the prosperous inner palace lamented and wept all around.

2.35.29 As Rāma looked back he saw the king — dejected, his mind reeling — and his mother both following along the road; bound by the bonds of dharma, he could not openly look upon them.

2.35.30 Seeing those two who deserved to ride in a vehicle, who deserved no sorrow and were accustomed to happiness, now proceeding on foot, he urged the charioteer: "Drive swiftly!"

2.35.31 For that tiger among men could not endure that painful sight of his father and mother — as an elephant cannot endure the goad.

2.35.32 Again and again he looked back at Kausalyā weeping and running after that chariot, crying "Rāma! Rāma!" and "Ah, Sītā! Lakṣmaṇa!" — his mother then appeared to him as though she were dancing.

2.35.33 The king cried out "Stop!" while Rāghava called out "Drive on! Drive on!" — and Sumantra's spirit was caught between the two, as between the two wheels of a chariot.

2.35.34 "Even if you are reproached, you can say to the king: 'I did not hear' — for this deception, long the cause of suffering, is the least sinful course," so Rāma spoke to him.

2.35.35 Acting on Rāma's word and taking leave of those people, the charioteer urged on the horses to speed, even as they were already in motion.

2.35.36 The people of the king turned back after circumambulating Rāma — yet in their hearts, and in the rush of their tears, no human being turned back.

2.35.37 "One who wishes him to return should not follow him far" — thus the ministers spoke their word to the great king Daśaratha.

2.35.38 Hearing their words, endowed with every quality, the wretched king — his body bathed in sweat, his appearance sunken — stood still together with his wife, his eyes fixed upon his son.

2.36.1 When that tiger among men departed with his palms joined, a great cry of anguish arose from the women in the inner apartments.

2.36.2 "He who was the resort and refuge of this helpless, weak, and afflicted people — where now does that protector go?"

2.36.3 "He who does not grow angry even when falsely accused, who avoids all occasions of wrath, who appeases those who are wrathful, who regards the suffering of others as his own — where does he go?"

2.36.4 "He of great splendour, that great-souled one, who conducts himself toward us exactly as he conducts himself toward his mother Kausalyā — where does he now go?"

2.36.5 "Urged to the forest by a king tormented by Kaikeyī — he who was the protector of these people and of the world — where does he now go?"

2.36.6 "Alas, the king is without wisdom — Rāma, beloved of all the living world, devoted to dharma and to the vow of truth, will now dwell in forest exile!"

2.36.7 Thus all those great queens, afflicted with sorrow, wept and wailed aloud, like cows that have lost their calves.

2.36.8 The lord of the earth, already scorched by grief for his son, heard that terrible cry of anguish from the inner apartments and was plunged into yet deeper sorrow.

2.36.9 The sacred agnihotra fires were not kindled; the sun seemed to disappear; elephants dropped their mouthfuls of food; cows did not suckle their calves.

2.36.10 Triśaṅku, the red-limbed one (Mars), Bṛhaspati, and Budha too — all the planets, malefic, drew close to the Moon and stood there in dreadful conjunction.

2.36.11 The nakṣatras lost their radiance and the planets lost their lustre; Viśākhā herself appeared in the sky shrouded in smoke.

2.36.12 Suddenly all the townspeople fell into a state of dejection; no one applied his mind either to eating or to recreation.

2.36.13 The people moving along the royal road had faces clouded with tears; not one person was to be seen with joy — all were given over entirely to grief.

2.36.14 The cool wind did not blow; the moon did not show its gentle face; the sun gave no warmth to the world — the entire universe was thrown into confusion.

2.36.15 Sons indifferent to their mothers, husbands indifferent to their wives, brothers indifferent to their brothers — all, abandoning everything, thought only of Rāma.

2.36.16 Those who were friends of Rāma had all become bewildered in mind; overwhelmed by the weight of grief, they did not then resort to their beds.

2.36.17 Then Ayodhyā, bereft of that great-souled one — as the earth bereft of Indra — shook terribly, oppressed by the weight of fear; her elephants, warriors, and troops of horses all cried out.

2.37.1 As long as the dust-cloud raised by his departure was visible, the lord of the Ikṣvākus kept his own eyes fixed upon it, unable to withdraw them.

2.37.2 As long as the king gazed upon his beloved and supremely righteous son, the earth seemed to swell and rise before him in the sight of that son.

2.37.3 When the lord of the earth could no longer see even the dust of Rāma's chariot, stricken with grief and utterly desolate, he fell to the ground.

2.37.4 Kausalyā, that noble lady, supported his right arm, while Kaikeyī, dear to Bharata, supported his left side.

2.37.5 The king, endowed with statecraft, righteousness, and propriety, looked at Kaikeyī and, his every sense tormented, spoke to her thus.

2.37.6 "Touch not my limbs, O Kaikeyī, you of wicked conduct! I have no wish to see you — you are neither wife nor kin to me."

2.37.7 "Those who depend upon you — I am not theirs, nor are they mine. You who have abandoned dharma in pursuit of mere self-interest — I renounce you."

2.37.8 "Whatever vows I made when I took your hand, whatever acts I performed when we circled the sacred fire — I hereby release all of that, both in this world and the next."

2.37.9 "If Bharata takes pleasure in this indestructible kingdom once he obtains it, let whatever he might offer on my behalf for my funerary rites never come to me."

2.37.10 Then Queen Kausalyā, wasted by grief, lifted up the lord of men who had been cast down and covered in dust, and turned back.

2.37.11 The righteous-souled king burned with remorse — as one who has slain a brahmin out of passion, as one who has touched sacred fire with bare hands — reflecting upon his ascetic son.

2.37.12 Turning back again and again, sinking into despondency on the chariot-path, the king's form shone not at all — like the sun when it is swallowed up in eclipse.

2.37.13 Tormented by sorrow, recalling his beloved son, the king lamented; and understanding that his son had reached the outskirts of the city, he cried out.

2.37.14 "The hoofprints of the finest steeds that bore my son are still visible on the road, yet that great-souled one himself is nowhere to be seen."

2.37.15 "Surely he will take shelter at the root of some tree this very night, and rest his head upon a log or a stone."

2.37.16 "And he will rise pitifully from the earth, smeared with dust, sighing deeply — like a great bull elephant rising from a stream."

2.37.17 "The forest-dwellers will surely behold long-armed Rāma, the lord of the world, rising and walking as though he were lordless and without refuge."

2.37.18 "Rejoice in your desire, O Kaikeyī! Rule the kingdom as a widow — for without that tiger among men, I cannot bring myself to live."

2.37.19 Thus lamenting, the king, surrounded by a throng of people, entered that finest of cities — like one who has bathed without performing the obligatory rites after an ill omen.

2.37.20 Its crossroads and inner courts were deserted; its shops and shrines were shuttered; its people were weary, weak, and grief-stricken; its great thoroughfares were no longer crowded.

2.37.21 Surveying the entire city and thinking only of Rāma, the lamenting king entered his palace as the sun enters a cloud.

2.37.22 The palace, bereft of Rāma, of Vaidehī, and of Lakṣmaṇa, was like a great deep lake, once unagitated, whose serpent has been carried off by Suparṇa.

2.37.23 "Take me quickly to the home of Kausalyā, Rāma's mother" — so saying, the king was led by the doorkeeper to her dwelling.

2.37.24 Having entered Kausalyā's apartments and even having mounted his couch there, his mind remained utterly distraught.

2.37.25 Seeing that, the great king, valiant though he was, raised his arm and cried aloud in a loud voice: "Ah, Rāghava! You have abandoned me!"

2.37.26 "Blessed indeed will those best of men be at that time — they shall live in happiness, embracing Rāma upon his return!"

2.37.27 "I do not see you, Kausalyā — touch me kindly with your hand. My eyes have followed after Rāma and even now will not come back."

2.37.28 Seeing the lord of men lying on the couch thinking only of Rāma, the queen sat beside him, her form utterly overcome with anguish, and she lamented with sighs and great difficulty.

2.38.1 Then Kausalyā, herself tormented by grief for her son, looked at the lord of the earth who had sunk upon his couch in sorrow, and spoke to the great king.

2.38.2 "O tiger among men, Kaikeyī, having sown her poison like a two-tongued serpent, will now roam freely — like a serpent that has shed its skin."

2.38.3 "Having exiled Rāma, that fortunate woman has achieved her desire and, composed, will continue to terrify me again and again — like a vicious serpent within the house."

2.38.4 "Better it would have been for Rāma to remain in the city begging for alms and living in our home than to grant his stepmother's wish — even if it meant his becoming her servant."

2.38.5 "Having toppled Rāma from his rightful place as she desired, Kaikeyī has assigned the share — as it were — to the rākṣasas, like sacrificial oblations cast into fire at a lunar rite."

2.38.6 "That hero with the gait of a lordly elephant, long-armed, bearing his bow — surely he has entered the forest now, accompanied by his wife and together with Lakṣmaṇa."

2.38.7 "By your consent to Kaikeyī's command, you have abandoned to forest-exile those who have never known hardship — what will become of them in the forest?"

2.38.8 "Those tender ones, stripped of every gem and jewel, banished in the fruiting season — how will they live pitifully, subsisting on fruit and roots?"

2.38.9 "Will that auspicious time ever come — the end of my grief — when I may behold Rāghava here once more, together with his wife and his brother?"

2.38.10 "On the very news of those two heroes' arrival — when will Ayodhyā again be glorious, its people rejoicing, adorned with tall raised banners?"

2.38.11 "When, beholding those two tigers among men returned from the forest, will the city rejoice with delight — as the ocean rejoices at the full moon?"

2.38.12 "When will that long-armed hero enter the city of Ayodhyā, placing Sītā before him on the chariot — as a bull leads the cow at his side?"

2.38.13 "When will thousands of living beings strew parched grain upon those two tamers of enemies, my sons, as they enter along the royal road?"

2.38.14 "When will the maidens, bearing flowers and the fruits of the twice-born, cheerfully circumambulate the city in their joy?"

2.38.15 "When will he — matured in wisdom and in years, radiant as the cāmara white yak-tail fan — he who knows dharma, approach me playfully as if he were a child of three?"

2.38.16 "Doubtless, O hero, I believe that in a former life I must have cruelly severed, out of wretched selfishness, the breasts of mother animals from their suckling young."

2.38.17 "And now I, loving and devoted, have been made childless — like a cow bereft of her calf by a lion, O tiger among men — as Kaikeyī has forcibly taken my young calf."

2.38.18 "For I, who have but one son — one so endowed with virtues and learned in all the śāstras — I cannot bring myself to live without my son."

2.38.19 "For me, not seeing my beloved son — long-armed and of great strength — there is no reason for this life to continue."

2.38.20 "This fire of grief for my son, having arisen, consumes me — as the blessed sun in the hot season scorches this earth with his blazing rays."

2.39.1 But as that foremost of noble women Kausalyā lamented thus, Sumitrā — herself steadfast in dharma — spoke to her these words befitting dharma.

2.39.2 "O noble lady, your son is endowed with all good qualities — that best of men. What purpose is served by your lamenting thus, by your pitiful weeping?"

2.39.3 "O noble lady, your son of great might has gone — having renounced the kingdom — doing right by his great-souled father who had given his word in truth."

2.39.4 "Rāma stands firm in that dharma which the virtuous have ever rightly practiced, which yields its fruit in the life beyond — he is the foremost of men and is never to be mourned."

2.39.5 "And Lakṣmaṇa, ever sinless and compassionate toward all beings, serves that great-souled one in the noblest manner — he has gained great good fortune through this."

2.39.6 "Vaidehī, though accustomed to comfort and well aware of the hardships of forest life, follows your son, the soul of righteousness — this too speaks of his greatness."

2.39.7 "The lord who waves as his banner throughout the world the flag that is his very glory, who is devoted to self-restraint, truth, and sacred vows — what has your son not already attained?"

2.39.8 "Knowing Rāma's purity and his supreme greatness, the sun himself surely would not dare to scorch his body with his rays."

2.39.9 "Auspicious at all times, blowing forth from the forest groves, the gentle wind — pleasantly cool, neither too cold nor too warm — will attend upon Rāghava."

2.39.10 "As Rāma sleeps at night, the moon — embracing the sinless one as a father would — will refresh him, touching him with its cool rays."

2.39.11 "And Brahmā himself bestowed divine weapons upon him of great might, having seen him slay in battle Timi's banner-son, the lord of the Dānavas."

2.39.12 "That bull among men, Rāma, will soon be consecrated together with these three — the earth, Vaidehī, and royal Śrī — as his companions."

2.39.13 "The tears of sorrow you now shed gazing upon him as he departed — from those same eyes you will quickly shed tears of joy."

2.39.14 "Seeing your son bow to you in greeting, surrounded by his beloved companions, you will quickly shed tears of gladness — like a rain-cloud of the monsoon season."

2.39.15 "Your boon-granting son will swiftly return to Ayodhyā and press your feet with his own soft and full hands."

2.39.16 Hearing those words of Lakṣmaṇa's mother, spoken to the mother of Rāma, the queen consort of the lord of men — immediately the grief in her body dissolved, like an autumn cloud diminished of its water.

2.40.1 The people, deeply devoted to that great-souled Rāma of true valour, followed him as he set out for his forest sojourn.

2.40.2 Even when the king and the circle of his friends were forcibly turned back, those who had followed Rāma's chariot would not themselves return.

2.40.3 For to the men dwelling in Ayodhyā, that one of great fame, endowed with every virtue, was as dear as the full moon.

2.40.4 That descendant of Kākutstha, though entreated by his own subjects, held true his word to his father and went on into the forest.

2.40.5 Gazing upon them with affection, drinking them in as it were with his eyes, Rāma addressed those subjects with the tenderness one shows one's own children.

2.40.6 "The love and high regard that you, the residents of Ayodhyā, bear toward me — let that be especially directed to Bharata for my sake.

2.40.7 He is of auspicious conduct, the increaser of Kaikeyī's joy, and he will duly accomplish all that is pleasing and beneficial to you.

2.40.8 Though young in years, he is mature in wisdom, gentle in nature, endowed with the virtue of valour — he will be a worthy lord for you and a remover of all fear.

2.40.9 He has been recognized as a crown prince furnished with every royal virtue. And moreover, it is your duty, as men of good conduct, to follow the command of your lord.

2.40.10 And the great king must not grieve when I have gone into the forest — see to it so, I pray you, out of your desire to please me."

2.40.11 The more that son of Daśaratha stood firm in righteousness, the more his subjects desired him as their lord.

2.40.12 Rāma, together with Saumitri, seemed to draw back that wretched, tear-veiled populace by the bonds of his virtues, as if drawing them again to their seats.

2.40.13 Those brāhmaṇas, aged in the threefold manner — by knowledge, by years, and by vigour — their heads trembling with age, called out from a distance these words:

2.40.14 "Ho, ho, O swift horses of noble breed that carry Rāma — turn back, you must not go on! Be loyal to your lord: your lord is one to be borne forward, not to be borne away from the city to the forest!"

2.40.15 Beholding those aged brāhmaṇas lamenting in such anguished cries, Rāma suddenly descended from the chariot.

2.40.16 He then went on foot, together with Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa, Rāma placing his steps close to the ground, his course set upon the forest.

2.40.17 That Rāma, devoted to righteous conduct, compassionate of eye, could not bear to pass those brāhmaṇas who went on foot by riding ahead in his chariot.

2.40.18 Seeing him walking on nonetheless, their minds overwhelmed with distress, those brāhmaṇas, utterly anguished, addressed this speech to Rāma:

2.40.19 "All this entire brāhmaṇa community, devoted to brāhmaṇical conduct, follows you; even these sacred fires, borne upon the shoulders of brāhmaṇas, follow you.

2.40.20 Behold these parasols, earned through the Vājapeya sacrifice, following behind us like a flock of geese at the season of floods.

2.40.21 For you who have no parasol of your own and are scorched by the sun's rays, we shall make shade with these our Vājapeya-won parasols.

2.40.22 The mind of ours that was ever devoted to following the Vedic hymns — for your sake, dear child, that mind has now made itself devoted to following you into the forest.

2.40.23 The Vedas, which are our highest wealth, abide within our hearts; and our wives, guarded by their own virtue, will remain in our houses.

2.40.24 We shall make no further calculation about your going — our minds are nobly resolved. And when you yourself disregard dharma, what value is there in attending to dharma?

2.40.25 O man of self-restrained conduct, we implore you — turn back — by these our heads with hair white as swans, bowed down and grey with the dust of prostrations upon the earth.

2.40.26 The many sacrifices of the brāhmaṇas who have come here are spread out and begun; their completion, dear child, depends upon your return.

2.40.27 All creatures, both moving and unmoving, are filled with devotion to you. When these devotees implore you, show your devotion to your devotees.

2.40.28 These trees, unable to follow you, raised high by the force of their roots, are crying out as it were, driven by the rush of the wind.

2.40.29 Even the birds, motionless, having ceased eating and moving, fixed each upon a single tree, are beseeching you, O compassionate one to all beings."

2.40.30 As those brāhmaṇas cried out thus imploring him to return, the river Tamasā appeared there as if blocking the way of Rāghava.

2.41.1 Then Rāghava, having reached the beautiful bank of the Tamasā, looked up at Sītā and spoke these words to Saumitri:

2.41.2 "This is the first night, O Saumitri, since we set out for the forest. Good fortune in this forest sojourn — you must not be sorrowful.

2.41.3 See how the forests seem to weep on every side, as the deer and birds draw near to their respective shelters and settle there.

2.41.4 Today the city of Ayodhyā, my father's royal capital, will grieve for our departure, men and women alike — of that there is no doubt.

2.41.5 Bharata, who is truly righteous of soul, will comfort my father and my mother with words encompassing dharma, artha, and kāma.

2.41.6 Reflecting again and again upon Bharata's compassionate nature, I do not grieve for either my father or my mother, O Lakṣmaṇa.

2.41.7 You, O tiger among men, have done what had to be done by following me; for the sake of protecting Vaidehī, help must be sought.

2.41.8 But I shall pass this night, O Saumitri, on water alone — this pleases me, even though a variety of forest food is available.

2.41.9 Having spoken thus to Saumitri, Rāghava also addressed Sumantra: "Be vigilant, O gentle one, in attending to the horses," he said.

2.41.10 Sumantra, having attended to the horses, and when the sun had set, having given them abundant fodder, stood close by in readiness.

2.41.11 After the auspicious twilight had been duly observed and night had come, the charioteer, together with Saumitri, prepared Rāma's bed.

2.41.12 Seeing that bed made of tree-leaves on the bank of the Tamasā, Rāma lay down upon it together with his wife and with Saumitri.

2.41.13 Seeing his brother thus fallen fast asleep with his wife, Lakṣmaṇa recounted to the charioteer the manifold virtues of Rāma.

2.41.14 For Saumitri, keeping vigil through that entire night and recounting the virtues of Rāma to the charioteer on the bank of the Tamasā, the sun rose.

2.41.15 At a distance from the Tamasā whose banks were crowded with herds of cattle, Rāma passed that night there together with his people.

2.41.16 Rising up, that one of great splendour, having observed those subjects, spoke to his brother Lakṣmaṇa, he of auspicious marks:

2.41.17 "See, O Saumitri, these people who have abandoned all concern for us and even for their own homes are now fast asleep at the roots of the trees, O Lakṣmaṇa.

2.41.18 The manner in which these citizens are making a vow to prevent our return — they will forfeit their very lives rather than abandon their resolve.

2.41.19 While they are yet asleep, let us swiftly mount the chariot and depart upon the road where no fear comes from any quarter.

2.41.20 Hereafter again let these devoted residents of the Ikṣvāku city not sleep at the roots of trees on my account.

2.41.21 For it is the duty of princes to free their citizens from self-incurred suffering; certainly the people of the city must not be made to suffer through one's own actions."

2.41.22 Lakṣmaṇa replied to Rāma, who stood there like righteousness personified: "This pleases me, O greatly wise one — let us mount at once."

2.41.23 The charioteer then quickly harnessed the chariot with those finest of horses and, with joined palms, reported to Rāma that it was ready.

2.41.24 For the purpose of confusing the citizens, Rāma spoke these words to the charioteer: "Mount the chariot and drive northward, O charioteer.

2.41.25 Drive swiftly for a moment, then turn the chariot about and return; do this attentively so that the citizens do not discover me."

2.41.26 The charioteer, having heard Rāma's command, did exactly so, and having returned, reported the chariot to Rāma.

2.41.27 Rāghava, with all his equipment, mounted that chariot and crossed the swift-flowing river Tamasā with its eddying whirlpools.

2.41.28 Having crossed over, that long-armed and glorious one reached the great road — auspicious, thornless, and without fear for those who fear.

2.41.29 But when night had brightened into dawn, those citizens, without Rāghava, were stunned by grief, motionless, their minds stricken.

2.41.30 Their faces wasted with tears born of grief, looking here and there, those wretched ones could not catch even a glimpse of Rāma.

2.41.31 Then, having followed the road for a little while, overwhelmed by great despondency at the loss of the trail,

2.41.32 those nobly-minded men turned back at the loss of the chariot's tracks, saying: "What is this? What shall we do, struck down as we are by fate?"

2.41.33 Then, by the very same road by which they had come, with exhausted hearts, they all went back to Ayodhyā, the city whose good people were afflicted with grief.

2.42.1 For the city-dwellers who had followed Rāma and now turned back, their inner beings seemed to have departed, leaving them spiritless.

2.42.2 Each arriving at his own dwelling, surrounded by his children and wife, all shed tears with faces veiled by weeping.

2.42.3 Merchants neither rejoiced nor conducted their trade; their wares held no lustre; householders did not cook.

2.42.4 A man who had lost his wealth felt no grief upon seeing a great windfall of riches; a mother who had obtained her first-born son felt no joy.

2.42.5 In house after house women wept and, in their anguished grief, reproached their husbands who had come home, goading them with words as one goads elephants.

2.42.6 "What use are their houses to those who do not see Rāghava? What use are wives, or wealth, or sons, or even pleasures?

2.42.7 There is but one true man in this world — Lakṣmaṇa — who together with Sītā follows Kākutstha Rāma, serving him in the forest.

2.42.8 Blessed are those rivers, those lotus ponds and lakes, in whose pure waters Kākutstha will immerse himself and bathe.

2.42.9 The lovely forest glades, the great marshy rivers, and the mountains with their peaks will make Kākutstha radiant.

2.42.10 Whatever forest or mountain Rāma approaches, none of them will be able to receive him without honouring him, as though a beloved guest had arrived.

2.42.11 The mountains, adorned with garlands of varied flowers and bearing abundant clusters of blossoms, will out of compassion display to Rāma as he comes even the finest flowers and fruits out of season.

2.42.12 The trees on the mountain peaks, revealing manifold and wondrous waterfalls again and again, will delight Rāghava.

2.42.13 Where Rāma is there is no fear; there is no defeat there — for he is a hero, long-armed, and the son of Daśaratha.

2.42.14 "Before he has gone too far, let us follow Rāghava — the shade of the feet of such a great-souled lord is a sweet comfort; for he is this people's lord, their refuge, and their final resort."

2.42.15 "We women shall attend upon Sītā; you men shall attend upon Rāghava" — thus the women of the city, consumed by grief, spoke various such words to their husbands.

2.42.16 "Rāghava will provide your welfare and security in the forest; Sītā will provide welfare and security for the women folk."

2.42.17 Who could find contentment in this disagreeable, joyless habitation, with its people pining and longing, their minds stolen away?

2.42.18 If the kingdom should be under Kaikeyī's sway — unrighteous and without a true protector — then we have no use for life, let alone for sons or wealth.

2.42.19 She who has abandoned both her son and her husband for the sake of power — that Kaikeyī, the disgrace of her lineage — whom else would she spare?

2.42.20 We shall never dwell in the kingdom as hirelings of Kaikeyī — we swear this by our very lives and by the lives of our children!

2.42.21 She who mercilessly sends the son of the king of kings into exile — that unrighteous, wickedly acting woman — who could live happily under her sway?

2.42.22 For the lord of the earth will not survive when Rāma has gone into exile; when Daśaratha dies, clearly devastation will follow.

2.42.23 "Those of you whose merit is exhausted and who are truly wretched — drink poison mixed and prepared, or follow Rāghava, or go where you will never hear of him again."

2.42.24 Rāma has been wrongfully sent into exile, together with his wife and Lakṣmaṇa; we have been handed over to Bharata like animals to a butcher.

2.42.25 The women of the city, lamenting thus, cried out in fierce anguish as though at the approach of death.

2.42.26 Those women, afflicted on Rāma's account, wept and lamented helplessly as though their own son or brother had been sent away — for he had become dearer to them than their own sons.

2.43.1 Rāma too, that tiger among men, keeping his father's command ever in mind, covered a great distance through the remaining hours of the night.

2.43.2 As he journeyed on in this way, the auspicious night passed away; having duly observed the auspicious twilight rite, he pressed onward to the border of the realm.

2.43.3 Beholding villages with their far-flung boundaries and flowering forests, he sped swiftly past, as if borne by arrows, on those excellent horses.

2.43.4 He heard the words of the people dwelling in the villages along the way: "Shame on King Daśaratha, who has fallen under the sway of desire!"

2.43.5 "Alas, how cruel is Kaikeyī today — wicked, ever trailing wickedness, harsh, one who has shattered all propriety and pursues a terrible deed!"

2.43.6 "She who sends away into forest exile such a son of the king — righteous, supremely wise, compassionate, and ever diligent!"

2.43.7 Hearing these words of the people who dwelt in the villages, that hero, the lord of the Kosalas, passed beyond the land of Kosala.

2.43.8 Then, having crossed the river named Vedaśruti, whose waters are auspicious and wholesome, he set out toward the quarter once inhabited by the sage Agastya.

2.43.9 Having traveled for a long while, he then crossed the river Gomatī, whose waters are cool, whose banks are rich with cattle and meadows, and which flows down to the ocean.

2.43.10 And having passed beyond the Gomatī, Rāghava, with his swift-footed horses, crossed the river Syandikā, which resounds with the cries of peacocks and geese.

2.43.11 Rāma pointed out to Vaidehī that prosperous land, encircled by the kingdom, which was once granted to Ikṣvāku by King Manu in the days of old.

2.43.12 Repeatedly addressing the charioteer as "sūta," that glorious bull among men, his voice deep and resonant as a swan in rut, spoke thus:

2.43.13 "When shall I come back again and roam in sport through the flowering forest along the Sarayū, reunited with my mother and my father?"

2.43.14 "I do not overly crave the hunt in the forest of the Sarayū — yet this pleasure is peerless in the world and is esteemed by the assemblies of royal sages."

2.43.15 Thus that scion of Ikṣvāku journeyed on, addressing his charioteer in a sweet voice, speaking one thought after another as each came to his mind.

2.44.1 Having traversed the wide and lovely lands of Kosala, the elder brother of Lakṣmaṇa, that mighty-armed one, drew near to the city of Śṛṅgaverapura.

2.44.2 There Rāghava beheld the divine Gaṅgā, flowing across three paths, her waters auspicious and free of algae, holy and frequented by sages.

2.44.3 She was filled with the clamor of swans and sāras cranes, the cooing of cakravāka birds; she was frequented by śiṃśumāra dolphins, crocodiles, and serpents.

2.44.4 Gazing upon her, swirling with eddies set in motion by her waves, that great warrior spoke to the charioteer Sumantra: "Here we shall encamp today."

2.44.5 "Not far from the river stands this great iṅgudī tree, laden with many blossoms and tender shoots — let us stay right here, O charioteer."

2.44.6 Both Lakṣmaṇa and Sumantra replied "So be it" to Rāghava, and thereupon drove the horses up to that iṅgudī tree.

2.44.7 Rāma, that joy of the Ikṣvāku line, approached that lovely tree and descended from the chariot together with his wife and Lakṣmaṇa.

2.44.8 Sumantra too alighted, and having unharnessed those excellent horses, stood before Rāma who had seated himself at the foot of the tree, with hands joined in reverence.

2.44.9 There lived a king named Guha, a dear friend of Rāma and equal to him in spirit, born of the Niṣāda people, powerful, and renowned as the lord of that territory.

2.44.10 Hearing that Rāma, that tiger among men, had arrived in his territory, he came forward surrounded by his elders, ministers, and kinsmen.

2.44.11 Seeing the lord of the Niṣādas standing at a distance, Rāma together with Saumitri went forward and met with Guha.

2.44.12 Guha, filled with grief, embraced Rāghava and said: "Rāma, this land is as Ayodhyā to you — what may I do for you?"

2.44.13 Then, having gathered food and eatables of excellent quality in great variety, he quickly brought the honorific offering of arghya as well, and spoke these words:

2.44.14 "Welcome, O mighty-armed one! This whole earth is yours; we are your servants and you are our lord — graciously rule over our kingdom."

2.44.15 "Food to chew, food to eat, drink, and things to lick — all stand ready; and the finest beds are prepared, and fodder for your horses."

2.44.16 To Guha as he was still speaking, Rāghava replied: "We are honored and gladdened by you in every way."

2.44.17 Squeezing him with both his well-formed arms — both on account of his coming on foot and as a display of affection — he spoke these words:

2.44.18 "It is my good fortune to see you, Guha, in good health together with your kinsmen. Is all well with you in your kingdom, among your friends and in your wealth?"

2.44.19 "As for all that you have prepared out of affection, I accept it — yet I do not stand in need of receiving gifts."

2.44.20 "Know me to be one who wears kuśa grass and bark-cloth garments, who subsists on fruits and roots, devoted to dharma, an ascetic whose range is the forest."

2.44.21 "I desire nothing but fodder for the horses — by this much alone shall I be well honored by your good self."

2.44.22 "For these horses are beloved to the king, to my father Daśaratha — by having these horses well cared for shall I be truly honored."

2.44.23 Guha then straightway commanded his men right there: "Let both water and fodder for the horses be brought at once!"

2.44.24 Then, with his upper garment of bark-cloth, having duly attended the evening twilight rite, he took only water as his meal — the food was fetched by Lakṣmaṇa himself.

2.44.25 As he lay upon the ground together with his wife, Lakṣmaṇa washed his feet, and then, drawing near, stood leaning against the tree.

2.44.26 Guha too, together with the charioteer, conversing with Saumitri, kept vigilant watch over Rāma through the night, bow in hand and alert.

2.44.27 Thus, as that wise and glorious great-souled son of Daśaratha lay resting — he who had never known suffering, accustomed to comfort — that night passed slowly away.

2.45.1 Guha, burning with anguish, spoke to Rāghava — addressing Lakṣmaṇa, who kept watch without pretense for the sake of his brother:

2.45.2 "Dear friend, this comfortable bed has been prepared for your sake — rest well upon it, O prince, at your ease."

2.45.3 "All these people are accustomed to hardship; it is you who are accustomed to comfort. We shall keep watch through the night for the protection of Kākutstha."

2.45.4 "There is no one on earth dearer to me than Rāma — I speak this truth, and by truth itself I swear it to you."

2.45.5 "By his grace I hope for supreme fame in this world, for abundant attainment of dharma and for the sole attainment of wealth."

2.45.6 "Therefore I shall guard my dear friend Rāma as he sleeps with Sītā, bow in hand, together with my kinsmen on all sides."

2.45.7 "Nothing in this forest is unknown to me, who roam here constantly — indeed we could withstand even a very great fourfold army."

2.45.8 Lakṣmaṇa then replied to him: "Being guarded by you, O sinless one, who ever have dharma in view, we have nothing here to fear."

2.45.9 "How could I obtain sleep, or life, or pleasures, when the son of Daśaratha lies upon the bare ground together with Sītā?"

2.45.10 "Behold him who could not be overpowered in battle by all the gods and asuras together — now lying comfortably on the grass with Sītā."

2.45.11 "This one son of Daśaratha, who was obtained by sacred rites, austerities, and various efforts, possessing every auspicious mark — he alone."

2.45.12 "With him gone into exile, the king will not live long — the earth will surely become widowed very soon."

2.45.13 "The women, exhausted with weeping, having cried out with a great lament, have fallen silent — I believe the king's palace has grown quiet, dear friend."

2.45.14 "Kausalyā, and the king, and likewise my own mother — I do not hope that all of them will survive this night."

2.45.15 "My mother might yet live, sustained by care from Śatrughna — yet it is grief that Kausalyā, the mother of this hero, shall perish."

2.45.16 "That city, filled with devoted people, offering delight and joy to those who behold it, now touched by the calamity of the king, shall perish."

2.45.17 "Gone, utterly gone — without having fulfilled his heart's desire, without having installed Rāma in the kingdom, my father shall perish."

2.45.18 "Those whose purpose is accomplished — when that hour arrives and the king has passed — shall perform all the funerary rites and consecrate the lord of the earth."

2.45.19 "With its lovely squares and intersections, its great highways well laid out, adorned with palaces and mansions, graced by the finest of courtesans —"

2.45.20 "— thronged with chariots, horses, and elephants, resounding with the music of instruments, filled with every prosperity, and crowded with cheerful and well-fed people —"

2.45.21 "— rich with pleasure groves and gardens, distinguished by assemblies and festivals — may the happy ones roam through my father's royal capital."

2.45.22 "May we too, safe and sound, enter Ayodhyā together with him of true vow, when this forest sojourn has come to its end."

2.45.23 As the great-souled prince stood there, lamenting and stricken with grief, the night passed fully away.

2.45.24 For as that prince, devoted to the welfare of his people, spoke thus truthfully, Guha, oppressed by calamity and burning with grief out of his deep affection for his master, shed tears — like an elephant tormented by pain.

2.46.1 When the night had brightened into dawn, the great-famed Rāma, standing by the broad trees, spoke to Lakṣmaṇa, son of Sumitrā, that one bearing auspicious marks.

2.46.2 "The hour of the sun's rising is come; the blessed night has departed. There, dear one, that dark-plumaged bird, the kokila, calls out."

2.46.3 "The cry of peacocks is heard calling in the forest. Let us cross the Jāhnavī, dear friend — swift-flowing, bound for the ocean."

2.46.4 Understanding Rāma's words, Sumitrā's son, the joy of his friends, took leave of Guha and the charioteer and stood before his brother.

2.46.5 Then, fastening their quivers and girding on their swords, the two Rāghavas, bearing bows, went together with Sītā toward the Gaṅgā.

2.46.6 The charioteer, approaching Rāma — that knower of dharma — humbly with palms joined, said: "What shall I do for you?"

2.46.7 "Turn back" — so he told him — "this much has been done for me. Leaving the chariot behind, we shall go on foot into the great forest."

2.46.8 Then the charioteer Sumantra, distressed to see himself thus dismissed, spoke these words to the tiger among men, the Aikṣvāka prince.

2.46.9 "No one in this world has ever surpassed this — that you, together with your brother and wife, should dwell in the forest like a common man."

2.46.10 "I do not think there is any fruit in celibacy, in sacred study, or in gentleness and uprightness, if such misfortune has come upon you."

2.46.11 "Dwelling in the forest with the Vaidehī and your brother, you shall attain a station, O hero, as if conquering the three worlds."

2.46.12 "We are truly ruined, O Rāma, we who have been deceived by her — we shall come under the sway of that sinful Kaikeyī, sharers in sorrow."

2.46.13 Speaking thus, the charioteer Sumantra — so dear to himself as Rāma was — seeing Rāma gone far away, wept long in his grief.

2.46.14 Then, when his tears had subsided, Rāma spoke sweet words again and again to the charioteer, who had touched water and was ritually pure.

2.46.15 "I see no friend equal to you among the Ikṣvākus. Do what must be done so that King Daśaratha does not grieve for me."

2.46.16 "The lord of the earth is stricken in mind by grief, he is old, and he is weighed down by the burden of desire — it is for that reason I say this to you."

2.46.17 "Whatever the great-souled lord of the earth may command, whatever must be done for the sake of gratifying Kaikeyī's wish, do that without hesitation."

2.46.18 "For this purpose do kings rule their kingdoms — that their minds are not thwarted in any of their undertakings."

2.46.19 "So do what must be done, Sumantra, that the great king does not suffer reproach, nor does he faint from sorrow."

2.46.20 "Having saluted him, you should speak these words to the king on my behalf — to that king who has not known such sorrow before, who is old, noble, and master of his senses."

2.46.21 "Neither I grieve, nor Lakṣmaṇa, nor the Maithilī — neither at having been cast out from Ayodhyā, nor at dwelling in the forest."

2.46.22 "Once the fourteen years have passed, you will soon see Lakṣmaṇa, me, and Sītā returned again."

2.46.23 Having thus addressed the king, greet my mother, and the other queens together, including Kaikeyī, again and again.

2.46.24 "Convey wishes of good health to Kausalyā and the salutation at her feet — from Sītā, from me, and at the word of the noble Lakṣmaṇa."

2.46.25 "Tell the great king: 'Bring Bharata quickly.' And when Bharata has come, he must be established in the royal office according to the king's wish."

2.46.26 "Having embraced Bharata and consecrated him as crown prince, the sorrow born of grief for us will no longer overpower you."

2.46.27 "Bharata too must be told: 'As you conduct yourself toward the king, so you must conduct yourself toward all the mothers without distinction.'"

2.46.28 "Just as Kaikeyī and Sumitrā are for you without distinction, so too must Queen Kausalyā be honored — she is my mother especially."

2.46.29 Being dismissed by Rāma and emaciated by grief, Sumantra, having heard all those words, spoke out of affection to the Kākutstha.

2.46.30 "Whatever I might say out of devotion and unguarded love — without ceremony, without distress — you must forgive those words of a loyal servant."

2.46.31 "How shall I, bereft of you, return to that city which, dear one, is like one overwhelmed by the grief of losing a son, on account of your separation?"

2.46.32 "When the people saw the chariot with Rāma on it, how will the city bear seeing the chariot now without Rāma — it would shatter at the sight."

2.46.33 "The city will sink into anguish seeing this empty chariot with only the charioteer remaining — like an army that has lost its hero in battle."

2.46.34 "The people, thinking of you dwelling afar yet standing before them in their minds, have surely gone without food today."

2.46.35 "The cry of anguish that the citizens raised at the time of your exile — on seeing me seated in the chariot, they will raise it a hundredfold."

2.46.36 "And what shall I say to the queen — 'Your son has been taken by me to his maternal uncle's house; do not grieve'? How could I say even this?"

2.46.37 "I would not speak even a falsehood of that kind. And how shall I speak this truth, which is so painful?"

2.46.38 "These excellent horses that serve at my command, that have carried your kinsmen — how will they draw the chariot bereft of you?"

2.46.39 "If you resolve to abandon even me though I beg you, then the moment you forsake me here, I shall enter fire together with the chariot."

2.46.40 "Whatever creatures in the forest might disturb your austerities, I will ward them off with the chariot, O Rāghava."

2.46.41 "The comfort I have gained from the service of the chariot — I aspire now to the comfort of forest-dwelling, done for your sake."

2.46.42 "Be pleased to let me be next to you in the forest. I wish to be told with affection: 'Be next to my lord.'"

2.46.43 "I will with bowed head render service to you, dwelling in the forest. Ayodhyā and the world of the gods — I abandon them both entirely."

2.46.44 "I cannot enter that Ayodhyā without you — just as an evildoer cannot enter the capital of great Indra."

2.46.45 "These horses too, O hero — if they serve you while you dwell in the forest, they will attain the highest state."

2.46.46 "When the period of forest-dwelling has come to an end, this is my heart's desire: to carry you back to the city in this very chariot."

2.46.47 "The fourteen years spent in the forest in your company will pass like a moment; whereas otherwise they would stretch like hundreds of years."

2.46.48 "O lord who loves your servants — one who is devoted, who stands steadfast in his duty, who stands in the path that follows the master's son — you should not abandon me."

2.46.49 When Sumantra begged thus piteously in many ways again and again, Rāma, who was compassionate toward his servants, spoke these words to him.

2.46.50 "I know your supreme devotion toward me, O one devoted to your master. Listen also to the reason why I am sending you back to the city from here."

2.46.51 "When she sees you returned to the city, my younger mother Kaikeyī will gain confidence that Rāma has indeed gone to the forest."

2.46.52 "For when I have gone to dwell in the forest, that queen, being satisfied, would not unduly suspect the righteous king of speaking falsely."

2.46.53 "This is my foremost consideration: that my younger mother should obtain the prosperous kingdom safe under the rule of her son Bharata."

2.46.54 "For my sake and for the king's sake, go to the city with the chariot. And convey the various messages you have been charged with, just as I have told you."

2.46.55 Having spoken thus and comforted the charioteer again and again, Rāma spoke firm and reasoned words to Guha: "I shall make matted locks and go — bring me the sap of the nyagrodha tree."

2.46.56 Guha quickly brought that sap to the prince. With it, Rāma made matted locks for Lakṣmaṇa and for himself.

2.46.57 Then the two brothers, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, clad in bark garments and bearing coils of matted hair, shone like sages.

2.46.58 Then, having entered the path of the forest-ascetics together with Lakṣmaṇa and enjoined his vow, Rāma spoke to his companion Guha.

2.46.59 "Be ever vigilant, Guha, in matters of army, treasury, the fort, and the countryside — for a kingdom is held to be the most difficult thing to guard."

2.46.60 Then, having taken leave of Guha, the delight of the Ikṣvākus departed swiftly and undistracted, with his wife and together with Lakṣmaṇa.

2.46.61 Seeing a boat on the bank of the river, the delight of the Ikṣvākus, wishing to cross the swift-flowing Gaṅgā, spoke thus to Lakṣmaṇa.

2.46.62 "Board this waiting boat gently, O tiger among men, and help the noble-minded Sītā on board, holding her close to you."

2.46.63 Hearing his brother's instruction and not opposing any of it, he first helped the Maithilī on board, and then the self-controlled one climbed up himself.

2.46.64 Then the radiant one, the elder brother of Lakṣmaṇa, himself boarded; after that the lord of the Niṣādas, Guha, urged his kinsmen on.

2.46.65 Having bidden farewell to Sumantra and to Guha along with his forces, Rāma boarded the boat and urged on the boatmen.

2.46.66 Then, urged by them, the boat, steered by the helmsman and driven by the swift strokes of well-crafted oars, quickly crossed the waters.

2.46.67 Reaching the middle of the Bhāgīrathī, the blameless Vaidehī, joining her palms in reverence, spoke these words to that river.

2.46.68 "This son of the wise great king Daśaratha — may he fulfill the command, O Gaṅgā, protected by you."

2.46.69 "Having dwelt in the forest for a full fourteen years with his brother and with me, he will return again."

2.46.70 "Then, O auspicious goddess, having returned safely, I shall joyfully worship you, O Gaṅgā, for the fulfillment of all desires."

2.46.71 "For you, O goddess, flow in three worlds and behold the realm of Brahmā; you are known in this world as the wife of the lord of the ocean."

2.46.72 "I salute you, O goddess, and praise you, O beautiful one, when the tiger among men has returned safely after regaining his kingdom."

2.46.73 "Hundreds of thousands of cows, fine garments, and food — I shall give these to Brāhmaṇas out of my desire to please you."

2.46.74 Speaking thus, the blameless Sītā, turning to the right, quickly reached the right bank.

2.46.75 Having reached the far bank and leaving the boat behind, the bull among men, the scorcher of foes, set forth together with his brother and the Vaidehī.

2.46.76 Then the mighty-armed one spoke to the joy-increaser of Sumitrā: "Go ahead, O Saumitri; let Sītā follow you."

2.46.77 "I shall go behind, guarding both you and Sītā. Today the Vaidehī will come to know the hardship of forest life."

2.46.78 But Sumantra, that wretched one, gazing steadily at Rāma who had quickly crossed to the far bank of the Gaṅgā, with his gaze finally turned back by the distance of the road, shed tears in his anguish.

2.46.79 Those two, having slain four great forest animals there — a boar, a ṛśya antelope, a spotted deer, and a large deer — took the pure meat and, being hungry, quickly went at the proper time to a tree for shelter.

2.47.1 Having reached that tree and performed the evening twilight rite, Rāma, best among those who bring delight, spoke to Lakṣmaṇa.

2.47.2 "This is the first night spent outside the inhabited land, away from Sumantra — you should not be anxious about it."

2.47.3 "From this day forward we must both keep vigil through the nights without slackness, for the safety and well-being of Sītā rests on us."

2.47.4 "Somehow, Saumitri, we shall pass this night, lying down on the ground on what we have gathered ourselves."

2.47.5 Lying down on the earth — he who was accustomed to beds of the highest worth — Rāma spoke these auspicious words to Saumitri.

2.47.6 "Surely the great king sleeps in sorrow tonight, Lakṣmaṇa. But Kaikeyī, having achieved her desire, is fit to be satisfied."

2.47.7 "For that queen Kaikeyī, for the sake of the kingdom, would not even spare the life of the great king — not even when she sees Bharata arrived."

2.47.8 "Helpless, old, bereft of me, and enslaved to desire, come under Kaikeyī's control — what will the king do?"

2.47.9 "Looking at this calamity and at the king's confusion of mind, I think desire is greater than both wealth and dharma."

2.47.10 "For what man, even an ignorant one, would for the sake of a woman abandon a son who follows his wishes — as our father has abandoned me, Lakṣmaṇa?"

2.47.11 "How fortunate Bharata, son of Kaikeyī, must be — with his wife beside him, he alone will enjoy the joyful Kosalas like an overlord."

2.47.12 "For he will be the sole master of the whole kingdom, when our father has passed beyond his years and I have taken refuge in the forest."

2.47.13 "One who abandons wealth and dharma and follows desire alone quickly meets such ruin as King Daśaratha has met."

2.47.14 "I believe that Kaikeyī has come to bring about the end of Daśaratha, my banishment, and the kingdom for Bharata, O gentle one."

2.47.15 "I only hope that Kaikeyī, intoxicated by the pride of her good fortune, does not now oppress Kausalyā and Sumitrā on my account."

2.47.16 "Let not Queen Sumitrā suffer grief on my account. You should enter Ayodhyā from here when the time comes, Lakṣmaṇa."

2.47.17 "I alone will go to the Daṇḍakas with Sītā. For you will be the protector of Kausalyā, who would otherwise be without protector."

2.47.18 "For Kaikeyī, given to petty acts, might out of hatred do what is unjust. You must entrust my mother to the dharma-knowing Bharata."

2.47.19 "Surely in some past life women were separated from their sons — and now that same fate has come upon my mother, Saumitri."

2.47.20 "Kausalyā, who nurtured me for so long and raised me through suffering, is now separated from me at the time of bearing fruit — shame on me!"

2.47.21 "Let no woman, Saumitri, ever give birth to a son like me, who brings endless grief to his mother."

2.47.22 "I think that myna bird of Lakṣmaṇa is more blessed than I am — the one from whom those words are heard: 'Parrot, bite the foot of the enemy.'"

2.47.23 "What use is a son to one who is without son's benefit — to my grieving, ill-fortuned mother, when I have done nothing to help her, O subduer of foes?"

2.47.24 "Ill-fated is my mother Kausalyā, bereft of me — she lies stricken with the deepest sorrow, fallen into an ocean of grief."

2.47.25 "I alone, were I angry, could overcome Ayodhyā and the whole earth with my arrows — though valor without cause is no virtue, Lakṣmaṇa."

2.47.26 "But I am afraid of unrighteousness and afraid for the other world, O sinless one — it is for that reason, Lakṣmaṇa, that I do not consecrate myself today."

2.47.27 Lamenting thus and in many other piteous ways in that lonely place, his face full of tears, Rāma sat down in silence in the night.

2.47.28 Lakṣmaṇa comforted Rāma when he had finished his lament — like a fire whose flames have died down, like an ocean whose waves have stilled.

2.47.29 "Surely today, O Rāma, O best among warriors, the city of Ayodhyā is without luster since your departure — like a night bereft of the moon."

2.47.30 "It is not fitting, O Rāma, that you should torment yourself thus and grieve both Sītā and me, O bull among men."

2.47.31 "Neither Sītā without you nor I without you, O Rāghava, could live even for a moment — like fish drawn out of water."

2.47.32 "I would not wish to see our father, nor Śatrughna, nor Sumitrā, O scorcher of foes, nor even heaven itself without you."

2.47.33 Hearing these noble and full words of Lakṣmaṇa, the Rāghava, that scorcher of foes, having embraced dharma for a long time, composed himself with reverence for all the years of forest life ahead.

2.48.1 Having spent the auspicious night at that great tree, when the pure sun had risen, they departed from that place.

2.48.2 They went toward the place where the Bhāgīrathī Gaṅgā approaches the Yamunā, penetrating deep into the great forest.

2.48.3 Those illustrious ones came upon the earth through various regions — charming places never seen before — beholding them here and there.

2.48.4 Proceeding at ease and observing various trees, when the day had just turned, Rāma spoke to Saumitri.

2.48.5 "Look around Prayāga, Saumitri, at the tall column of smoke — the banner of the sacred fire. I think the sage is nearby."

2.48.6 "Surely we have reached the confluence of the Gaṅgā and the Yamunā — for the sound of water meeting water is heard."

2.48.7 "Wood cut by those who live off the forest, and these various trees are visible — this is the hermitage of Bharadvāja."

2.48.8 Those two bearing bows, traveling comfortably as the sun hung low, reached the abode of the sage at the confluence of the Gaṅgā and Yamunā.

2.48.9 Rāma, having approached the hermitage and startling the deer and birds, walked a moment's distance and came to Bharadvāja.

2.48.10 Then the two heroes, wishing to see the sage, having approached the hermitage with Sītā following them, stood at a respectful distance.

2.48.11 Seeing the great one who had offered his agnihotra oblation, Rāma, with joined palms, together with Saumitri and with Sītā, saluted him.

2.48.12 The elder brother of Lakṣmaṇa presented himself to him: "We two are the sons of Daśaratha, O venerable one — Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa."

2.48.13 "This is my wife, the Vaidehī, the auspicious daughter of Janaka — blameless, she has followed me into this desolate forest hermitage."

2.48.14 "As I was being sent into exile by my father, this dear younger brother Saumitri, firm in his vow, followed me into the very forest."

2.48.15 "Commanded by our father, O venerable one, we shall enter the forest hermitage; there we shall practice dharma alone, subsisting on roots and fruits."

2.48.16 Hearing those words of the wise prince, the righteous-souled one then brought forth a cow, arghya water, and drinking water.

2.48.17 Surrounded on all sides by deer, birds, and sages, the sage honored Rāma on his arrival and welcomed him with the word of welcome.

2.48.18 Having received that honor, Bharadvāja then spoke these dharma-filled words to Rāma as he sat down together with his companions.

2.48.19 "At long last, O Kākutstha, I see you arrived here. I have heard of this causeless exile of yours."

2.48.20 "This spot is secluded, at the confluence of two great rivers — sacred and beautiful. May your honor dwell here in happiness."

2.48.21 Being thus spoken to by Bharadvāja, the Rāghava Rāma, devoted to the welfare of all, replied with auspicious words.

2.48.22 "O venerable one, the people of the city and countryside are close by here; crowds will come to gaze upon the Vaidehī and upon me. For this reason I am not pleased to dwell here."

2.48.23 "Look, O venerable one, for an excellent and solitary hermitage-place where the Vaidehī, the daughter of Janaka who deserves happiness, may find delight."

2.48.24 Hearing these auspicious words of the Rāghava, the great sage Bharadvāja then spoke words that grasped his meaning.

2.48.25 "Ten krośas from here, dear one, is a mountain where you shall dwell — sacred, frequented by great sages, pleasant to behold from every side."

2.48.26 "Roamed by golāṅgūla monkeys, frequented by monkeys and bears — known as Citrakūṭa, it resembles the Gandhamādana mountain."

2.48.27 "As long as a person looks upon the peaks of Citrakūṭa, his mind settles in what is auspicious and does not turn toward evil."

2.48.28 "Many sages there, having sported through hundreds of autumns, have ascended to heaven through austerity — together with Kapālaśiras."

2.48.29 "I think that secluded dwelling will be pleasant for you — or else dwell here for your forest sojourn with me, O Rāma."

2.48.30 That knower of dharma, Bharadvāja, received Rāma — that beloved guest — together with his wife and brother, with all manner of hospitalities.

2.48.31 For Rāma, having come to Prayāga and arrived at that great sage, the sacred night passed by as they told various tales.

2.48.32 When the night had brightened into dawn, the tiger among men came to Bharadvāja and spoke to the sage of blazing splendor.

2.48.33 "O one of truthful nature, this night just dawning — we have spent it here in your hermitage. May your honor grant us leave for our dwelling."

2.48.34 When that night had been passed, Bharadvāja spoke thus: "Go to Citrakūṭa, which abounds in honey, roots, and fruits."

2.48.35 "There herds of elephants and herds of deer roam on every side through the forest glades — you will see them, O Rāghava."

2.48.36 "Reaching that auspicious mountain, resounding with the cries of delighted koyaṣṭika birds and kokila cuckoos, filled with intoxicated deer and many elephants — most beautiful — set up your hermitage and dwell there."

2.49.1 Having spent the night there, the two princes, those tamers of foes, saluted the great sage and then set out toward that mountain.

2.49.2 Watching them depart, he followed after them as a father follows his sons; then that great sage began to speak these words.

2.49.3 "When you reach the Kālindī, the swiftly flowing river, there you must build a raft and cross the river Aṃśumatī."

2.49.4 "Then, having reached the great banyan tree with its green canopy, grown tall amid many trees, dark and frequented by siddhas —"

2.49.5 "— having gone just one krośa from there, O Rāma, you will see a dark forest, mixed with palāśa trees, badara shrubs, and the bamboo groves of the Yamunā."

2.49.6 "That is the path to Citrakūṭa, which I have traversed many times — pleasant, gentle underfoot, and free of forest fires." Having thus pointed out the road, that great sage turned back.

2.49.7 When that sage had turned back, Rāma said to Lakṣmaṇa: "We are truly blessed, O son of Sumitrā, that the sage shows such compassion toward us."

2.49.8 Having thus taken counsel together, those two tiger-like men, steadfast in mind, placed Sītā ahead of them and proceeded to the river Kālindī.

2.49.9 Then the two of them assembled a very large raft from logs; Lakṣmaṇa, cutting the timber, fashioned it for Sītā's comfort and peace of mind.

2.49.10 There Rāma, son of Daśaratha, lifted his beloved — who was like an unimaginable Śrī, slightly bashful — onto the raft.

2.49.11 Then on the raft they crossed the Yamunā — swift-flowing Aṃśumatī, garlanded with waves, its banks lined with many trees.

2.49.12 Having crossed, they abandoned the raft and, setting forth from the Yamunā forest, they reached the dark banyan tree, cool and green-leafed.

2.49.13 "May I see Kausalyā, and glorious Sumitrā as well" — with these words Sītā, folding her hands in reverence, circumambulated the lord of the forest.

2.49.14 Having gone just one krośa from there, the two brothers, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, slew many pure deer and roamed about in the Yamunā forest.

2.49.15 Having sported in the auspicious forest resounding with flocks of peacocks, full of elephants and monkeys, they reached together the bank of the river and came to their appointed campsite — undaunted in bearing.

2.50.1 When the night had passed and he had slept, the joy of the Raghus gently awakened Lakṣmaṇa.

2.50.2 "O son of Sumitrā, hear the sweet calls of the forest birds; it is time, O scorcher of foes, to set out on our journey."

2.50.3 Lakṣmaṇa, who had been sleeping, was roused at the right moment by his brother; he shook off sleep, drowsiness, and the accumulated fatigue of the road.

2.50.4 Rising then, all of them touched the auspicious water of the river and set out on the path to Citrakūṭa that the sage had pointed out.

2.50.5 Then Rāma, setting forth at the right hour together with the son of Sumitrā, spoke these words to Sītā of lotus-petal eyes.

2.50.6 "Behold, O Vaidehī, the trees blazing as if aflame with blossoms all around — the kiṃśuka trees, adorned with their own flowers, as winter draws to its end."

2.50.7 "Behold the bhallātaka trees in full bloom, untouched by men, bending low with their fruit and leaves — surely I shall be able to live here."

2.50.8 "See, O Lakṣmaṇa, the honeycombs the size of a droṇa measure hanging from tree to tree, filled by the bees."

2.50.9 "Here the krauñca cries out, and the peacock calls back to it, in a charming corner of the forest dense with a carpet of flowers."

2.50.10 "Behold this mountain Citrakūṭa, followed by herds of elephants, resounding with flocks of birds, its peaks towering high."

2.50.11 Then the two of them, going on foot together with Sītā, reached the charming and lovely mountain Citrakūṭa.

2.50.12 Having reached that mountain teeming with diverse flocks of birds, he said: "O gentle one, let this be our dwelling; here let us take our delight for now."

2.50.13 "O Lakṣmaṇa, bring strong and excellent timbers and build a shelter, O gentle one — my mind delights in dwelling here."

2.50.14 Hearing those words of his, the son of Sumitrā brought various trees and thereupon built a leaf hut, O tamer of foes.

2.50.15 To him who was attentively and single-mindedly at work, Rāma spoke these words: "Having brought the flesh of a black antelope, let us consecrate the hall with sacrifice."

2.50.16 Then Lakṣmaṇa of great glory slew a pure black antelope and cast it onto the blazing sacrificial fire.

2.50.17 Knowing it to be well cooked, fully roasted, its blood drained, Lakṣmaṇa then spoke to Rāghava, that tiger among men.

2.50.18 "This dark one, whole in all its limbs, is cooked — the black antelope is ready. O god-like one, make the offering to the deity; you are skilled in this."

2.50.19 Rāma, having bathed and composed himself — virtuous, versed in recitation — performed the excellent oblation that pacifies sin.

2.50.20 Into that leaf-thatched dwelling — pleasing, well built in the right proportions, sheltered from the wind — all of them entered together for the night, as the hosts of gods enter the hall of Sudharmā.

2.50.21 In that excellent forest — swarming with countless diverse beasts and birds, adorned with trees bearing clusters of bright flowers, echoing with wild animals — they, masters of their senses, sported in great delight.

2.50.22 Having reached the supremely lovely Citrakūṭa and the river Mālyavatī with its good fords, teeming with deer and birds, Rāma rejoiced with gladness and left behind the grief of his banishment from the city.

2.51.1 Having spoken at length with Sumantra, deep in sorrow, when Rāma had reached the southern bank, Guha went to his own home.

2.51.2 Then Sumantra, having received leave, hitched the excellent horses and departed for the city of Ayodhyā, his heart deeply sorrowful.

2.51.3 Beholding fragrant forests, rivers, and lakes, he swiftly passed through villages and towns.

2.51.4 Then at the hour of evening, on the third day, the charioteer reached Ayodhyā and beheld it joyless.

2.51.5 Seeing it as though empty and silent, deeply downcast, Sumantra fell to brooding, struck by the force of grief.

2.51.6 "Has the city, with its elephants and horses, its people and its lord, been consumed by the fire of grief, burned by the anguish of sorrow over Rāma?" — so reflecting, the charioteer hastened and entered.

2.51.7 Hundreds and thousands of men ran up to Sumantra as he came, asking the charioteer: "Where is Rāma?"

2.51.8 He reported to them: "At the Gaṅgā I took leave of Rāghava; I was granted leave and turned back by that righteous great soul."

2.51.9 The people, learning that they had crossed, their faces filled with tears, sighed "Alas!" and cried aloud "O Rāma!"

2.51.10 And he heard the words of those standing in groups: "We are indeed undone, we who cannot see Rāghava here."

2.51.11 "At gifts and sacrifices, at marriages, at great assemblies — we shall never again see righteous Rāma among us."

2.51.12 "What is best for this people, what is pleasing, what brings happiness?" — thus had Rāma tended the city like a father.

2.51.13 He also heard the lamentations of women standing at their windows along the streets of the market, scorched by grief for Rāma.

2.51.14 Sumantra, covering his face, proceeded along the middle of the royal road to the very palace where King Daśaratha dwelt.

2.51.15 Swiftly dismounting from the chariot and entering the royal palace, he traversed the seven courts crowded with great throngs of people.

2.51.16 Then from the palaces here and there he heard the soft murmuring of Daśaratha's women, scorched by grief for Rāma.

2.51.17 "The charioteer who went out with Rāma has returned here without Rāma — what shall he ever say to Kausalyā who is mourning?"

2.51.18 "And I believe life is hard — truly it is no easy thing — since Kausalyā goes on living when her son has been taken away and sent forth."

2.51.19 Hearing those words of the king's women to be true in every sense, he entered the palace at once, blazing as it were with grief.

2.51.20 Entering the eighth court, he saw the king — wretched, incomparable in his anguish, utterly wasted by grief for his son — in the white inner chamber.

2.51.21 Approaching the lord of men as he sat and saluting him, Sumantra reported Rāma's words exactly as they had been spoken.

2.51.22 Hearing that, the king remained silent; his senses confused, he fainted and fell to the ground, tormented by grief for Rāma.

2.51.23 Then the inner apartments were thrown into commotion when the lord of the earth fainted; when the king fell to the ground, cries arose with arms upraised.

2.51.24 Then Kausalyā, together with Sumitrā, raised her fallen husband and spoke these words.

2.51.25 "O greatly fortunate one, why do you not speak to this messenger of that great doer of difficult deeds, who has arrived from the forest exile?"

2.51.26 "Today, having done this wrong to him, you are ashamed, O Rāghava; arise — may it go well with you; grief is no fitting companion."

2.51.27 "O lord, Kaikeyī, through fear of whom you do not question the charioteer about Rāma — she is not here; speak freely with confidence."

2.51.28 Having spoken thus to the great king, Kausalyā, overcome with grief, swiftly fell to the earth, her speech dissolved in tears.

2.51.29 Seeing Kausalyā lamenting thus and fallen to the ground, and looking at the king, all those women wept aloud.

2.51.30 Then, hearing that cry that rose from the inner apartments, the old and the young, men and all women, wept on every side; the city was once again thrown into tumult.

2.52.1 When the king had recovered and returned from his swoon, he summoned the charioteer again to learn of what had become of Rāma.

2.52.2 The charioteer was aged and utterly grief-stricken, sighing and brooding like an elephant newly captured, restless as a tormented bull-elephant.

2.52.3 The king, seeing the charioteer approach with his body covered in dust, his face full of tears, and looking wretched, spoke to him with the deepest anguish.

2.52.4 "Where will that righteous soul dwell, sheltered at the foot of a tree? That Rāghava who has always lived in the utmost comfort — what will he eat, O charioteer? How does this son of a king lie on the bare ground like one without a protector?"

2.52.5 "He whom infantry, chariots, and elephants followed as he went — how will that Rāma now dwell in the desolate forest, bereft of all company?"

2.52.6 "How have the two princes, together with Vaidehī, entered a forest roamed by wild beasts and deer and frequented by black serpents?"

2.52.7 "How did the two princes descend from the chariot on foot together with the delicate, suffering Sītā?"

2.52.8 "Fortunate indeed are you, O charioteer, for you have seen my two sons entering the forest's edge, like the twin Aśvins entering Mandara."

2.52.9 "What words did Rāma speak? What did Lakṣmaṇa say? And what did Maithilī say upon reaching the forest, O Sumantra? Tell me how Rāma sat, how he slept, how he ate."

2.52.10 Thus urged by the lord of men, the charioteer spoke to the king in a voice choked and suffused with tears.

2.52.11 "Rāghava, ever upholding righteousness, folded his hands and bowed his head and addressed me thus, O great king."

2.52.12 "'O charioteer, on my behalf bow your head at the feet of that great-souled father of mine who knows the true Self and is worthy of reverence, and salute those feet with your head.'"

2.52.13 "'Convey on my behalf greetings of health and respectful salutations without distinction to all the inner apartments, O charioteer.'"

2.52.14 "'And to my mother Kausalyā, convey my greeting of well-being and reverential salutation. O queen, honor the feet of the king as though they were the feet of a god.'"

2.52.15 "'Bharata is to be greeted with my words of well-being, and tell him: conduct yourself properly toward all the mothers in accordance with what is right.'"

2.52.16 "'That mighty-armed delight of the Ikṣvāku lineage is also to be told: holding the rank of crown prince, protect and serve the father who holds the sovereignty of the kingdom.'"

2.52.17 "Even as he spoke these words to me, O great king, that Rāma of great renown and lotus-red eyes shed abundant tears."

2.52.18 "But Lakṣmaṇa, greatly enraged, sighing deeply, spoke: 'For what offence has this prince been banished?'"

2.52.19 "'If Rāma has been exiled — whether because of greed, or on account of the granting of a boon — it is in every way a wicked deed. Yet in the abandonment of Rāma I can perceive no reason whatsoever.'"

2.52.20 "'This act, undertaken impulsively without proper deliberation, contrary to righteousness and born of shallow judgment, will generate universal lamentation — the exile of Rāghava.'"

2.52.21 "'As for me, I no longer recognize the great king in the role of father. Rāghava alone is my brother, my master, my kinsman, and my father.'"

2.52.22 "'Having abandoned one who is dear to all the world and devoted to the good of all the world — how can all the world rejoice in you through this deed?'"

2.52.23 "And Jānakī, O great king — the suffering one, sighing deeply — stood there like one whose mind has been seized by a spirit, like a cow whose calf has died."

2.52.24 "That illustrious princess, who had never before experienced such calamity, wept from that grief and said not a single word to me."

2.52.25 "With her face grown dry and gazing upward at her husband, she suddenly released a flood of tears upon seeing me depart."

2.52.26 "Just so, Rāma stood with tears on his face and hands folded in salutation, supported by the arm of Lakṣmaṇa. Just so, the suffering Sītā, weeping, watched the royal chariot — and so she watched me."

2.53.1 "When I turned back, my horses would not move forward on the road, shedding warm tears as Rāma set out for the forest."

2.53.2 "After saluting both princes with folded hands, I mounted the chariot and departed, bearing that grief within me."

2.53.3 "Together with Guha I remained there many days, hoping that Rāma might call me back again."

2.53.4 "In your domain, O great king, worn by the affliction of Rāma's exile, even the trees have withered, along with their flowers, sprouts, and buds."

2.53.5 "Creatures no longer creep about, nor do beasts of prey roam forth. Overwhelmed by grief for Rāma, that forest has fallen silent."

2.53.6 "O lord of men, the lotus ponds have their leaves and petals drooping, their waters turbid, their lotuses scorched; the fish and water-birds in the lotus pools have retreated and hidden."

2.53.7 "Water-born flowers and garlands, and those that grow on land, no longer shine as before — they are faint of fragrance — nor do the fruits appear as they once did."

2.53.8 "As I re-entered Ayodhyā no one welcomed me. The people, not seeing Rāma, sigh again and again."

2.53.9 "From their mansions, terraces, and palaces, the women — haggard from not seeing Rāma — observed the returning chariot and raised a cry of 'Alas! Alas!'"

2.53.10 "With long, clear eyes flooded with a torrent of tears, the women glanced at one another, clearly more distressed than ever."

2.53.11 "Among enemies, friends, and those who are indifferent — in their anguish I perceive no distinction whatsoever."

2.53.12 "Its people without joy, its horses and elephants wretched and troubled, its voice pained and faded, resounding with sighs —"

2.53.13 "— joyless, O great king, made incomparable in grief by the banishment of Rāma, Ayodhyā appears to me like Kausalyā bereft of her son."

2.53.14 Having heard the charioteer's words, the king, in a voice utterly desolate and overcome with tears, spoke these words to that charioteer.

2.53.15 "Instigated by Kaikeyī of wicked character, I did not deliberate this with the skilled elder counselors."

2.53.16 "Without consulting friends, ministers, or citizens — out of delusion, on account of a woman, I acted in haste in this matter."

2.53.17 "This great calamity has surely come by the force of fate, or by chance, for the destruction of this dynasty, O charioteer."

2.53.18 "O charioteer, if any merit has been accumulated by me as well, bring me swiftly to Rāma — my very life-breaths are urging me."

2.53.19 "Whatever command of mine can recall Rāghava — let it be used. Without Rāma I cannot live even for a moment."

2.53.20 "Or if that mighty-armed one has gone too far away, then mount me on the chariot and take me swiftly to show me to Rāma."

2.53.21 "Where is he — that great bowman with well-formed teeth, the elder brother of Lakṣmaṇa? If I should live, let me see him together with Sītā."

2.53.22 "If I do not see Rāma — the red-eyed, mighty-armed one adorned with jewelled earrings — I shall journey to the realm of Yama."

2.53.23 "What can be more painful than this — that I, having fallen into this plight, do not see here the joy of the Ikṣvākus, Rāghava?"

2.53.24 "Alas, Rāma! Alas, younger brother of Rāma! Alas, O suffering Vaidehī! You do not know that I am dying of grief like one without a protector. O queen, this ocean of sorrow is impossible to cross alive."

2.53.25 "Inauspicious is my fate — I who seek Rāghava here today yet cannot find him together with Lakṣmaṇa!" — lamenting thus, that king of great renown fell suddenly on his bed, overcome by unconsciousness.

2.53.26 As the king lamented and fell senseless, and hearing his words — more pitiable still, and redoubled with grief for Rāma — Rāma's mother, the queen, was seized once again by fear.

2.54.1 Then Kausalyā, trembling again and again as though possessed by a spirit, like one whose life had ebbed away to the ground, spoke to the charioteer.

2.54.2 "Take me to where Kākutstha is, where Sītā is, where Lakṣmaṇa is. Without them I have no courage to live here even for a moment."

2.54.3 "Turn the chariot around quickly and take me too to the Daṇḍaka forest. If I do not follow them, I shall go to the abode of Yama."

2.54.4 Struck by a flood of tears and his voice faltering, the charioteer, with hands folded in salutation, spoke these words to console the queen.

2.54.5 "Abandon grief, delusion, and the distress born of anguish. Shaking off affliction, Rāghava shall dwell well in the forest."

2.54.6 "And Lakṣmaṇa too, who knows righteousness and has conquered his senses, serves Rāma's feet in the forest and thereby wins merit for the world beyond."

2.54.7 "Even in the lonely forest, Sītā, having found her dwelling, is at ease as in a house — fearless, with her mind surrendered to Rāma."

2.54.8 "I perceive not the slightest sign of dejection in her, even the most subtle. Vaidehī appears to me as one accustomed to travel abroad."

2.54.9 "Just as she used to delight in going to the city's pleasure groves of old, so too does Sītā delight even in the solitary forests."

2.54.10 "Like a child she takes delight, this Sītā of moon-like face — truly, even dwelling in a solitary forest, her spirit is undaunted when she is with Rāma."

2.54.11 "For her heart is fixed on him alone and her life depends on him alone — even Ayodhyā would be as the forest to her if it were empty of Rāma."

2.54.12 "Along the road, Vaidehī asks about the villages and towns, and upon seeing the courses of rivers and the various trees, she questions about them too."

2.54.13 "Neither the road, nor the wind's force, nor commotion, nor the heat of the sun dims the radiance of Vaidehī — a radiance resembling the rays of the moon."

2.54.14 "The face of that Vaidehī, speaking so sweetly, resembling the lotus in form and the full moon in its light, does not waver or lose its lustre."

2.54.15 "Her two feet, even now as before, are as brilliant as lotus buds — red-hued as the dye of lac-resin even without application of lac."

2.54.16 "Even now, that spirited Vaidehī walks with a playful gait as if to the sound of her anklets, still radiant with that natural glow though her ornaments have been set aside."

2.54.17 "Sheltered in the forest, even upon seeing an elephant, or a lion, or a tiger, she takes no fright — for she takes refuge in the arms of Rāma."

2.54.18 "They are not to be mourned, nor are you to mourn for yourself, nor even for the lord of the people — for this conduct will be established in the world as eternally glorious."

2.54.19 "Shaking off sorrow, with joyful hearts, well-settled on the path trodden by the great sages, delighting in the forest, subsisting on forest fruits — they are upholding your father's noble promise."

2.54.20 Yet even so, though restrained by the charioteer speaking such well-reasoned words, the queen, worn thin by grief for her son, did not cease her cries of "My dear!" and "My son!" and "O Rāghava!"

2.55.1 When Rāma, the foremost of the righteous and the finest of those who bring delight, had gone to the forest, Kausalyā, weeping and overcome with grief, spoke thus to her husband.

2.55.2 'Even in worlds other than this, your glory is proclaimed — that Rāghava is compassionate, generous, and speaks kindly.

2.55.3 How, O best of noble men, will those two sons, raised in comfort, bear hardship in the forest together with Sītā, now wretched?

2.55.4 She, the Maithilī, is young, dark-complexioned, delicate, and accustomed only to comfort — how will she endure heat and cold?

2.55.5 Having eaten fine food accompanied by savory condiments, how will wide-eyed Sītā subsist on forest fare — uncooked roots and fruits?

2.55.6 She who has heard only the auspicious sounds of song and music — how will that blameless one bear hearing the dreadful roars of flesh-eating lions?

2.55.7 Where now does he sleep — he of great arms, resembling Mahendra's banner, resting his arm that is like an iron bar, he of mighty strength?

2.55.8 When shall I again behold Rāma's face — lotus-hued, with beautiful hair at its end, fragrant as a lotus-breath, the finest of faces, with lotus eyes?

2.55.9 My heart is surely made of the essence of adamant — there is no doubt — since, not seeing him, it does not shatter into a thousand pieces.

2.55.10 If after fifteen years Rāghava returns, will he renounce the kingdom and the treasury that Bharata has been enjoying?

2.55.11 O lord of the people, a kingdom once enjoyed by a younger brother — why would an elder brother, who is the most worthy, not disdain it?

2.55.12 A tiger does not wish to eat prey that has been seized by another; in the same way, this tiger among men will not accept what has already been licked by another.

2.55.13 Oblations, clarified butter, sacrificial cakes, kuśa grass, and posts of khadira wood — once used, these are not employed again in a sacrifice.

2.55.14 Likewise, this kingdom — once appropriated — Rāma will not consecrate, just as one does not reconsecrate liquor stripped of its essence, or a sacrifice from which the Soma is lost.

2.55.15 Rāghava will not tolerate such an insult, just as a powerful tiger will not endure the touch of a child's hand.

2.55.16 He of such lion-like strength, bull-eyed, that bull among men — he has been slain by his own father, as a lotus-born son might be slain by a river.

2.55.17 The eternal duty taught by scripture and practiced by the twice-born — if you are devoted to dharma, was it thus when you banished your son?

2.55.18 The husband is the foremost refuge of a woman; the son is her second; kinsmen are the third — O king, there is no fourth in this world.

2.55.19 Of these, you are lost to me, and Rāma has taken to the forest. I have no wish to go to the forest either — for you have utterly destroyed me in every way.

2.55.20 By you this kingdom with its realm has been ruined, so too your very self along with your ministers; I am destroyed with my son, and the citizens are destroyed — while your son and wife rejoice.'

2.55.21 Hearing these words filled with such harsh sounds, the king fainted in his grief. Then that lord of the earth plunged deeper into sorrow, and once again he recalled his own past sin.

2.56.1 Thus made to hear harsh words by Rāma's mother, who was both angry and grief-stricken, the king fell into sorrowful reflection.

2.56.2 As he reflected, there rose before him the evil deed he had committed long ago in ignorance — when he had shot by sound alone.

2.56.3 His mind undone by that grief and by grief for Rāma, burning with both sorrows, that master, the lord of the earth, spoke to Kausalyā.

2.56.4 'I beg your grace, Kausalyā — I fold my hands before you. You are always gentle and without cruelty, even toward strangers.

2.56.5 Surely the husband — whether possessed of virtues or devoid of them — is, for women who reflect on dharma, the very visible deity, O queen.

2.56.6 You who are ever devoted to dharma, who have seen the ways of this world and the next — even in your great grief you ought not speak harshly to one who is himself deeply afflicted.'

2.56.7 Hearing those piteous, compassionate words of the wretched king, Kausalyā shed tears like a watercourse releasing fresh water.

2.56.8 Weeping, she joined her palms like a lotus and held them to her head before the king; then, frightened and agitated, she spoke words in quick succession.

2.56.9 'Be gracious — I beg you with my head bowed to the ground. I am wretched in my asking, O lord; I am not one who should be destroyed by you.

2.56.10 She is not truly a woman worthy of praise by a wise man in either world, O hero, who must be won over by her husband with supplication.

2.56.11 I know dharma, and O knower of dharma, I know you to be a speaker of truth. Whatever I said was said by me while overcome with grief for my son.'

2.56.12 Grief destroys courage; grief destroys learning; grief destroys everything. There is no enemy equal to grief.

2.56.13 A blow falling from an enemy's hand can be endured; but grief, even the most subtle, when it falls cannot be borne.

2.56.14 Today marks five nights of Rāma's forest exile — yet for me, whose joy is shattered by grief, it seems the equal of five years.

2.56.15 As I think of him, this grief swells in my heart with the force with which the vast waters of the ocean rise unchecked.

2.56.16 While Kausalyā was thus speaking these worthy words, the sun's rays grew dim and night drew near.

2.56.17 Then the king, somewhat comforted by the words of Queen Kausalyā yet overcome by sorrow, fell under the sway of sleep.

2.57.1 Awakening repeatedly, his mind shattered by grief, King Daśaratha then fell into sorrowful thought.

2.57.2 By reason of the banishment of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, a calamity seized that man equal to Vāsava, as darkness seizes the sun at the time of a demon's eclipse.

2.57.3 That king Daśaratha, on the sixth night after Rāma had gone forth to the forest, at midnight, recalling the evil deed he had done, spoke these words to Kausalyā, who was afflicted by grief for her son.

2.57.4 'O auspicious one, whatever a person does — whether good or evil — that very fruit born of the act he himself receives, O blessed one.

2.57.5 One who, at the commencement of actions, does not know the weight or lightness of purposes, nor the fruit, nor the fault — such a one is called a child.

2.57.6 Someone cuts down a mango grove and instead waters palāśa trees; greedy at the sight of blossoms, he repents when the fruit-time comes.

2.57.7 That am I — I cut down the mango grove and watered the palāśa trees; having abandoned Rāma when the fruit-time came, I now repent in my foolishness.

2.57.8 O Kausalyā, when I was a young man just gaining fame as an archer, this sin was committed by me — with a bow I shot at a sound I could not see; and now, O queen, this self-made sorrow has come upon me.

2.57.9 As a child in confusion might swallow poison, so too by me unknowingly the fruit of shooting by sound alone has been consumed.

2.57.10 O queen, you were as yet unwed; I had just become crown prince; then the rains arrived, that season which swells passion and desire.

2.57.11 Having drawn up the earthly waters and scorched the world with his rays, the sun now entered the dreadful quarter where the dead journey.

2.57.12 The heat immediately subsided; moist clouds appeared; and thereupon all frogs, spotted deer, and peacocks rejoiced.

2.57.13 Covered repeatedly by water falling and still falling, the spotted deer blazed with intoxication like a mountain covered with a mass of water.

2.57.14 In that most pleasant season, armed with bow and arrows, mounted in my chariot, resolved on exercise, I followed the Sarayū river.

2.57.15 Wishing to slay a buffalo, an elephant, or some other wild beast that might come to the watering-place at night, with my senses still untamed.

2.57.16 Then in the darkness I heard the sound of a pot being filled in the water, like the trumpeting of an elephant beyond the range of sight.

2.57.17 Then I drew a blazing arrow, like a venomous serpent, and released that sharp shaft.

2.57.18 Then a clear voice arose from the forest-dweller — 'Alas!' as he fell into the water; it was a human voice there: 'How could a weapon fall upon a suffering ascetic such as I?'

2.57.19 'I came alone at night to this solitary river to draw water. By whose arrow am I struck? Whose enemy am I? What have I done?'

2.57.20 'How can the killing by a weapon be ordained for one such as I — an ascetic who has laid aside the staff, who lives in the forest on forest fare?'

2.57.21 'One who bears the weight of matted locks, clad in bark and deer-skin — who could wish to slay me? What wrong have I done to anyone?'

2.57.22 'Such a deed, undertaken in vain, bringing only harm — no one would approve it, even as no one approves one who violates his teacher's bed.'

2.57.23 'I do not grieve so much for my own loss of life; it is for both my mother and father that I grieve — for those like me.'

2.57.24 'That aged pair, long sustained by me — when I have gone to the five elements, how will they live?'

2.57.25 'Both aged parents, and I slain by a single arrow — we are all destroyed by some utter child, one of unformed self.'

2.57.26 Hearing those piteous words of that lover of dharma, my bow with its arrow fell from my stricken hands to the ground.

2.57.27 Coming to that spot, wretched in spirit and deeply sorrowful, I saw the ascetic lying wounded by my arrow on the bank of the Sarayū.

2.57.28 He looked up at me with both eyes — I was terrified, my mind in disorder — and spoke harsh words, as though burning me with his energy.

2.57.29 'What wrong have I done you, O king? I who dwell in the forest, who came here seeking water for my teacher's sake — why have you struck me?'

2.57.30 'By a single arrow that has struck my vital spot, two blind old ones are slain — my mother and my father.'

2.57.31 'Those two, surely weak and blind, waiting for me, thirsting — they will long endure that terrible, hope-begotten thirst.'

2.57.32 'Surely there is no fruit of asceticism or of sacred learning, since my father does not know that I lie fallen on the ground.'

2.57.33 'And even if he knew, what could he do — he who is without power, unable to move, like one tree unable to save another that is being felled?'

2.57.34 'Go quickly yourself to my father and tell him, O Rāghava; in his anger he will not burn you up like a blazing fire consuming a forest.'

2.57.35 'This single path, O king, leads to where my father's hermitage is. Go there and propitiate him; even though angry, he will not curse you.'

2.57.36 'Remove the arrow from me, O king; the sharp shaft blocks my vital spot, causing swelling and pain, like a flood-current stopping up a soft riverbank.'

2.57.37 'I am not a twice-born, O king — let there be no anguish in your mind. I was born of a Vaiśya father upon a Śūdra woman, O lord of the land.'

2.57.38 As he was speaking thus with difficulty — his vital spot struck by the arrow, his body bending — I drew out that arrow.

2.57.39 His body wet with water, lamenting with difficulty, his vital wound unceasing, still breathing — then, O blessed one, seeing him lying on the bank of the Sarayū, I was overcome with the deepest anguish.

2.58.1 Having committed that great sin through ignorance, with senses distraught, I pondered alone in my mind: how could any good come of this?

2.58.2 Then, taking up that pot filled with the finest water, I reached the hermitage by the path that had been described to me.

2.58.3 There I saw his parents — blind, frail, aged, bereft of a guide, like two birds with clipped wings.

2.58.4 Seated, unable to move about, conversing on matters concerning him, they were deprived of that hope I should have brought, sitting helpless like the unprotected.

2.58.5 Upon hearing the sound of my footsteps, the sage spoke these words: "Why do you delay, my son? Bring the water quickly."

2.58.6 "On account of what, dear child, were you sporting in the water so long? Your mother here has been anxious — enter the hermitage quickly."

2.58.7 "Whatever offence your mother or I may have given you, dear son, an ascetic such as you ought not to take it to heart."

2.58.8 "You are the refuge of the refugeless, the eyes of those without sight — our very lives cling to you. Why do you not speak even a word to us?"

2.58.9 Frightened, like one truly stricken with fear, I looked upon that sage and spoke to him in a voice that faltered, unclear, and almost without sound.

2.58.10 Steadying the strength of speech with effort of mind and body, I disclosed to him the dread calamity born of the destruction of his son.

2.58.11 "I am Daśaratha the kṣatriya — I am not the son of the great soul. This grief, scorned by good men, has come upon me through my own deed."

2.58.12 "Reverend one, I came to the bank of the Sarayū, bow in hand, seeking to kill some beast of prey or an elephant that had come to the watering-place."

2.58.13 "There I heard a sound of a pot being filled with water; taking it for an elephant, I struck with an arrow."

2.58.14 "Going then to the river's bank, I saw an ascetic lying on the ground, his heart pierced by the arrow, life departed."

2.58.15 "Venerable one, having detected that sound while I was seeking to slay an elephant, I released an iron-tipped arrow into the water — by that your son has been slain."

2.58.16 "He, with the arrow drawn out, attained heaven right there, lamenting and weeping over you both, the blind ones."

2.58.17 "Your son was struck by me suddenly, through ignorance. Whatever must follow given what has occurred — may the sage be gracious to me."

2.58.18 Upon hearing those cruel words, heavily sighing, emaciated by grief, that great and radiant sage spoke to me as I stood before him with folded hands.

2.58.19 "Had you not yourself confessed this inauspicious deed to me, O king, your head would have instantly shattered into a hundred thousand fragments."

2.58.20 "A killing committed by a kṣatriya knowingly and deliberately, especially of a forest-dweller, would unseat even the wielder of the thunderbolt from his station."

2.58.21 "Because this was done through ignorance, you live by that very reason alone. Otherwise the entire Rāghava lineage might perish this very day — how much more you yourself."

2.58.22 "Lead us to that place, O king" — thus he also addressed me: "We wish today to see our son for a last sight."

2.58.23 His limbs smeared with blood, his bark garment scattered, lying on the ground without consciousness, passed into the power of the king of righteousness.

2.58.24 Then I alone, leading those two who were deeply stricken with grief to that place, caused that sage — together with his wife — to touch their son.

2.58.25 Having touched and approached their son, those two ascetics fell upon his body, and his father spoke these words over him:

2.58.26 "Am I then not dear to you, my son? Look upon your mother, O righteous one. Why do you not embrace me, dear tender child? Speak a word."

2.58.27 "From whom in the latter part of the night shall I hear the sweet, heart-stirring sound of recitation of scripture, or any other discourse especially dear to me?"

2.58.28 "Who, having worshipped at twilight, bathed, and offered into the sacred fire, will praise and sit attending upon me, tormented as I am by grief and fear for a son?"

2.58.29 "Who will bring tubers, roots, and fruit and feed me as a beloved guest — helpless, unprotected, without a guide?"

2.58.30 "How, my son, shall I maintain this wretched mother of yours — blind, aged, an ascetic woman, pitifully longing for a son?"

2.58.31 "Stay, do not go, my son, toward the abode of Yama. Tomorrow you shall go together with me, accompanied by your mother as well."

2.58.32 "Both of us too, stricken with grief, helpless and wretched in the forest, bereft of you, shall very quickly go to the realm of Yama."

2.58.33 "Then, upon seeing Vaivasvata, I shall speak this plea: 'May the king of righteousness pardon me; let him sustain these parents of mine.'"

2.58.34 "Just as you, my son, though slain by the deed of a sinner, are yourself without sin — by that truth, go swiftly to the worlds of those who fight with weapons."

2.58.35 "The supreme goal attained by heroes who do not retreat in battles, slain while facing the enemy — to that supreme goal, my son, do you proceed."

2.58.36 "The goal attained by Sagara, Śaibya, Dilīpa, Janamejaya, Nahuṣa, and Dhundhumāra — to that goal go, dear child."

2.58.37 "The goal of all virtuous ones, and the goal of one who has fallen from his own Vedic study, of a giver of land, of one who has kindled sacred fires, of one who has kept the vow of a single wife —"

2.58.38 "— the goal of givers of a thousand cows, the goal of those who have served their teachers, and the goal of those who have surrendered their bodies — to that goal go, dear child. For no one born in this lineage goes to an ill-fated destination."

2.58.39 Thus he lamented miserably there over and over again; then he proceeded, together with his wife, to perform the water-offering for him.

2.58.40 But the sage's son, by virtue of his own deeds, having taken on a divine form, consoled his parents for a moment and then spoke these words:

2.58.41 "Through service to you both I have attained a great station. You two shall also swiftly come to me at my abode."

2.58.42 Having spoken thus, the sage's son — his senses mastered — quickly ascended to heaven in a radiant divine chariot.

2.58.43 That ascetic of great radiance, having quickly performed the water-offering together with his wife, spoke to me as I stood before him with folded hands.

2.58.44 "Slay me today, O king — I feel no anguish at death. For by your arrow you have made me, who had but one son, sonless."

2.58.45 "But because my pure son was slain by you through ignorance, by that I shall curse you with an exceedingly terrible and dreadful sorrow."

2.58.46 "Just as this grief born of the loss of a son is now mine, so too, O king, shall you meet your end through grief for a son."

2.58.47 Therefore, O auspicious one, that is the noble utterance which has come upon me — that today I am abandoning my life through grief for a son.

2.58.48 "If Rāma were to touch me even once today, or embrace me even once, it would not equal what I have done to the Rāghava, O queen."

2.58.49 "I cannot see you with my eyes; my memory is failing. These messengers of Vaivasvata, O Kausalyā, are pressing me to hasten."

2.58.50 "What grief could be greater than this — that at the extinguishing of my life I cannot see Rāma, the knower of righteousness, the refuge of truth?"

2.58.51 "Those who will behold Rāma's face adorned with beautiful auspicious earrings again in the fifteenth year — they are not mere mortals but gods."

2.58.52 "Blessed are they who will behold Rāma's face — lotus-petal-eyed, fair-browed, with beautiful teeth and lovely nose — resembling the lord of stars."

2.58.53 "Blessed are they who shall see the face of my lord — like the autumn moon, like a bloomed lotus, fragrant."

2.58.54 "Happy are they who shall see Rāma returned from forest-dwelling, come back to Ayodhyā — like the planet Śukra traversing its path."

2.58.55 "This grief born of my own self assails me — helpless, unconscious — with force, as a river's current assails its bank."

2.58.56 "Ah, Rāghava of mighty arms! Ah, destroyer of my afflictions!" — grieving thus, King Daśaratha reached the end of his life.

2.58.57 Thus narrating in misery, the lord of men — anguished by the banishment of his beloved son, tormented by overwhelming grief — when midnight had passed, that noble-visaged king gave up his life.

2.59.1 Then, when the night had passed and the next day's morning came, the bards presented themselves around the royal dwelling.

2.59.2 Then those skilled in courtly attendance, pure in conduct — a group consisting mostly of women of the finest quality — presented themselves as was customary.

2.59.3 Those versed in the lore of bathing brought water mixed with yellow sandal in golden pots at the proper time and in the proper manner.

2.59.4 Other women — many of them young maidens — also brought the auspicious implements to be touched and the articles to be tasted.

2.59.5 Then those women who attended most closely upon the bedchamber of the lord of Kośala came together and tried to awaken their husband.

2.59.6 Seized with trembling and anxious for the life of the king, they trembled like the tips of grass in a current against the stream.

2.59.7 Then, seeing the trembling women and the king, that which had been dreaded as evil became a certainty.

2.59.8 Then those noble women cried out aloud in distress, like female elephants in the forest whose herd-leader has strayed from his place.

2.59.9 Kausalyā and Sumitrā, their consciousness suddenly roused by the sound of their wailing, abandoned sleep.

2.59.10 Kausalyā and Sumitrā, seeing and touching the king, cried out "Ah, my lord!" and fell upon the ground.

2.59.11 She, the daughter of the lord of Kośala, writhing upon the earth, covered with dust, shone not — like a star fallen from the sky.

2.59.12 That scene — with people in panic and confusion, thronged with anxious crowds, tumultuous lamentation on all sides, and kinsmen stricken with anguish —

2.59.13 — with joy instantly extinguished, with a sight of misery and distress, became the royal dwelling of the king who had gone to his fated end.

2.59.14 Knowing that the most illustrious bull among kings had departed, his wives surrounded him and — weeping bitterly, overcome with deep sorrow, raising their arms — lamented pitifully, like the unprotected.

2.60.1 Beholding the king who had gone to heaven — like a fire extinguished, like an ocean drained of water, like the sun robbed of its radiance —

2.60.2 — Kausalyā, her eyes full of tears, emaciated by grief in many ways, clasping the head of the king, addressed Kaikeyī:

2.60.3 "Your wish is fulfilled, Kaikeyī — enjoy the kingdom free of thorns. Having abandoned the king, O cruel woman, O woman of wicked conduct, be single-minded now."

2.60.4 "Rāma has gone, abandoning me; my husband has gone to heaven. Like a traveller stranded on a wrong road without companions, I have no wish to live."

2.60.5 "Abandoning that husband as her deity — what woman would wish to live otherwise? Only Kaikeyī, she who has abandoned righteousness."

2.60.6 "The greedy one perceives no fault — as if consuming something cooked; for the sake of a hunchback, Kaikeyī has destroyed the lineage of the Rāghavas."

2.60.7 "Rāma together with his wife was exiled by the king who was engaged in what was not his proper duty. Janaka, upon hearing this, will grieve as deeply as I do."

2.60.8 "Rāma of lotus-petal eyes has gone from here to the destruction of his comfortable life. And Sītā — that afflicted daughter of Videha's king, unaccustomed to sorrow — will tremble with anguish in the forest."

2.60.9 "Hearing in the nights the fearsome roars of beasts and birds, surely terrified, she will cling to Rāghava."

2.60.10 "Old and with few children, not thinking of Vaidehī, he too — seized by grief — will surely abandon his life."

2.60.11 Then, embracing that afflicted woman as she lamented, the attendants led away Kausalyā who was overwhelmed with deep grief.

2.60.12 Then the ministers, having laid the lord of the earth in a vat of oil, were instructed and immediately performed all the rites for the king.

2.60.13 However, the all-knowing ministers did not dare to perform the king's cremation without his son; therefore they preserved the king's body.

2.60.14 Knowing that that lord of men had been laid by the ministers in the vat of oil — "Ah, he is dead!" — those women lamented.

2.60.15 Raising their arms in misery, with faces streaming from their eyes, weeping, scorched by grief, they lamented pitifully.

2.60.16 Like a night bereft of stars, like a woman bereft of her husband, the city of Ayodhyā did not shine, deprived of the great-souled king.

2.60.17 With people overwhelmed with tears, with the women of noble families crying "Alas! Alas!", with empty crossroads and house-interiors, it shone not as before.

2.60.18 Like a sky that has lost its radiance without the sun, like a night from which the company of stars has departed, the city bereft of the great-souled king had no splendour — nor did its roads and crossroads throng with voices choked with tears.

2.60.19 Men and women, coming together in groups and reviling the mother of Bharata, were stricken with anguish at the destruction of their king, and found no comfort in that city.

2.61.1 When that night had passed and the sun had risen, the royal ministers and the twice-born assembled together and proceeded to the council hall.

2.61.2 Mārkaṇḍeya, Maudgalya, Vāmadeva, Kāśyapa, Kātyāyana, Gautama, and the greatly renowned Jābāli —

2.61.3 these twice-born ones, together with the ministers, each raised their voice and turned to Vasiṣṭha, the foremost royal preceptor.

2.61.4 "That night has passed in grief — a night that seemed to us like a hundred years — now that this king has passed away into the five elements amid sorrow for his son."

2.61.5 "The great king has gone to heaven; Rāma has taken refuge in the forest; and the radiant Lakṣmaṇa has gone along with Rāma himself."

2.61.6 "Both Bharata and Śatrughna, scorchers of foes, are in the Kekaya country, in the delightful city of Rājagṛha, in the residence of their maternal grandfather."

2.61.7 "Let a king of the Ikṣvāku line be appointed here today. For a kingless realm of ours must not come to ruin."

2.61.8 In a kingless realm, the cloud-bearer garlanded with lightning and resounding with thunder does not shower the earth with divine waters.

2.61.9 In a kingless realm, no one sows a handful of seed; in a kingless realm, neither son nor wife remains under the father's authority.

2.61.10 Where there is no king, there is no wealth; where there is no king, there is no wife either. This and other extreme calamities arise — whence can truth exist where there is no king?

2.61.11 In a kingless realm, men do not build assembly halls, nor pleasant gardens, nor auspicious houses with joy.

2.61.12 In a kingless realm, the sacrifice-devoted twice-born do not attend soma-sessions; self-controlled brāhmaṇas with sharpened vows do not assemble.

2.61.13 In a kingless realm, abundant actors and dancers do not flourish, nor do the festivals and fairs that cause the realm to prosper.

2.61.14 In a kingless realm, those accomplished in affairs are not delighted by tales told by storytellers dear to the art of narration.

2.61.15 In a kingless realm, men do not venture forth into the forests with swift conveyances, accompanied by women, in the spirit of pleasure.

2.61.16 In a kingless realm, the wealthy do not sleep well-protected with open doors, nor do those who live by agriculture and cattle-herding.

2.61.17 In a kingless realm, merchants who travel far do not journey safely along the roads laden with abundant goods.

2.61.18 In a kingless realm, the self-restrained sage who meditates upon himself through himself does not wander alone wherever he makes his evening abode.

2.61.19 In a kingless realm, welfare and security do not prevail; and in a kingless realm the army cannot withstand enemies in battle.

2.61.20 As rivers without water, as a forest without grass, as cows without a cowherd — so is a realm without a king.

2.61.21 In a kingless realm, nothing belongs to anyone; men devour one another constantly like fish.

2.61.22 Even those who have broken all bounds, atheists devoid of doubt — even they are brought to proper conduct when constrained by the king's rod of punishment.

2.61.23 Alas, this world would be like darkness — nothing whatsoever would be discerned — if there were no king to distinguish the virtuous from the unvirtuous.

2.61.24 "Even when the great king was alive, we all did not transgress your word, just as the ocean does not transgress its shore."

2.61.25 "Considering thus the conduct befitting the best of twice-born — the realm without a king become like a wilderness — do thou thyself consecrate here as king the generous prince, the son of the Ikṣvāku line."

2.62.1 Having heard their words, Vasiṣṭha replied to all of them — the assembled allies, ministers, and those brāhmaṇas — with these words:

2.62.2 "Since Bharata, accompanied by his brother Śatrughna, dwells happily in the city of Rājagṛha, the home of his maternal kinsmen —"

2.62.3 "— let swift messengers depart at once with fleet horses to bring back those two heroic brothers. Why should we hesitate?"

2.62.4 Then all of them said to Vasiṣṭha, "Let them go." Having heard their words, Vasiṣṭha spoke again:

2.62.5 "Come, Siddhārtha, Vijaya, Jayanta, Aśoka, Nandana — hear what is to be done. I speak to all of you."

2.62.6 "Go quickly to the city of Rājagṛha with swift-galloping horses; by my command, let Bharata be told this, setting aside all grief:"

2.62.7 "'The preceptor greets you well, as do all the ministers; depart in haste — there is an urgent matter requiring your action.'"

2.62.8 "But do not tell him that Rāma has gone away, nor that his father has died; you must not announce to him this destruction of the Rāghava line."

2.62.9 "Take quickly silk garments and choice ornaments for the king and for Bharata, and depart." Permitted by Vasiṣṭha, the messengers went forth in great haste.

2.62.10 They crossed the Gaṅgā at the city of Hastina and turned westward, reaching the Pāñcāla country and passing through the middle of the Kurujāṅgala.

2.62.11 With speed they passed the Śaradaṇḍā — a divine river of clear waters, frequented by many birds, and thronging with people.

2.62.12 Reaching the Nikūla tree — that divine place of sacred vows — they approached and saluted it, then entered the city of Kuliṅgā.

2.62.13 Then reaching the proper time, worn down by the exertion, they passed through the Bāhlika country and the mountain Sudāmā, gazing upon Viṣṇu's footprint, and also the Vipāśā river and the Śālmalī tree.

2.62.14 Those messengers, with their mounts weary, traveling along a long and good road, swiftly and straightway reached Girivraja, that excellent city.

2.62.15 For the sake of pleasing their lord, for the protection of the lineage, and for the sustaining of their master's dynasty — without any hesitation, those messengers hastened and arrived at that very city in the night.

2.63.1 On the very same night that those messengers entered the city, Bharata too saw this ill-omened dream.

2.63.2 When that night was over and he had seen that inauspicious dream, the son of the king of kings was deeply tormented.

2.63.3 Perceiving him to be distressed, his friends, who spoke pleasant words, began telling tales in the assembly-hall, intending thereby to drive away his suffering.

2.63.4 Some played musical instruments to soothe him; others danced; yet others performed plays and various comic entertainments.

2.63.5 Yet that great-souled Bharata, that Rāghava, did not rejoice with those friends who spoke kindly to him and who made merry with tales and laughter.

2.63.6 His dear friend, attended by companions and surrounded by well-wishers, said to Bharata: "Why, friend, do you not take delight?"

2.63.7 To his friend speaking thus, Bharata replied: "Hear what is the cause of this despondency that has come upon me."

2.63.8 "In a dream I saw my father, begrimed and with hair unbound, falling from a mountain peak into a turbid lake of cow-dung."

2.63.9 "And I saw him wallowing in that lake of cow-dung, drinking oil with cupped hands, laughing as it were again and again."

2.63.10 "Then, having eaten sesame-rice, again and again with his head downward, his whole body anointed with oil, he plunged into the oil itself."

2.63.11 "In the dream I also saw the ocean dried up, the moon fallen suddenly to the earth, and the sacrificial fire extinguished all at once."

2.63.12 "I see the earth rent asunder, various trees withered and shattered, and the mountains smoking."

2.63.13 "I saw the king seated on an iron throne, dressed in black garments, while dark-tawny women laughed and mocked at him."

2.63.14 "And that righteous-souled one, adorned with red garlands and red unguents, was hastening away on a chariot yoked with donkeys, heading southward."

2.63.15 "Thus have I seen this terror-inducing vision this night. Either Rāma, or the king, or Lakṣmaṇa will die."

2.63.16 "For the man who in a dream travels in a conveyance yoked with donkeys — before long the smoke of his funeral pyre is seen rising. It is for this reason that I am wretched; therefore I cannot respond to your cheer."

2.63.17 "My throat seems to dry up; my mind is as though unsettled; I seem to shudder within myself — yet I see no cause for it."

2.63.18 "Having witnessed this course of evil dreams — so manifold, so unforeseen — that great fear does not leave my heart, as I reflect upon the king whose sight is beyond imagining."

2.64.1 While Bharata was recounting his dream, those messengers with their weary horses entered the fair city of Rājagṛha, whose moat none could easily cross.

2.64.2 Having been received and honoured by both the king and the prince, they clasped the king's feet and then addressed these words to Bharata.

2.64.3 "The royal priest sends you his well-wishes, as do all the ministers. Depart with all speed — there is urgent business requiring your attention."

2.64.4 "Here your maternal uncle the king offers twenty crores of gold, and ten crores fully complete besides, O son of a king."

2.64.5 Bharata, ever affectionate toward his friends, accepted all those gifts, honoured the messengers with further presents, and then spoke to them.

2.64.6 "Is my father King Daśaratha in good health? And is all well with great-souled Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa?"

2.64.7 "Is Kausalyā, the noble one devoted to righteousness, who knows and perceives dharma, mother of wise Rāma — is she free of illness?"

2.64.8 "Is Sumitrā, the dharma-knowing mother of Lakṣmaṇa and valiant Śatrughna — is that middle queen also free from illness?"

2.64.9 "And Kaikeyī — selfish, ever fierce, quick to anger, who thinks herself wise — is she too without illness? What has my mother been saying?"

2.64.10 When thus questioned by great-souled Bharata, the messengers gave this modest reply to him then: "Those whose welfare you seek are well, O tiger among men."

2.64.11 Bharata, having heard their reply, in turn addressed the messengers: "I shall take leave of the great king; the messengers are urging me to make haste."

2.64.12 Having said this to the messengers, and being urged onward by them, Bharata the son of a king spoke these words to his maternal grandfather.

2.64.13 "O king, I shall go to my father, summoned as I am by the messengers. I will come again whenever you think of me."

2.64.14 So addressed by Bharata, the king who was his maternal grandfather then smelled the Rāghava's head and spoke these auspicious words to him.

2.64.15 "Go, my dear child, I permit you. Kaikeyī is blessed with such a son as you. Give my kind regards to your mother and father, O scorcher of foes."

2.64.16 "And give my regards to the royal priest and to the other finest among the twice-born, and to those two great archers, your brothers Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa."

2.64.17 Honouring him fittingly, Kaikeya gave to Bharata fine elephant-loads of gifts — richly coloured woollen blankets and antelope skins.

2.64.18 Kekaya, honouring the son of Kaikeyī, bestowed wealth upon him: two thousand gold niṣkas and sixteen hundred horses.

2.64.19 Aśvapati likewise promptly gave Bharata trustworthy, virtuous ministers of the kind he desired as companions for the journey.

2.64.20 His maternal uncle gave him wealth in the form of fair-looking elephants of the Airāvata and Aindraśiras breeds, and swift, well-harnessed mules.

2.64.21 He also presented as a gift hounds from the inner palace — great-bodied, armed with fangs, possessing the strength and ferocity of tigers.

2.64.22 Taking leave of his maternal grandfather and his maternal uncle Yudhājit, Bharata mounted his chariot and departed, accompanied by Śatrughna.

2.64.23 Having yoked more than a hundred chariots with circular wheels, the servants followed Bharata as he travelled, with camels, cattle, horses and mules.

2.64.24 Great-souled Bharata, guarded by his army and accompanied by ministers as dear to him as kinsmen, took Śatrughna and departed from that house, like a perfected sage departing from the world of Indra.

2.65.1 That valiant delight of the Ikṣvāku line, facing eastward, set forth from Rājagṛha and crossed the Śatadru, that wide-banked, wave-bearing river flowing against the current, and the Hrādinī as well.

2.65.2 Having crossed the river at Eladhāna and reached the Aparaparpaṭas, he crossed the rocky Śilā river and passed through Āgneya, the thorn-cutting region.

2.65.3 True to his pledges, pure, and splendid, he surveyed the stone-bearing river as he crossed the great mountains, making his way toward the Caitraratha forest.

2.65.4 Crossing the swift river named Kuliṅgā and the Hrādinī girt by mountains, he reached the Yamunā and, having forded it, rested his troops.

2.65.5 Having cooled his limbs, refreshed the weary horses, bathed and drunk there, he set off again, taking water along.

2.65.6 The auspicious prince, in his fine conveyance, crossed the great forest rarely traversed by others as swiftly as the wind crosses the sky.

2.65.7 Passing Toraṇa by its southern side, the son of Daśaratha reached Jambūprastha and then proceeded to the pleasant village of Varūtha.

2.65.8 Having rested there in that lovely forest, he set off again facing eastward, toward the garden of Ujjihānā where the priyaka trees grow.

2.65.9 Reaching the sāla and priyaka groves, Bharata mounted swift horses, gave orders to the army, and pressed forward in haste.

2.65.10 Having rested at Sarvatīrtha and crossed the river Uttānakā and various other rivers with mountain-bred horses,

2.65.11 reaching Hastipṛṣṭhaka and passing through Kuṭikā, that tiger among men crossed the Kapīvatī at Lauhitya, and then the Ekasāla, Sthāṇumatī, and the river Gomatī at Vinatā.

2.65.12 Then reaching the sāla forest near the city of Kaliṅga, Bharata arrived swiftly, though his horses were utterly exhausted.

2.65.13 Quickly crossing through the forest, at the crimson dawn following the dark of night, he caught sight of Ayodhyā, that city built by King Manu.

2.65.14 That tiger among men, having spent seven nights on the road, saw Ayodhyā ahead and spoke from his chariot to the charioteer.

2.65.15 "This famed Ayodhyā with its holy gardens, seen from afar, does not appear altogether familiar to me, O charioteer — its soil looks pale."

2.65.16 "Guarded by the best of royal sages, it was once filled to abundance with virtuous sacrificing Brāhmaṇas who had mastered the Vedas."

2.65.17 "In Ayodhyā there always used to be heard a great tumultuous sound from men and women on all sides — today I do not hear it."

2.65.18 "In the evenings the gardens used to shine on all sides with men who had finished their play and were hurrying about in every direction — but not so today."

2.65.19 "Those gardens today seem to be weeping, as if abandoned by those who love pleasure. The city appears to me, O charioteer, as though it has become a wilderness."

2.65.20 "Nor are the foremost men seen here coming and going as before, in their vehicles, on their elephants, or on their horses."

2.65.21 "I see various evil and sinister omens — unpleasant portents — and on account of these my heart is sinking."

2.65.22 He entered through the Vaijayanta gate, his horses worn out. The gatekeepers rose to greet him and, after being asked for the welfare of those at the gate, accompanied him onward.

2.65.23 With his heart troubled by many forebodings, the Rāghava received the gatekeeper's people with honour and then spoke to the weary charioteer of Aśvapati.

2.65.24 "The signs I have heard of that betoken the ruin of kings — all of those signs I now see here, O charioteer."

2.65.25 "I see people in the city — both women and men — filthy, eyes brimming with tears, wretched, sunk in thought, emaciated, and long-suffering."

2.65.26 Having spoken thus to the charioteer, Bharata with dejected heart, observing those ill omens in Ayodhyā, proceeded to the royal palace.

2.65.27 Beholding that city — whose crossroads, houses, and streets were empty, whose gate-panels and bolts were reddened with dust — a city that once rivalled Indra's own in splendour — he became filled to overflowing with grief.

2.65.28 Seeing the many things unpleasant to his mind that had never existed before in his city, that great-souled man entered his father's palace with downcast head, dejected in mind, and devoid of joy.

2.66.1 Not finding his father there in his father's dwelling, Bharata went to his mother's apartments to see his mother.

2.66.2 When Kaikeyī saw her son who had returned from abroad, she sprang up with joy, leaving behind her golden seat.

2.66.3 Upon entering his own house and seeing it bereft of prosperity, the righteous-souled Bharata grasped the auspicious feet of his mother.

2.66.4 Smelling his head in affectionate greeting, embracing that illustrious one, she seated Bharata on her lap and began to question him.

2.66.5 "How many nights has it been now since you left your grandfather's house? Surely you have road-fatigue from coming so swiftly by chariot?"

2.66.6 "Is your grandfather in good health? And Yudhājit, your maternal uncle? Please tell me all, my son — was the sojourn pleasant in every respect?"

2.66.7 When thus questioned by Kaikeyī, lotus-eyed Bharata, delight of kings, told his mother everything she desired to know.

2.66.8 "This is the seventh night since I left my grandfather's house. My grandfather is well, O mother, and so is my uncle Yudhājit."

2.66.9 "The wealth and jewels that the mighty king gave me became exhausted on the road, and so I came on ahead of the rest."

2.66.10 "I came hastened by the messengers bearing the king's words. What I now wish to ask, O mother, you must tell me."

2.66.11 "This gold-adorned couch of yours lies empty, and the people of the Ikṣvāku line do not appear joyful to me."

2.66.12 "The king is generally to be found here in your apartments, O mother. I do not see him today, though I have come here wishing to see him."

2.66.13 "I want to clasp my father's feet — tell me where he is, I ask you. Is he perhaps in the apartments of the eldest, Kausalyā?"

2.66.14 Kaikeyī answered him with words that were dreadful though spoken tenderly — she who should have known better yet was blinded by greed for the kingdom, addressing him as though he did not know: "The end that comes to all living beings — your father has gone to that end."

2.66.15 Hearing those words, Bharata — pure, of noble lineage, devoted to righteousness — suddenly fell to the ground, overwhelmed by the force of grief for his father.

2.66.16 Then, enveloped in grief, tormented by the pain of his father's death, that great and illustrious one lamented, his mind distraught and agitated.

2.66.17 "This was once the very beautiful couch of my father — today it does not shine, bereft as it is of that wise one."

2.66.18 Beholding him thus afflicted and fallen to the ground — he who was like a god — she raised up the grief-stricken one and spoke these words.

2.66.19 "Rise up, rise up — why do you lie prostrate, O prince of great renown? Men of your kind do not grieve — the righteous who are honoured in assemblies do not."

2.66.20 He, having wept for a long time and rolled on the ground, then spoke these words to his mother, wrapped in manifold griefs.

2.66.21 "'The king will consecrate Rāma; he will perform the sacrifice' — with this resolve and in gladness I set out on the journey."

2.66.22 "But all of this has turned out otherwise, and my mind is split with anguish, for I do not see my father, who was ever devoted to what was dear and beneficial."

2.66.23 "By what illness did the king pass away in my absence, O mother? Blessed are all of them — Rāma and the others — by whom the last rites of our father were themselves performed."

2.66.24 "Surely the illustrious great king does not know that I have arrived — for otherwise my father would have hastened to bend down and smell my head in greeting."

2.66.25 "Where is that gentle hand of my father of blameless deeds, with which he used to wipe the dust from me time and again?"

2.66.26 "He who is my brother, my father, and my kinsman — of that wise Rāma of blameless deeds whose servant I am — tell me of him quickly."

2.66.27 "For the eldest son who knows dharma becomes a father to the noble man. I will grasp his feet — he is my refuge now."

2.66.28 "What did the king, my father of true valour, say at the last, O noble lady? I wish to hear his final good message for me."

2.66.29 Thus asked truthfully, Kaikeyī spoke: "Lamenting 'Rāma!', 'Ah, Sītā!', 'Lakṣmaṇa!', that great-souled one, the foremost among those who have attained the highest goal, departed to the other world."

2.66.30 "This was the last utterance of your father — seized by the noose of Time and Death's law, like a great elephant caught in a snare."

2.66.31 "Those men will have achieved their purpose who will see Rāma return together with Sītā and long-armed Lakṣmaṇa come back again."

2.66.32 Hearing this second piece of dear news yet sinking still further, his face despondent, he questioned his mother again.

2.66.33 "Where has that righteous soul gone now — he who is the increaser of Kausalyā's joy — together with his brother Lakṣmaṇa and Sītā?"

2.66.34 Thus asked, his mother proceeded to tell the full truth, delivering an unwelcome word in the hope that it would be taken as welcome.

2.66.35 "For that prince, my son, clad in bark-garments, has gone to the great Daṇḍaka forest together with the daughter of Videha, followed by Lakṣmaṇa."

2.66.36 Hearing this, Bharata was alarmed and, out of anxiety regarding his brother's conduct and the greatness of his own lineage, proceeded to enquire further.

2.66.37 "Has Rāma taken the life of any Brāhmaṇa? Has he caused harm to any innocent person — rich or poor?"

2.66.38 "Or does the prince lust after another man's wife? Why has he been banished to the Daṇḍaka forest like one who has slain an embryo?"

2.66.39 Then his fickle mother, in keeping with her own nature as a woman, began to speak of her own deed exactly as it had occurred.

2.66.40 "Rāma has taken no property of any Brāhmaṇa; he has harmed no innocent person, rich or poor; nor does Rāma even glance with his eyes at another man's wife."

2.66.41 "But I, my son, as soon as I heard of Rāma's consecration, asked your father for the kingdom and for Rāma's banishment."

2.66.42 "Your father, abiding by his own nature, did exactly that; and Rāma was sent away along with Saumitri and Sītā."

2.66.43 "That ruler of the earth of great renown, not beholding his beloved son, consumed by grief over his son, attained the five elements — that is, he died."

2.66.44 "Now, O knower of dharma, the kingship must be taken up by you — for it was for your sake that I did all of this."

2.66.45 "Therefore, my son, quickly, in accordance with rite, together with Vasiṣṭha at the head of the brahmins who know the ritual — summon the king and have yourself, a man of undaunted spirit, consecrated on this earth."

2.67.1 Having heard of his father's death and his two brothers exiled, Bharata, scorched with grief, spoke these words:

2.67.2 "What use is a kingdom to me, a ruined and grieving man, bereft of my father and of a brother who is equal to a father?"

2.67.3 "You have heaped sorrow upon my sorrow, pouring salt into a wound — having reduced the king to the state of a departed spirit and Rāma to an ascetic."

2.67.4 "You have come like the night of doom for the destruction of our lineage; my father, embracing a live coal, did not perceive the danger."

2.67.5 "It would be hard for Kausalyā and Sumitrā, both tormented by grief for their sons, to survive with you as my mother."

2.67.6 "Does not the noble and righteous Rāma, who knows how to conduct himself toward elders, treat you with the highest regard, as one would treat one's own mother?"

2.67.7 "And Kausalyā, my eldest mother, far-sighted as she is, conducts herself toward you, upholding dharma, as toward a younger sister."

2.67.8 "Having sent her son — a man of perfected self, clad in bark-cloth garments — into forest exile, how do you not grieve, O sinful woman?"

2.67.9 "Having banished him who sees no evil in others, that hero, that self-perfected, glorious man, clad in bark — what reason do you see for it?"

2.67.10 "I think you, greedy one, did not consider my regard for Rāghava; for this great calamity has been brought about by you for the sake of the kingdom."

2.67.11 "Without seeing those two tigers among men, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, by what power and prowess can I muster the will to protect this kingdom?"

2.67.12 "The great king, mighty as he was, ever leaned on that powerful and righteous man, as Mount Meru leans upon the forests of Meru."

2.67.13 "How shall I, like a young ox put under a yoke fit for a great draught-animal, bear this burden by what strength?"

2.67.14 "Or if by discipline or by the strength of wisdom I find the power, I will not gratify you, you who are greedy for sons to rule — I shall bring back from the forest that brother who is dear to all our people."

2.67.15 Having spoken thus, the great-souled Bharata, tormenting her with these harsh words, and overcome with grief, roared once more like a lion lodged in a mountain cavern.

2.68.1 Having thus reproached his mother, Bharata, seized with great rage, spoke again:

2.68.2 "Fall from the kingdom, Kaikeyī, O cruel and wicked woman! Cast off by righteousness, do not weep over the dead!"

2.68.3 "In what did the king wrong you, or Rāma, most steadfast in dharma — those two for whom, because of you, death and exile have alike arrived?"

2.68.4 "You have incurred the guilt of brahminicide through the destruction of this lineage; go to hell, Kaikeyī — and do not share the world of your husband!"

2.68.5 "By this dreadful deed you have perpetrated such sin, abandoning him who is beloved of all the world, and have brought fear upon me as well."

2.68.6 "Because of you my father has departed, and Rāma has taken refuge in the forest; and through you I have been endowed with infamy in the world of the living."

2.68.7 "You, who appear as a mother but are my enemy — you cruel, kingdom-hungry, wicked woman, murderess of your husband — I will not speak with you!"

2.68.8 "Kausalyā, Sumitrā, and all my other mothers are overwhelmed by great sorrow through you, the defiler of our lineage."

2.68.9 "You are not the daughter of Aśvapati, the wise and righteous king — you are a rākṣasī born there, the destroyer of your father's lineage."

2.68.10 "Because you sent the righteous Rāma, ever devoted to truth, to the forest in sorrow, and my father has gone to the three worlds above —"

2.68.11 "— the sin whose chief author you are falls on me, left without a father, abandoned by my brothers, and hateful in the eyes of all the world."

2.68.12 "Having separated Kausalyā, who is united with dharma, from her son by your wicked resolve — what world will you attain today, O you who are destined for hell?"

2.68.13 "Why, O cruel woman, do you not understand the certain bond of kinship with Rāma — the eldest, equal to a father — the very son born of Kausalyā?"

2.68.14 "A son is born from every limb and from the heart itself; therefore a son is dearer to a mother than even the dearest kinsman."

2.68.15 "It is told that once upon a time, Surabhī, the wish-granting cow, honored by the gods, goddess of dharma, saw her two sons utterly spent on the earth —"

2.68.16 "— seeing those two sons weary at midday on the ground, she wept with grief for her children, her eyes swimming with tears."

2.68.17 "Tiny fragrant drops fell from her onto the body of the great-souled king of gods who was passing below her."

2.68.18 "Seeing her, the glorious one, scorched with grief, the wielder of the thunderbolt, Indra, king of gods, spoke with joined palms and in agitation:"

2.68.19 "'Is there perhaps some great fear from us or from anywhere? What is the cause of your grief? Tell me, O you who wish the welfare of all.'"

2.68.20 Thus addressed by the wise king of gods, the steady Surabhī, skilled in speech, spoke to her lord:

2.68.21 "'May what is auspicious befall you — there is no danger from you or from anywhere, O lord of immortals; but I grieve for my two sons sunk in hardship.'"

2.68.22 "'Seeing these two lean and pitiful bullocks, scorched by the sun's rays, being beaten by a ploughman, O lord of gods —'"

2.68.23 "'— these two born from my own body, pained and crushed by their burden — seeing them I am afflicted. There is nothing as dear as a son.'"

2.68.24 "If even Surabhī, the wish-fulfilling cow who has thousands of sons, grieves thus, how then shall Kausalyā, bereft of Rāma, bear to go on?"

2.68.25 "She is virtuous, has but a single son, and you have made her bereft as a cow that has lost its calf; therefore you shall suffer constantly, both in this world and the next."

2.68.26 "I myself will fully honor the debt to my brother and to my father, and I will increase their glory — of that there is no doubt."

2.68.27 "Having brought back the exceedingly radiant son of Kausalyā, I myself will enter the forest frequented by sages."

2.68.28 Thus speaking, he fell to the ground in furious rage like an elephant in the forest driven by goad and lance, hissing like a serpent.

2.68.29 With reddened eyes, his garments loose, all his ornaments shaken off, that scorcher of enemies, the son of the king, lay fallen on the ground like the banner of Śacī's lord at the close of a festival.

2.69.1 Even as the great-souled Bharata was crying out in that manner, Kausalyā, recognizing his voice, said this to Sumitrā:

2.69.2 "Bharata, the son of cruel-deeded Kaikeyī, has come; I wish to see that far-sighted Bharata."

2.69.3 Having spoken thus to Sumitrā, she — pale, wearing soiled garments, trembling and all but senseless — made her way to where Bharata was.

2.69.4 And Bharata, that younger brother of Rāma, accompanied by Śatrughna, then made his way to Kausalyā's dwelling.

2.69.5 Then Śatrughna and Bharata, seeing Kausalyā afflicted with grief, embraced her — stricken with sorrow, fallen to the ground, her senses gone.

2.69.6 Kausalyā, deeply grief-stricken, addressed Bharata: "This uncontested kingdom desired by you has been obtained — alas, gained swiftly by Kaikeyī through a cruel deed."

2.69.7 "Having sent my son clad in bark-cloth to dwell in the forest, what virtue does cruel-sighted Kaikeyī see in it?"

2.69.8 "Kaikeyī should quickly send me away as well, to wherever my son of surpassing glory, Hiraṇyanābha, dwells."

2.69.9 "Or else I myself, with Sumitrā accompanying me, will gladly set out, placing the agnihotra fire before me, to wherever Rāghava is."

2.69.10 "Or if you wish, you yourself should lead me there today, to where that tiger among men, my son, performs his austerities."

2.69.11 "This vast kingdom, filled with wealth and grain, full of elephants, horses, and chariots — this has been handed over to you by her."

2.69.12 Then Bharata, with joined palms, addressed Kausalyā thus as she lamented, overwhelmed by many sorrows:

2.69.13 "Revered one, why do you reproach me, innocent as I am and knowing nothing? You know my great and steadfast love for Rāghava."

2.69.14 "May there never arise in him whose sanction the noble one departed — that truest of the faithful, best among the righteous — a thought contrary to the scriptures."

2.69.15 "Let him in whose consent the noble one went become a slave of the wicked, make water toward the sun, and kick a sleeping cow with his foot."

2.69.16 "Whatever sin falls on a master who assigns a great and useless task to a servant — let that same sin fall on him in whose sanction the noble one departed."

2.69.17 "The sin of those who betray a king who protects his people like his own children — let that sin fall on him in whose sanction the noble one departed."

2.69.18 "The sin of a king who extracts the sixth part of the harvest as tribute but does not protect his subjects — let that sin fall on him in whose sanction the noble one departed."

2.69.19 "The sin of those who promise sacrificial fees to ascetics at a soma sacrifice and then go back on their word — let that sin fall on him in whose sanction the noble one departed."

2.69.20 "May he in whose sanction the noble one departed never observe the dharma of the righteous in the midst of battle, crowded with elephants, horses, and chariots, and bristling with weapons."

2.69.21 "Let that wicked-souled one in whose sanction the noble one departed destroy the scripture of subtle meaning carefully taught by a wise man."

2.69.22 "Let that merciless one in whose sanction the noble one departed eat rice-pudding, porridge, and goat-flesh uselessly, and disrespect his elders as well."

2.69.23 "Let him in whose sanction the noble one departed eat choice food alone, even while surrounded in his own house by his sons, wives, and servants."

2.69.24 "Let them incur the sin declared for the killing of royal women, children, and the elderly, and the sin for the abandonment of one's servants."

2.69.25 "The sin reckoned for one who sleeps through both twilight junctures — let that sin also befall him in whose sanction the noble one departed."

2.69.26 "Whatever sin falls on one who sets fire to another's house, whatever sin on one who strikes his elder, and whatever sin on one who betrays a friend — let them incur all those sins."

2.69.27 "May he in whose sanction the noble one departed never render service to the gods, to the ancestors, or to his own mother and father."

2.69.28 "Let him in whose sanction the noble one departed fall immediately this very day from the world of the righteous, from the fame of the righteous, and from deeds held dear by the righteous."

2.69.29 Even as he spoke thus to console Kausalyā — bereft of both husband and son — the king's son, overcome with grief, fell to the ground.

2.69.30 Then Kausalyā spoke to Bharata, who was swearing those terrible oaths, senseless and scorched with sorrow:

2.69.31 "My grief, my son, is multiplied anew; for as you swear these oaths, you choke the very life out of me."

2.69.32 "By good fortune your soul, together with Lakṣmaṇa's, has not swerved from dharma; my dear child, true to your vow, you shall attain the worlds of the righteous."

2.69.33 Thus lamenting, the great-souled one, afflicted with grief, his mind disordered from both stupor and the onslaught of sorrow, was utterly broken.

2.69.34 For him — delirious, senseless, his reason lost, fallen on the ground, heaving long sighs again and again — that night passed in grief.

2.70.1 To Bharata, son of Kaikeyī, who was thus consumed by grief, spoke Vasiṣṭha, foremost among speakers, a sage of most excellent speech.

2.70.2 "Enough of grief — may it be well with you, O prince of great renown. Perform now the final last rites due to the king in their proper time."

2.70.3 Hearing the words of Vasiṣṭha, Bharata composed himself; and he, versed in dharma, caused all the funerary rites to be performed.

2.70.4 The king, his face pale and sallow in hue, was lifted out of the oil vessel and laid upon the ground, as if merely asleep.

2.70.5 Having placed Daśaratha upon a splendid couch adorned with many jewels, his son lamented in deepest sorrow.

2.70.6 "What was your resolve, O king — while I was away and had not yet returned — to banish Rāma, who knows dharma, and the mighty Lakṣmaṇa?

2.70.7 "Where will you go, O great king, abandoning this afflicted people, now bereft of Rāma the lion among men, whose deeds are ever effortless?"

2.70.8 "Who, O king, will provide for the welfare and security of this city now that you have departed, dear father, and Rāma has taken refuge in the forest?"

2.70.9 "The earth, O king, bereft of you, shines no more — it is widowed. The city appears to me as a night without the moon."

2.70.10 To Bharata lamenting thus, his mind cast down in sorrow, the great sage Vasiṣṭha again spoke these words.

2.70.11 "Whatever funerary rites are to be performed for this lord of the people — let them be carried out without delay and without hesitation, O mighty-armed one."

2.70.12 Saying "So be it" and honouring the word of Vasiṣṭha, Bharata urged on in all matters the officiating priests, the family chaplain, and the ācāryas.

2.70.13 Those sacred fires that had been taken out from the fire-house before the king were now carried in due ritual order by the officiating priests and sacrificers.

2.70.14 Placing the king, now devoid of consciousness, upon the funeral bier, his attendants — their throats choked with tears and their minds distraught — bore him forth.

2.70.15 Scattering silver and gold and garments of many kinds, the people went along the road before the king.

2.70.16 Others brought sandalwood and fragrant resins of aguru, the sarala pine, padmaka wood, and devadāru, and with these they built the funeral pyre.

2.70.17 Having placed fragrant substances of various high and low kinds thereon, the officiating priests then laid the lord of the earth in the centre of the pyre.

2.70.18 Having offered oblations to the sacred fire, the priests recited their sacred formulas for him; and the Sāma-singers chanted the Sāma hymns there in accordance with the scriptures.

2.70.19 The royal women, in palanquins and conveyances befitting their station, went forth from the city, escorted by elders.

2.70.20 The officiating priests performed the pradakṣiṇā in the reverse direction around the king lying on the fire-heaped pyre; and the women, consumed by grief, with Kausalyā at their head, did likewise.

2.70.21 The wailing of the women there was heard — piteous and sorrowful at that hour — like the cries of female krauñca birds, thousands of them crying out in anguish.

2.70.22 Then the noble women, weeping, helpless, and lamenting again and again, descended from their conveyances at the bank of the Sarayū.

2.70.23 Having performed the water-offerings together with Bharata, the royal women, ministers, and the family priest re-entered the city with eyes flooded with tears and spent ten days lying on the ground in their grief.

2.71.1 Then, when the ten days had passed, the prince, having completed the purification rites, caused the śrāddha ceremonies to be performed on the twelfth day.

2.71.2 He gave to the brāhmaṇas gems, wealth, and abundant food; and also bāstika grain, much white cloth, and cows by the hundreds.

2.71.3 The son of the king gave to the brāhmaṇas female and male servants, vehicles, and great mansions as the post-mortem offerings for his father.

2.71.4 Then, at the time of dawn on the thirteenth day, the mighty-armed Bharata lamented, overwhelmed and faint with grief.

2.71.5 With voice choked by sobbing, having come there for the purification rites, he stood at the foot of his father's pyre and spoke these words in deepest sorrow.

2.71.6 "O father, that brother Rāghava to whose care you entrusted me has gone away to the forest — and thus, bereft of him, I am left desolate by you."

2.71.7 "Her son has been sent away to the forest, leaving her without refuge — abandoning that mother Kausalyā, O father, where have you gone, O king?"

2.71.8 Beholding that reddish-grey ash, the circle of the place where his father's bones had been burned, he groaned and sank down, devastated, at the extinction of his father's body.

2.71.9 Weeping, wretched, he fell to the ground; and as they raised him up he was like the ceremonial banner of Indra toppling from its post.

2.71.10 Then all his ministers rushed to him — as sages rush to Yayāti, that pure-vowed king, when he falls at the time of death.

2.71.11 Śatrughna too, seeing Bharata overwhelmed by grief, lost consciousness and fell to the ground, remembering their father the protector of the earth.

2.71.12 Like one deranged, bereft of his senses, he lamented in deepest sorrow, recalling again and again those many virtues and qualities of his father.

2.71.13 A fierce ocean of grief — its source Mantharā, its current the grasping of Kaikeyī, its waves the granting of the boon — immeasurable and impassable, engulfed them.

2.71.14 "O father, this Bharata who is tender and young, always fondly indulged by you — leaving him here weeping, where have you gone?"

2.71.15 "Did you not always freely offer us food, drink, garments, and ornaments — who will do that for us now?"

2.71.16 "Now surely is the time for the earth to split asunder, yet it does not split — it that is bereft of you, the king who knew dharma, the great-souled one."

2.71.17 "With my father having attained heaven and Rāma having taken refuge in the forest, what purpose does my life serve? I shall enter the sacred fire."

2.71.18 "Bereft of both brother and father, I will not enter Ayodhyā — that city once guarded by the Ikṣvākus — now empty; I will enter the hermitage forest."

2.71.19 Hearing the laments of those two and witnessing their calamity, all those who followed them were all the more stricken and afflicted.

2.71.20 Then both Śatrughna and Bharata, dejected and exhausted, writhed upon the ground like two bulls with broken horns.

2.71.21 Then Vasiṣṭha, their father's family priest, composed and wise, raised Bharata up and spoke these words to him.

2.71.22 "Three pairs of opposites operate universally and without exception among all beings; and since these are unavoidable, you ought not to be thus prostrated."

2.71.23 And Sumantra too, the knower of truth, raised Śatrughna up, consoled him, and caused him to hear of the arising and passing away of all beings.

2.71.24 The two tigers among men rose up, those illustrious ones, and appeared — drenched by rain and heat — like two separate banners of Indra.

2.71.25 Wiping away their tears, their eyes reddened, speaking in mournful tones, the ministers urged the two sons toward the remaining funerary observances.

2.72.1 Then Śatrughna, younger brother of Lakṣmaṇa, spoke these words to Bharata, who was consumed by grief and was planning the journey.

2.72.2 "He who is the refuge of all beings in their distress — how much more then of ourselves — that Rāma, endowed with every virtue, has been sent to the forest by a woman."

2.72.3 "And that Lakṣmaṇa — powerful and endowed with valour — why does he not free Rāma, even at the cost of restraining their father?"

2.72.4 "Indeed, he who had taken a crooked path, fallen under the dominion of a woman — the king — ought to have been restrained from the very beginning, weighing what was right and wrong."

2.72.5 While Śatrughna, younger brother of Lakṣmaṇa, was speaking thus, Mantharā the hunchback appeared at that moment at the eastern gate, adorned with every ornament.

2.72.6 Anointed with the finest sandalwood paste, wearing royal garments, garlanded about her waist with bright and variegated strings of ornaments, she looked like a monkey tied with a rope.

2.72.7 The doorkeeper, seeing that perpetrator of grave sin, seized the hunchback without mercy and reported her to Śatrughna.

2.72.8 "On whose account Rāma is in the forest and your father has laid down his body — this is that wicked and cruel woman. Do with her as you see fit."

2.72.9 Śatrughna, steadfast in his vows and deeply aggrieved, upon learning of this spoke thus to all the inhabitants of the inner apartments.

2.72.10 "She by whom such intense suffering has been inflicted upon my brothers and my father — let her now reap the fruit of that cruel act."

2.72.11 Thus addressed by him, Mantharā, surrounded by her circle of companions, was seized with great force and made the inner chamber resound with her cries.

2.72.12 Then all her companions, deeply alarmed, perceiving Śatrughna's fury, fled in every direction.

2.72.13 And all the companions of Mantharā conferred together, saying: "This one, having begun thus, will utterly destroy every one of us."

2.72.14 "Let us take refuge with Kausalyā, who is compassionate, generous, versed in dharma, and illustrious — for she shall be our unfailing refuge."

2.72.15 And Śatrughna, that scorcher of enemies, his eyes reddened with fury, then dragged the shrieking hunchback across the ground.

2.72.16 As Mantharā was being dragged hither and thither, her colourful ornaments of many kinds were scattered and broken upon the ground.

2.72.17 The splendid royal residence, strewn with those scattered ornaments, shone all the more brightly then, like the autumnal sky.

2.72.18 That bull among men, that powerful one, blazing with fury, seized Kaikeyī, threatened her harshly, and spoke rough words.

2.72.19 Stricken to the quick by those harsh and painful words, Kaikeyī, greatly distressed and terrified of Śatrughna, came to her son for refuge.

2.72.20 Seeing her, Bharata spoke to the wrathful Śatrughna: "Women are inviolable to all beings — let it be forgiven."

2.72.21 "I would slay this wicked Kaikeyī, this evil-doer, were it not that righteous Rāma would reproach a matricide."

2.72.22 "And if Rāghava were to learn that this hunchback too had been slain, that dharma-souled one would surely never speak to you or to me again."

2.72.23 Hearing the words of Bharata, Śatrughna, younger brother of Lakṣmaṇa, desisted from his fury and released Mantharā.

2.72.24 Mantharā fell at the feet of Kaikeyī, gasping, tormented by intense pain, and lamented pitifully.

2.72.25 Seeing the hunchback, whose senses had been scattered and stunned by Śatrughna's rough handling, Bharata's mother gently consoled her — who had the appearance of one in distress, like a female krauñca bird clinging in desperation as she watched.

2.73.1 Then, at the break of dawn on the fourteenth day, the ministers of state assembled and addressed Bharata with these words.

2.73.2 "Daśaratha, who was the most revered of our elders, has gone to heaven — he who sent away Rāma, the eldest, and the mighty Lakṣmaṇa into exile."

2.73.3 "O prince of great glory, be our king today. Through circumstance alone this kingdom fails — for a realm without a ruler is no trifling matter."

2.73.4 "O Rāghava, O son of a king, your kinsmen and all the guilds await you, with all the requisites for royal consecration at hand."

2.73.5 "Accept, O Bharata, this great kingdom inherited from your father and grandfathers. Consecrate yourself and protect us, O bull among men."

2.73.6 Having circumambulated in reverence all the vessels and materials for the consecration rite, Bharata, firm in his vows, addressed the entire assembly with this reply.

2.73.7 "Kingship for our lineage properly belongs always to the eldest. Wise men such as you ought not to speak to me in this manner."

2.73.8 "Rāma, our elder brother, shall be lord of the earth. I shall dwell in the forest for fourteen years."

2.73.9 "Let a great army of four divisions be made ready. I shall bring back my elder brother, Rāghava, from the forest."

2.73.10 "Taking all these consecration materials arrayed before me and placing them at the fore, I shall set out toward the forest for Rāma's sake."

2.73.11 "Having consecrated that tiger among men there itself and honored him, I shall bring Rāma back — as fire is brought from a sacrifice."

2.73.12 "I shall not fulfill the desires of this woman who still smells of her mother's milk. I shall dwell in the difficult forest; Rāma shall be king."

2.73.13 "Let craftsmen level the road — smoothing rough places; let scouts who know difficult terrain march ahead and follow along the path."

2.73.14 As the prince spoke thus for Rāma's sake, the entire assembly replied with words that were auspicious and utterly excellent.

2.73.15 "May Śrī, the lotus-born goddess of prosperity, attend upon you who speak thus — you who desire to give the earth to your elder, the king's son."

2.73.16 "Those words you have spoken, O son of a king, are most excellent." Hearing them resound in their ears, tears of joy fell upon him — drops born from the eyes and faces of noble men.

2.73.17 Having heard his words, the ministers, the full assembly, and those whose grief had departed spoke these words with joy; and the people devoted to that foremost of men, as well as the companies of craftsmen, were set in motion by his command.

2.74.1 Then those skilled in surveying the land, expert in the craft of laying lines, diligent in their own work, brave — the diggers and the operators of machines —

2.74.2 — the work-overseers and master builders, men skilled in mechanical devices, carpenters, road-layers, and tree-cutters —

2.74.3 — well-diggers, plasterers, and bamboo-workers, along with all capable overseers — these set out in the vanguard.

2.74.4 That vast flood of people, marching toward that destination with joy, shone brilliantly with great momentum, like the ocean at the full moon.

2.74.5 Those skilled in road-making, taking their respective turns and equipped with instruments of every kind, set out ahead in orderly procession.

2.74.6 Cutting through creepers, vines, thickets, stumps, rocks, and trees of every kind, those men cleared the road.

2.74.7 In stretches devoid of trees some planted trees; others cut here and there with axes, picks, and sickles.

2.74.8 Others, mightier still, demolished the clumps of vīraṇa grass and cleared away difficult passages and rough ground in every direction.

2.74.9 Others filled wells and long-sunken pits with earth; still others leveled the low-lying sections all around.

2.74.10 Men then bound together what needed binding, crushed what needed crushing, and broke through what needed breaking, in each stretch of land.

2.74.11 In no great span of time they constructed canals carrying abundant water, of many forms, resembling the ocean; and many wells of various kinds, adorned with surrounding parapets.

2.74.12 The road had a surface smoothed with plaster, great trees in full bloom, flocks of intoxicated birds uttering their calls, and was adorned with pennants.

2.74.13 Sprinkled with sandalwood-scented water and decorated with flowers of every kind, the army's road shone magnificently — like the path to heaven.

2.74.14 Then, having received their orders, the appointed officers, each acting according to his assignment, in pleasant regions abounding with sweet fruits —

2.74.15 — beautified yet further, with every kind of ornament, the encampment that the high-souled Bharata had intended — that which was itself like an ornament.

2.74.16 Those who were versed in such matters established the encampment of the high-souled Bharata under auspicious lunar mansions and at auspicious moments.

2.74.17 With many mounds of earth, surrounded by moats, with gateposts resembling Indra's bolt, adorned with grand avenues —

2.74.18 — fitted with rows of palaces, enclosed by walls of mansions, beautified with banners, all furnished with well-laid grand highways —

2.74.19 — with lofty pavilion-topped towers seeming to spread across the sky, those encampments, tall and majestic, resembled the city of Indra.

2.74.20 Having reached the Jāhnavī — the Gaṅgā — with her forests of diverse trees, her cool and pure waters, and her abundance of great fish —

2.74.21 — as the sky at night shines immaculately, adorned with the moon and multitudes of stars, so in due time that road shone resplendent — delightful, fashioned by skilled craftsmen of good craft.

2.75.1 Then, on that night dedicated to joyous ceremony, bards and panegyrists skilled in the art of speech praised Bharata with hymns filled with auspicious words.

2.75.2 The time-drum struck with golden mallets resounded to life; hundreds of conches were blown, along with instruments of high and low tones.

2.75.3 That very great noise of the instruments, as though filling the sky, pierced Bharata, already scorched by grief, with fresh grief yet again.

2.75.4 Then Bharata, having awakened, caused that din to be stopped; and having declared, "I am not the king," he said this to Śatrughna:

2.75.5 "Look, Śatrughna — the great harm that Kaikeyī has done to the world. Leaving all sorrows upon me, King Daśaratha has departed."

2.75.6 "The royal glory of that righteous king, that high-souled one — a glory rooted in dharma — now drifts about, like a rudderless ship on water."

2.75.7 Seeing Bharata lamenting thus, beside himself, pitiable, all the women then wept aloud.

2.75.8 While he was lamenting thus, Vasiṣṭha, the illustrious one, learned in the dharma of kings, entered the assembly hall of the lord of the Ikṣvākus.

2.75.9 The righteous-souled one, together with his attendants, entered that hall — beautiful, fashioned of gold, richly set with gems and jewels — as one enters the Sudharmā, the assembly of the gods.

2.75.10 He, the knower of all the Vedas, took his seat upon a golden throne covered with the most precious of cushions, and then gave instructions to the messengers.

2.75.11 "Bring quickly, without delay, the brāhmaṇas, the kṣatriyas, the warriors, the ministers, and the heads of the guilds — for we have pressing business."

2.75.12 Then a great clamor arose as people came thronging with chariots, horses, and elephants.

2.75.13 Then the subjects welcomed Bharata as he arrived, just as the immortals welcome Indra — even as they had once welcomed Daśaratha.

2.75.14 The assembly, graced by the son of Daśaratha, shone as it had in Daśaratha's own time of old — like a lake teeming with great fish and noble elephants, its waters still, strewn with gems, conches, and pebbles.

2.76.1 Bharata, endowed with wisdom, beheld that assembly hall filled with noble men and adorned with garlands, like a night illumined by the full moon.

2.76.2 As the nobles took their seats in proper order, it appeared like a night of the full moon at the close of the rainy season.

2.76.3 The purohita, knowing dharma, having surveyed all the subjects of the king fully assembled, then spoke these gentle words to Bharata.

2.76.4 "Dear son, King Daśaratha has gone to heaven, having practiced dharma, and having bestowed upon you this prosperous earth, rich in wealth and grain.

2.76.5 Rāma likewise, firm in truth, recalling the dharma of the virtuous, has not abandoned his father's command — just as the risen moon does not abandon its moonlight.

2.76.6 The kingdom, freed of thorns, has been given to you by your father and your brother. Enjoy it with your ministers in gladness; let the consecration be performed at once.

2.76.7 Let the peoples of the north, the west, the south in their entirety, and of Koṭyāparānta along with the sea-coasts bring their jewels and tributes to you."

2.76.8 Hearing those words, Bharata, overwhelmed by grief, knowing dharma and longing for righteousness, went to Rāma in his mind.

2.76.9 That young man, his voice like the cry of a swan, choked with tears, lamented in the midst of the assembly and reproached the purohita.

2.76.10 "Who like me — one who has observed the vow of brahmacarya, who is a bath-graduate of learning, who is wise, who strives steadfastly in dharma — who would seize the kingdom?

2.76.11 How could one born of Daśaratha become a usurper of the kingdom? You ought here to declare that both the kingdom and I belong to Rāma by right.

2.76.12 The eldest, the best, the righteous-souled Kākutstha, comparable to Dilīpa and Nahuṣa, deserves to receive the kingdom, just as Daśaratha did.

2.76.13 If I were to commit this sin, fit only for the ignoble and not leading to heaven, I would become the disgrace of the Ikṣvāku lineage in this world.

2.76.14 Whatever sin has been committed by my mother, I do not approve of it. Standing here, I shall pay homage with joined palms to him who dwells in the forest fastness.

2.76.15 I shall follow Rāma himself. He is king, the foremost of bipeds. The Rāghava deserves the sovereignty of all three worlds.

2.76.16 Hearing those words full of dharma, all the members of the assembly, their hearts set on Rāma, shed tears of joy.

2.76.17 But if I shall not be able to bring the noble one back from the forest, I shall dwell there in that very forest, just as the noble Lakṣmaṇa has done.

2.76.18 I shall employ every means to forcibly bring him back, in the presence of the venerable ones, the virtuous, and those who walk the path of good qualities.

2.76.19 Having spoken thus, the righteous-souled Bharata, devoted to his brothers, addressed Sumantra, the counselor skilled in deliberation, who stood nearby.

2.76.20 "Rise quickly and go, Sumantra, by my command. Order the march without delay and muster the army at once."

2.76.21 Thus instructed by the great-souled Bharata, Sumantra, filled with joy, ordered everything exactly as commanded, just as he had desired.

2.76.22 Those subjects and the commanders of the army were filled with joy upon hearing the march proclaimed for the bringing back of the Rāghava.

2.76.23 Then, learning of the departure, all the wives of warriors joyfully hastened their husbands in every household.

2.76.24 The commanders of the forces urged the entire army along with the warriors, using horses, swift ox-drawn carts, and chariots swift as thought.

2.76.25 Seeing the army readied, Bharata, in the presence of his elders, said to Sumantra standing beside him: "Make my chariot ready at once."

2.76.26 Receiving that command of Bharata's, Sumantra, filled with great joy, took up the chariot yoked with the finest horses and set it forward.

2.76.27 Then that Rāghava — firm in truth, resplendent, eloquent, mighty in truth and valor — spoke well, intending to appease his illustrious elder kinsman who had gone to the great forest.

2.76.28 "Rise at once and go, Sumantra, to muster the army. I wish, for the good of the world, to appease Rāma who dwells in the forest and to bring back the foremost of the army."

2.76.29 That son of the charioteer, properly commanded by Bharata and with his desire fully fulfilled, directed all the chief citizens, the foremost commanders of the army, and the circle of friends.

2.76.30 Then, rising up, the kṣatriyas, vaiśyas, śūdras, and brāhmaṇas in every household yoked their camel-drawn carts, donkeys, elephants, and horses of noble breed.

2.77.1 Then Bharata rose at dawn, mounted his finest chariot, and set out swiftly, longing to behold Rāma.

2.77.2 Before him proceeded all the ministers and the purohitas, having mounted chariots yoked with horses, resembling the chariot of the sun.

2.77.3 Nine thousand fully caparisoned elephants followed Bharata as he journeyed — the delight of the Ikṣvāku lineage.

2.77.4 Sixty thousand chariots bearing archers armed with various weapons followed the illustrious prince Bharata as he marched.

2.77.5 A hundred thousand mounted horses followed the illustrious prince Bharata the Rāghava as he marched.

2.77.6 Kaikeyī, Sumitrā, and the illustrious Kausalyā, rejoiced at the prospect of Rāma's return, traveled in their resplendent conveyances.

2.77.7 The gathered noble folk set forth to see Rāma together with Lakṣmaṇa, their minds delighted, telling wonderful tales about him.

2.77.8 "When shall we behold Rāma, dark as a raincloud, long-armed, steady in spirit, firm in his vow — he who destroys the grief of the world?"

2.77.9 "For the Rāghava, once seen, will remove our grief, just as the rising sun dispels the darkness of the entire world."

2.77.10 Speaking thus, delighted, sharing these auspicious tales and embracing one another, the townspeople set out.

2.77.11 All others who were respected there, and all the guild-members too, proceeded joyfully toward Rāma — all the subjects marched.

2.77.12 The gem-cutters and the fine potters, the weavers and those who live by arms —

2.77.13 The peacock-trainers, sawyers, dyers, piercers, ivory-carvers, plasterers, and those who live by selling fragrances —

2.77.14 The renowned goldsmiths, blanket-washers, bath-attendants, clothiers, physicians, incense-sellers, and liquor dealers —

2.77.15 The washermen, tailors, headmen of villages and cowpens, actors along with their women, and fishermen likewise went.

2.77.16 Composed, learned in the Vedas, brāhmaṇas esteemed for their conduct followed Bharata as he marched, in ox-drawn carts by the thousands.

2.77.17 Well-attired, clad in clean garments, anointed with red-tinged unguents, all of them followed Bharata at a measured pace in various conveyances.

2.77.18 That army, joyful and delighted, followed the son of Kaikeyī along with their kinsmen; the army that attended Bharata took up position.

2.77.19 Surveying the army that followed and the Gaṅgā with its auspicious waters, Bharata, skilled in speech, addressed all his ministers.

2.77.20 "Have my army encamp fully in accord with my intention. Having rested, we shall cross the great river tomorrow."

2.77.21 "And I wish to descend to the river to offer water for the sake of the post-mortem rites of the king who has gone to heaven."

2.77.22 As he spoke thus, the ministers, saying "So be it," composed themselves and caused the various contingents to encamp, each according to its own will, separately.

2.77.23 Having encamped the splendidly equipped army along that great river, the Gaṅgā, in due order, Bharata lodged there, brooding at that time upon the return of the great-souled Rāma.

2.78.1 Then the king of the Niṣādas, seeing the army encamped along the Gaṅgā river, hastily addressed his kinsmen.

2.78.2 "This great army visible here resembles the ocean; I cannot perceive its end, even when I reflect upon it in my mind."

2.78.3 "That large-bodied one there with the kovidāra banner on his chariot — he will either bind the fishermen or he will slay us."

2.78.4 "Or perhaps Bharata, son of Kaikeyī, advances to slay Rāma, son of Daśaratha, who was exiled from the kingdom by his father."

2.78.5 "Rāma, son of Daśaratha, is both my lord and my friend. Standing here on the bank of the Gaṅgā, stand armed and devoted to his cause."

2.78.6 "Let all the fishermen stand guard along the Gaṅgā river, armed in force, as guards of the river, subsisting on flesh, roots, and fruits."

2.78.7 He urgently ordered that a hundred men of each boat crew man each of the five hundred vessels, all armed and young men standing ready.

2.78.8 "When Bharata has been satisfied here regarding Rāma, then this army, bearing good omens, will cross the Gaṅgā today."

2.78.9 Having said this, the lord of the Niṣādas, Guha, took gifts of fish, meat, and honey and approached Bharata.

2.78.10 Seeing him approaching, the resplendent son of the charioteer, Sumantra, knowing courtesy, announced him to Bharata in a respectful manner.

2.78.11 "This headman, surrounded by a thousand kinsmen, is knowledgeable about the Daṇḍaka forest, is an elder, and is a friend of your brother."

2.78.12 "Therefore, O Kākutstha, let Guha the lord of the Niṣādas see you — without doubt he knows where Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are."

2.78.13 Having heard this auspicious word from Sumantra, Bharata quickly said: "Let Guha come and see me."

2.78.14 Having received permission, Guha, greatly delighted, surrounded by his kinsmen, came before Bharata and, bowing humbly, spoke these words.

2.78.15 "This is a district without a palace, and we ourselves are of humble estate. We offer everything we have to you; dwell among us in our fisherman clan."

2.78.16 "There are roots and fruits gathered by the Niṣādas, fresh meat and dried meat, and great abundance of forest produce both coarse and fine."

2.78.17 "I hope that your army, well-fed, will pass this night here; honored with various desired things, you will depart with your army tomorrow."

2.79.1 Thus addressed, Bharata, of great wisdom, replied to Guha, the lord of the Niṣādas, with words bearing reasoned meaning.

2.79.2 "Your wish is indeed noble, O friend of my elder, that you alone desire to honour such an army of mine."

2.79.3 Having said this, the glorious Bharata, of great splendour, again spoke excellent words to Guha, lord of the Niṣādas.

2.79.4 "By which route shall I go to the āśrama of Bharadvāja, O Guha? This region along the Gaṅgā is very dense and difficult to cross."

2.79.5 Hearing those words of the wise prince, Guha, who ranged the forest depths, spoke with joined palms.

2.79.6 "Skilled archers among our fishermen shall accompany you, O prince of great renown, and I too shall accompany you."

2.79.7 "Surely you do not march with ill intent toward Rāma, whose deeds are faultless? This great army of yours raises a suspicion in me."

2.79.8 To him speaking thus, Bharata, pure as the sky, replied to Guha with gentle words.

2.79.9 "May such a dreadful time never come! You ought not to suspect me — for that Rāghava is my elder brother, equal to a father for me."

2.79.10 "I go to bring back Kākutstha who dwells in the forest. You should entertain no other thought, O Guha — I speak truth to you."

2.79.11 He, with face beaming with joy on hearing Bharata's words, spoke again to Bharata, filled with delight.

2.79.12 "Blessed are you! I see none on earth equal to you, who willingly wish to renounce a kingdom that has come to you without effort."

2.79.13 "Undying fame shall surely follow you through the worlds, you who desire to bring back Rāma from his affliction."

2.79.14 While Guha was conversing thus with Bharata, the sun lost its lustre and night drew on.

2.79.15 Having encamped the army, gratified by Guha, the glorious one returned to his bed together with Śatrughna.

2.79.16 Such grief, born entirely of longing for Rāma, beset the great-souled Bharata — one undeserving of it, ever mindful of righteousness.

2.79.17 Grief burned the Rāghava with an inner fire, scorching him as a hidden flame scorches a tree consumed in a forest fire.

2.79.18 Sweat born of the fire of grief poured from every limb, as the Himālaya, heated by the sun's rays, pours forth its snow-melt.

2.79.19 With brooding meditation as its cliffs, sighs as its minerals, a thicket of dejection as its trees, and the fatigue of grief as its lofty peaks —

2.79.20 — its living creatures the boundless stupefactions, its bamboos the anguish of affliction — by such a great mountain of sorrow was the son of Kaikeyī overwhelmed.

2.79.21 The great-souled Bharata, who had come together with Guha, collected in mind yet deeply despondent — Guha then comforted that Bharata once more concerning his elder brother.

2.80.1 Then Guha, who ranged the forest depths, described to the immeasurable Bharata the true conduct of the great-souled Lakṣmaṇa.

2.80.2 "I spoke to Lakṣmaṇa, who was keeping vigil, endowed with virtues, bearing a choice bow and quiver, wholly intent on guarding his brother."

2.80.3 "'This comfortable bed has been prepared for you, dear one; rest and sleep upon it at ease, O joy of the Rāghava clan.'"

2.80.4 "'All these people are accustomed to hardship; you are fit for comfort, O righteous one. We shall keep watch for his protection.'"

2.80.5 "'There is none on earth dearer to me than Rāma. I am not carried away by eagerness — even if I speak this, it is not untruth before you.'"

2.80.6 "'Through his grace I hope for great renown in this world, abundant attainment of righteousness, and wealth entire.'"

2.80.7 "'Therefore I shall guard Rāma, dear friend, as he sleeps with Sītā, bow in hand, together with all my own kinsmen.'"

2.80.8 "'Nothing is unknown to me who always roam this forest; we could withstand even a fourfold army in battle.'"

2.80.9 "Thus spoken to by the great-souled Lakṣmaṇa, ever mindful of righteousness, all of us were persuaded."

2.80.10 "'How can sleep be obtained, or life, or pleasures, while the son of Daśaratha lies on the ground with Sītā?'"

2.80.11 "'He who cannot be withstood in battle by all the gods and asuras together — see him, O Guha, lying on the grass with Sītā!'"

2.80.12 "'This one son of Daśaratha, possessed of fitting marks, was obtained through great austerity and manifold hardship.'"

2.80.13 "'With him banished, the king will not endure long; the earth will swiftly become a widow.'"

2.80.14 "'The women, exhausted and weeping with loud lament, have surely fallen silent — the royal palace is devoid of sound today.'"

2.80.15 "'I do not expect that Kausalyā, or the king, or my own mother, will all survive this night.'"

2.80.16 "'My mother might survive, sustained by care for Śatrughna; but Kausalyā, who bore a hero, being afflicted, will perish.'"

2.80.17 "'It is all over, utterly over — without attaining his heart's desire, without installing Rāma on the throne, my father will perish.'"

2.80.18 "'Those whose purposes have been fulfilled will, when that time arrives, perform all the funeral rites and cremate the king.'"

2.80.19 "'With its pleasant squares and courtyards, its well-laid broad highways, its palaces and mansions, adorned with all manner of gems —'

2.80.20 "'— thronged with elephants, horses, and chariots, resonant with the sounds of musical instruments, filled with every auspiciousness, crowded with joyful and prosperous people —'

2.80.21 "'— full of groves and pleasure gardens, graced with assemblies and festivals — in my father's royal city they will roam happily.'"

2.80.22 "'May we also, together with the one true to his vow and in good health, enter it joyfully when this time has passed.'"

2.80.23 "While the great-souled prince stood there lamenting thus, the night passed away."

2.80.24 "At dawn, when the sun shone clear, after having both of them form their matted locks, I ferried them across with ease at this bank of the Bhāgīrathī."

2.80.25 "The two mighty ones, scorchers of foes, wearing matted locks and bark garments, bearing choice quivers, bows, and swords, resembling bull elephants of the herd, went forth scanning the way with Sītā."

2.81.1 Having heard Guha's most painful words, Bharata fell into a stupor right there, at the very spot where the painful account was heard.

2.81.2 Tender-limbed, of great inner strength, lion-shouldered, long-armed, with eyes broad as a lotus, youthful and pleasant to behold —

2.81.3 — having regained consciousness for but a moment, then utterly despondent, he fell suddenly, like an elephant struck to the heart with a goad.

2.81.4 Śatrughna, who stood close beside him, embracing Bharata in that state, wept aloud, beside himself and emaciated by grief.

2.81.5 Then all the mothers of Bharata rushed forward — thin from fasting, wretched, worn out by the misfortune of their husband.

2.81.6 They gathered weeping around him as he lay fallen on the ground; and Kausalyā, following after, despondent, embraced him.

2.81.7 The devoted, sorrow-worn woman held him as a cow holds her calf, and weeping, consumed by grief, questioned Bharata.

2.81.8 "Does not the affliction of your sons oppress your body, dear child? The life of this royal family depends on you today."

2.81.9 "Seeing you, my son, I live — with Rāma and his brother gone, with King Daśaratha departed, you alone are our protector today."

2.81.10 "Have you heard something untoward regarding Lakṣmaṇa, dear child? Or regarding the only son of her who has gone to the forest with his wife?"

2.81.11 He, of great renown, having composed himself for a moment though still weeping, consoled Kausalyā and then spoke these words to Guha.

2.81.12 "Where did my brother pass the night? Where were Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa? On what bed did he sleep? What did he eat? Tell me, Guha."

2.81.13 Thus questioned, Guha, lord of the Niṣādas, told Bharata what he had done when Rāma came as a beloved and honoured guest.

2.81.14 "Food of various kinds, delicacies, and diverse fruits were abundantly brought by me for Rāma's meal."

2.81.15 "Rāma of true valour declined all of it; indeed he did not accept it, bearing in mind the duty of a kṣatriya."

2.81.16 "'For us it is not fitting to receive, O friend; it is always our part to give' — thus were we counselled by that great-souled one, O king."

2.81.17 "Having drunk water fetched by Lakṣmaṇa, the great and glorious Rāghava observed a fast that night together with Sītā."

2.81.18 "Then Lakṣmaṇa also performed his rite with the remaining water; those three, with restrained speech, attended the twilight devotions with full concentration."

2.81.19 "After that, Saumitri made an auspicious bed, having himself quickly brought kuśa grass for the sake of Rāghava."

2.81.20 "Rāma lay down on that bed together with Sītā; and Lakṣmaṇa, having washed their feet, withdrew."

2.81.21 "This is that iṅgudī tree's root, and this is that very grass on which Rāma and Sītā both lay that night."

2.81.22 "Having fastened his finger-guard and arm-guard, with his two quivers full of arrows, the scorcher of foes Lakṣmaṇa strung his great bow and stood the whole night through, going around him alone on all sides."

2.81.23 "And I too, bearing a choice bow and arrows, took my stand there where Lakṣmaṇa stood, guarding him who resembles great Indra, together with my kinsmen who were vigilant and had taken up their bows."

2.82.1 Having heard all of this in detail, Bharata, together with his ministers, came to the foot of the iṅgudī tree and beheld that bed of Rāma.

2.82.2 He said to all his mothers: "Here on the ground that great-souled one spent the night sleeping; this grass has been pressed down by his body."

2.82.3 "Rāma, born of the illustrious Daśaratha, himself supremely illustrious, high-born, and wise, does not deserve to sleep upon the bare earth."

2.82.4 "How does this tiger among men, who once lay on beds heaped with the finest spreads and covered with deer-skins above, now sleep upon the ground?"

2.82.5 "Always in the upper chambers of palaces, in mansions and in pavilions adorned with gold, silver, and jewels, furnished with the finest coverings —"

2.82.6 "— in chambers beautiful with heaped flowers, fragrant with sandal and aguru, gleaming like white clouds, and echoing with the calls of flocks of parrots —"

2.82.7 "— ever wakened by the sounds of singing and music, by the jingling of fine ornaments, and by the noble beating of mṛdaṅgas —"

2.82.8 "— that scourge of foes, honoured in due time by bards, by many sūtas and māgadhas with fitting songs and hymns of praise —"

2.82.9 "This is hard to believe in the world; it does not seem true to me. My mind is confused; I think this must be a dream."

2.82.10 "Surely there is no divinity mightier than Time, since Rāma, son of Daśaratha, is brought to sleep upon the earth in this manner."

2.82.11 "And Sītā, the lovely daughter of the king of Videha, beloved daughter-in-law of Daśaratha, has lain upon the ground here."

2.82.12 "This is my brother's bed; here on this hard and rough ground he turned about, and all this grass has been pressed flat by his limbs."

2.82.13 "I think Sītā slept here wearing her ornaments, for here and there one can see scattered drops of gold still clinging to this spot."

2.82.14 "Clearly an upper garment of Sītā was spread here then, for these silk threads are still clinging and gleaming in this place."

2.82.15 "I think that the bed beside her husband was pleasant enough that the tender, chaste, and gentle Maithilī did not perceive the hardship."

2.82.16 "Born into a family of sovereigns of the whole earth, delight of all the world, beloved of all the world — he has abandoned his kingdom, his dearest and most excellent possession."

2.82.17 "How does Rāghava — dark as a blue lotus, red-eyed, lovely to behold, and worthy of every comfort — lie here upon the earth, who deserves no hardship at all?"

2.82.18 "The Vaidehī has truly achieved her purpose, having followed her husband into the forest; we are all left in uncertainty, bereft of that great-souled one."

2.82.19 "With Daśaratha gone to heaven and Rāma retired to the forest, the earth appears to me like a rudderless ship, utterly empty."

2.82.20 "No one, even in mind, craves this earth, which is protected by the power of his arms even while he dwells in the forest."

2.82.21 "The royal capital is without guard at its enclosures, with horses and elephants unrestrained, with its city gates left open, and unprotected."

2.82.22 "Enemies do not covet it, with its joyless army, diminished, in an unstable state, and unprotected — just as they would not eat food laced with poison."

2.82.23 "From this day forward I shall sleep on the ground or on grass, living constantly on fruits and roots, wearing matted hair and bark-cloth garments."

2.82.24 "For his sake I shall dwell contentedly in the forest for the remaining time, taking upon myself that vow — it shall not prove false for him."

2.82.25 "Śatrughna shall dwell here with me for my brother's benefit, while the noble one together with Lakṣmaṇa shall protect Ayodhyā."

2.82.26 "May the twice-born install Kākutstha on the throne in Ayodhyā — may the gods grant that this wish of mine be fulfilled."

2.82.27 "If, when I propitiate him myself with bowed head in many ways, he still will not relent, then I shall dwell with Rāghava in the forest forever — dwelling there, he has no right to disregard me."

2.83.1 Having spent the night right there on the bank of the Gaṅgā, that Rāghava Bharata rose at dawn and spoke thus to Śatrughna:

2.83.2 "Rise, Śatrughna — why do you still sleep? Bring quickly the lord of the Niṣādas, Guha — good fortune to you — he shall ferry the army across."

2.83.3 "I am awake, not sleeping — I am thinking of our noble brother all the while" — thus spoke Śatrughna, urged by his brother.

2.83.4 While those two lions among men were conversing thus with each other, Guha arrived at the proper time, with hands folded, and addressed Bharata:

2.83.5 "Did you pass the night comfortably on the river-bank, O Kākutstha? And is all well with your army?"

2.83.6 Hearing those words of Guha, spoken out of affection, Bharata, who was fully under Rāma's sway, spoke in return:

2.83.7 "Our night was comfortable, O king, and you have honoured us well. Now let your boatmen ferry us across the Gaṅgā with many boats."

2.83.8 Then Guha, hastened by hearing Bharata's command, re-entered the town and spoke to those kinsmen of his:

2.83.9 "Rise up, awaken — may good fortune always attend you! Draw the boats forth; we shall ferry the army across."

2.83.10 Thus commanded, they rose up quickly at the king's order and assembled five hundred boats from all sides.

2.83.11 Other boats, recognizable by auspicious marks, large and carrying great loads, fine vessels adorned with flags, fitted with sails, and firmly constructed, gleamed there.

2.83.12 Then Guha brought forward a fine boat recognizable by auspicious marks, covered with white blankets, resounding with the noise of bells, and auspicious in every way.

2.83.13 Bharata boarded that boat, and the mighty Śatrughna, and Kausalyā, Sumitrā, and the other royal wives.

2.83.14 The purohita went first, then the brāhmaṇas who served as preceptors; immediately after them the royal women, and then the carts and the market-wagons.

2.83.15 The noise of those who were lighting the camp-fires, of those plunging into the ford, and of those loading the goods and equipment rose up and touched the heavens.

2.83.16 Those flag-bearing boats, manned by the boatmen themselves, carrying the people who had boarded them, then shot swiftly across.

2.83.17 Some boats were filled with women, others with horses; and some there carried vehicles with their teams and great stores of wealth.

2.83.18 Having reached the far bank and disembarked the people, they returned; and the kinsmen of the boatmen busied themselves with various tasks.

2.83.19 The elephants, bearing their victory-banners and urged on by their mahouts, shone as they swam across like mountains adorned with flags.

2.83.20 Some others boarded boats to cross; yet others crossed on rafts; still others crossed using pots and water-jars as floats; and others crossed by the strength of their arms alone.

2.83.21 That sacred army, ferried across the Gaṅgā by the boatmen themselves, set out in the auspicious hour of Maitra toward the excellent forest of Prayāga.

2.83.22 Having reassured the army and settled it in camp as was fitting, the great-souled Bharata, accompanied by his priests, set forth to visit Bharadvāja, the foremost of seers.

2.84.1 Catching sight of the hermitage of Bharadvāja from a distance of a krośa, that bull among men halted his entire army and went forward with his ministers alone.

2.84.2 For that knower of dharma went on foot, having laid aside his weapons and equipment, dressed in two garments of fine linen, placing the purohita before him.

2.84.3 Then, approaching the presence of Bharadvāja, that Rāghava left his ministers behind and followed after the purohita.

2.84.4 Then, seeing Vasiṣṭha, the great ascetic Bharadvāja quickly rose from his seat, instructing his disciples with the word "arghya — the water of welcome."

2.84.5 Meeting with Vasiṣṭha and greeted reverentially by Bharata, that greatly resplendent sage recognized him as the son of Daśaratha.

2.84.6 Having offered arghya and water for the feet to both, and fruits afterward, that knower of dharma inquired in due order about the welfare of their family.

2.84.7 He asked after Ayodhyā, after the army, the treasury, the allies, and the ministers; knowing what had befallen Daśaratha, he did not mention the king.

2.84.8 Vasiṣṭha and Bharata in turn asked him about his well-being — about his body, his sacred fires, the trees, his disciples, the deer, and the birds.

2.84.9 Affirming that all was well, the great ascetic Bharadvāja then addressed Bharata thus, bound as he was by his affection for Rāghava:

2.84.10 "What business brings you here, you who are the ruler of a kingdom? Tell me everything — for my mind does not feel at ease."

2.84.11 "She bore one who destroys enemies and increases the joy of Kausalyā — he who has been sent long into the forest along with his wife and brother."

2.84.12 "He of great renown was ordered by a father swayed by a woman to live in the forest for fourteen years."

2.84.13 "Do you perhaps wish to do harm to that sinless one? Do you desire to enjoy undisputed sovereignty, yours and that of his younger brother?"

2.84.14 Thus addressed, Bharata replied to Bharadvāja, his eyes overflowing with tears of grief, his voice faltering:

2.84.15 "I am destroyed if even the venerable one thinks of me in this way. Let him not suspect any fault in me — please do not instruct me thus."

2.84.16 "What my mother said in my absence is not something I wished for; I am not pleased by it, and I do not accept that word of hers."

2.84.17 "But I have come here as a supplicant to that tiger among men, to bring him back to Ayodhyā and to prostrate myself at his feet."

2.84.18 "Knowing me to be thus disposed, you ought to show me your grace. Tell me, O venerable one — where is Rāma, the lord of the earth, now?"

2.84.19 Bharadvāja, with kindness, spoke these words to Bharata: "In you, O tiger among men, born of the Rāghava lineage, this is fitting — reverence toward one's guru, self-restraint, and the following of the virtuous."

2.84.20 "I knew this already, that it was established in your heart — I asked you merely to confirm it, to magnify greatly your glory."

2.84.21 "Your brother dwells on the great mountain Citrakūṭa; you shall go to that place tomorrow — tonight stay here with your ministers. Grant me this wish, O most wise one, O you who are skilled in the objects of desire."

2.84.22 Then that noble-visaged Bharata, of distinguished bearing, spoke the word "So be it," and the son of the lord of men resolved in his mind to spend the night in that great hermitage.

2.85.1 And that sage, knowing that Bharata had resolved to stay, thereupon invited Bharata, the son of Kaikeyī, with hospitable rites.

2.85.2 But Bharata said to him: "Has not this already been done by you — the water for washing feet, the guest-offering, and such hospitality as is fitting in the forest?"

2.85.3 Then Bharadvāja replied to Bharata with something of a smile: "I know that you are full of affection and would be pleased with whatever little is offered.

2.85.4 But I wish to provide a meal for this army of yours, as befitting my affection — you are worthy of it, O bull among men.

2.85.5 And why have you come here having left the army behind at a distance? Why did you not come with the full force, O bull among men?"

2.85.6 Bharata replied with joined palms to that ascetic endowed with tapas: "I did not come with the army, revered sir, out of reverence for your sacred presence.

2.85.7 The choicest horses, men, and mighty intoxicated elephants, covering the great earth, follow me, revered sir.

2.85.8 That they might not harm the trees, the water, the ground, the hermitages, or the leaf-huts — for that reason I came alone."

2.85.9 Ordered by the great seer, "Let the army be brought here," Bharata caused the army to advance accordingly.

2.85.10 Then, having entered the fire-hall, sipped water, and dried himself, for the purpose of performing the rites of hospitality, he invoked Viśvakarman.

2.85.11 "I invoke Viśvakarman and also Tvaṣṭṛ — I wish to perform the hospitality; let all be arranged for me therein.

2.85.12 Let all the rivers that flow eastward and those that flow westward, on the earth and in the sky, come together here today from every direction.

2.85.13 Let some flow with maireya wine, others with well-brewed surā, and yet others with cool water resembling sugarcane juice.

2.85.14 I invoke the divine gandharvas — Viśvāvasu, Hāhā, and Hūhū — and likewise the apsaras goddesses and all the gandharvī women.

2.85.15 Ghṛtācī, Viśvācī, Miśrakeśī, Alambusā — those radiant ones who attend upon Śakra, and those who attend upon Brahmā — I invoke all of them together with Tumburu, along with their retinues.

2.85.16 That divine forest among the Kurus, adorned like garments and ornaments with leaves, yielding ever-lasting divine fruits for its women — that forest belonging to Kubera — let it be here.

2.85.17 Let the blessed Soma ordain for me here the finest food — foods to be chewed, foods to be eaten, to be sucked, and to be licked, in great variety.

2.85.18 And varied garlands freshly fallen from the trees, wines and other drinks, and meats of many kinds."

2.85.19 Thus composed in meditation and possessed of unequalled splendour, that sage, empowered by his asceticism, spoke with a voice modulated in pitch and intonation.

2.85.20 As he meditated with his mind, facing east with joined palms, all those deities came separately, one by one.

2.85.21 Then a wind, touching the Malaya and Dardura mountains, blew fitly — cooling, pleasant to the soul, gentle and auspicious, dispelling heat.

2.85.22 Then divine showers of flowers descended from the clouds, and the sound of the celestial kettle-drums was heard in all directions.

2.85.23 Excellent breezes blew; the hosts of apsarases danced; the divine gandharvas sang; the vīṇās gave forth their notes.

2.85.24 That sound, uttered and refined, even and possessed of perfect rhythm, entered heaven, earth, and the ears of all living beings.

2.85.25 When that divine sound, delightful to the ears of men, had ceased, the army of Bharata beheld the arrangement made by Viśvakarman.

2.85.26 The ground became level for five yojanas in every direction, covered with dense meadows of grass resembling blue vaidūrya gems.

2.85.27 In that place grew bilva, kapittha, jackfruit, bījapūraka, āmalakī, and mango trees, adorned with fruits.

2.85.28 And from the northern Kurus came a forest yielding divine enjoyments, along with a divine river surrounded by many trees along its banks.

2.85.29 Bright buildings with four halls, stables for elephants and horses, clusters of mansions and palaces, and beautiful gateways appeared.

2.85.30 A royal palace resembling a white cloud, with a beautiful gateway, decorated with white garlands, and sprinkled with divine fragrances appeared.

2.85.31 It was square and spacious, furnished with couches, seats, and vehicles, stocked with all divine flavours, with divine food and garments.

2.85.32 All foods were prepared therein; the vessels were washed and spotless; all seats were arranged; it was splendid, with excellent beds well spread.

2.85.33 The mighty-armed Bharata, son of Kaikeyī, permitted by the great seer, entered that mansion filled with jewels.

2.85.34 All the ministers and the priest followed him, and they were filled with joy on seeing the arrangement of that palace.

2.85.35 There Bharata, together with his ministers, approached the divine royal throne, the fan, and the royal parasol, in the manner of a king.

2.85.36 He honoured the throne, bowing to it in the name of Rāma, and then, taking up the yak-tail fan, sat on a minister's seat.

2.85.37 All the counsellors and the priest sat in order of precedence; then the general and the overseer sat down after them.

2.85.38 Then in a moment, by the command of Bharadvāja, rivers of rice-pudding came and presented themselves before Bharata.

2.85.39 On both banks of those rivers, smeared with white clay, stood pleasant and divine rest-houses, born of the grace of the brahman sage.

2.85.40 And in that very moment, twenty thousand women adorned with divine ornaments came, sent by Brahmā.

2.85.41 Twenty thousand women, resplendent with gold, gems, pearls, and coral, came, sent by Kubera.

2.85.42 Twenty thousand apsarases came from Nandana — those by whose touch a man appears as if beside himself with rapture.

2.85.43 Nārada, Tumburu, Gopa, Parvata, and Sūryavarcas — these kings of the gandharvas sang before Bharata.

2.85.44 Alambusā, Miśrakeśī, Puṇḍarīkā, and Vāmanā danced before Bharata by the command of Bharadvāja.

2.85.45 The garlands that exist among the gods and in the Caitraratha forest were seen at Prayāga by the command of Bharadvāja.

2.85.46 By the power of Bharadvāja, bilva trees became mṛdaṅga drummers, śamī trees became players of the time-beaters, bibhītaka trees became players of stringed instruments, and aśvattha trees became dancers.

2.85.47 Then sarala, tāla, tilaka, and naktamāla trees, filled with delight, rushed together there, having become hunchbacks and dwarfs.

2.85.48 Śiṃśapā, āmalakī, jambū, and the other creepers of the forest, having assumed the forms of beautiful women, dwelt in the hermitage of Bharadvāja.

2.85.49 "Let those who drink wine drink surā! Let the hungry eat rice-pudding! And let them eat the finest meats to their heart's desire!"

2.85.50 On the beautiful riverbanks, groups of seven and eight women bathed and anointed each man, one by one.

2.85.51 The women with lovely eyes rushed forward, massaging and wiping each other, and those beautiful women plied the men with drink.

2.85.52 They fed the horses, elephants, donkeys, camels, and the offspring of Surabhī with sugarcane and sweet treacle; and the mighty warriors of the Ikṣvāku line urged on their mounts.

2.85.53 No horse-keeper knew his own horse; no elephant-driver knew his elephant. That army appeared there intoxicated, heedless, and merry.

2.85.54 Satisfied with all their desires, smeared with red sandalwood, and attended by the throngs of apsarases, the soldiers cried out:

2.85.55 "We will not go back to Ayodhyā! Nor will we go to the Daṇḍaka forest! May Bharata fare well! And may Rāma find happiness!"

2.85.56 Thus the infantry soldiers, the elephant-riders, horsemen, and grooms — otherwise without a lord — on receiving that bounty, uttered these words.

2.85.57 Those thousands of men who had followed Bharata shouted with great joy and said, "This is heaven itself!"

2.85.58 Even after they had eaten their fill of that food equal to nectar, on seeing those divine delicacies they felt the desire to eat again.

2.85.59 The servants, slave-girls, young wives, and all the fighting men were exceedingly satisfied, and all were clad in fresh garments.

2.85.60 The elephants, donkeys, camels, cows, horses, deer, and birds were all well-fed there; and no one tended to another's animal by mistake.

2.85.61 Not a single man was seen there without white garments, nor hungry, nor dirty, nor with hair dishevelled with dust.

2.85.62 And with goat and boar meats cooked to perfection, with soups prepared with the essence of fruits, fragrant and savoury,

2.85.63 bearing flower-banners, filled all around with white food — thousands of iron vessels were seen there with amazement by the men.

2.85.64 On the outskirts of the forest there appeared wells of rice-pudding, wish-fulfilling cows, and trees dripping with honey.

2.85.65 Tanks were filled with maireya wine, surrounded by heaps of choice meat, and with roasting-pans of roadside peacock and chicken.

2.85.66 Thousands of golden vessels appeared, along with cooking-pots, jars, and barley-gruel bowls filled with well-prepared curds, of the fragrant white kapittha fruit in its prime.

2.85.67 Some lakes were filled with sweet mango juice, others with white curds; and at the end appeared heaps of rice-pudding and piles of sugar.

2.85.68 At the bathing-ghats of the rivers, the men saw various unguents, powders, astringent preparations, and bathing requisites stored in vessels.

2.85.69 Bright, fresh tooth-cleaning twigs in heaps, and white sandal-wood pastes stood in their containers.

2.85.70 There too were polished mirrors, heaps of garments, and thousands of pairs of wooden sandals and shoes.

2.85.71 Collyrium applicators, combs, brushes, parasols, bows, varied pieces of armour, couches, and seats as well.

2.85.72 Watering-ponds filled for donkeys, camels, elephants, and horses; and beautiful pools to bathe in, adorned with blue lotuses and water-lilies.

2.85.73 And soft heaps of barley, the colour of blue vaidūrya gems, for the feeding of the animals — all these they saw there everywhere.

2.85.74 Those men were struck with wonder at that marvellous scene, like unto a dream, on seeing the such hospitality rendered to Bharata by the great sage.

2.85.75 Thus, as they revelled as if in the Nandana grove of the gods, that night passed away in the lovely hermitage of Bharadvāja.

2.85.76 Then those rivers, the gandharvas, and all those beautiful women departed in the way they had come, after taking leave of Bharadvāja.

2.85.77 Just so those men remained intoxicated and stupefied with wine, sprinkled with divine aguru and sandalwood; just so those various divine and choice garlands lay scattered and trampled by men.

2.86.1 Then Bharata, having spent that night with his retinue, having been thus hospitably treated, approached Bharadvāja of his own accord.

2.86.2 The sage Bharadvāja, having performed the agnihotra oblation, looked upon that tiger among men as he came with joined palms and addressed Bharata.

2.86.3 "Did you pass a comfortable night here in our domain? Is your whole company complete? Tell me, O sinless one, how was the hospitality?"

2.86.4 Bharata, having joined his palms and bowed down, spoke to the sage of supreme splendour who had come forth from the hermitage.

2.86.5 "I have spent the night in comfort, revered sir, with my entire force and cavalry. I and my ministers have been powerfully satisfied with all our desires by you.

2.86.6 Free from fatigue and distress, provided with excellent food and excellent lodgings, all of us — including even the servants — have slept in great comfort.

2.86.7 I take leave of you, revered sir, O best of seers, as I set out towards my brother's presence — look upon me with a kindly eye.

2.86.8 Tell me, O knower of dharma, the hermitage of that righteous great-souled one — which is the path, and how far is it? Tell me."

2.86.9 Thus questioned, the greatly brilliant and greatly ascetic Bharadvāja replied to Bharata, who was eager to behold his brother.

2.86.10 "O Bharata, at two and a half yojanas from here, in the uninhabited forest, is Mount Citrakūṭa, pleasant with its caves and groves.

2.86.11 On its northern side flows the river Mandākinī, overhung with flowering trees, with beautiful and flowering groves.

2.86.12 Adjacent to that river is Mount Citrakūṭa, and beyond it is the leaf-hut — there, dear one, those two certainly dwell.

2.86.13 Lead your army, filled with elephants, horses, and chariots, by the southern path, keeping it to your left and right, O commander of forces, O fortunate one — then you will see Rāghava."

2.86.14 On hearing of the departure of that king of kings, the women — those who were worthy of conveyances — left their vehicles and gathered around the brahman sage.

2.86.15 Trembling, thin, and wretched, Kausalyā, together with the queens and Sumantrī, clasped the feet of the sage with both hands.

2.86.16 Kaikeyī, whose desire was unfulfilled, condemned by all the world, grasped his feet with shame.

2.86.17 Having circumambulated that blessed great sage, she stood at a little distance near Bharata himself, dejected in mind.

2.86.18 Then Bharadvāja of firm vows asked Bharata: "I wish to know in detail about your mothers, O Rāghava."

2.86.19 Thus addressed by Bharadvāja, the righteous Bharata, skilled in speech, with joined palms, spoke these words.

2.86.20 "She whom you see, revered sir — wretched, emaciated by grief and scanty food — she is the chief queen of my father, worshipful as a goddess.

2.86.21 This is Kausalyā, who bore Rāma, that tiger among men who walks with a lion's gait — as Aditi bore the Sustainer Viṣṇu.

2.86.22 She who clings to her left arm and stands there heavy-hearted, like a branch of the karṇikāra with withered flowers in the heart of the forest —

2.86.23 her two sons, O queen, are the princes of divine appearance — both Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna, heroes of true valour.

2.86.24 On account of whom those two tigers among men departed from here losing their life in the forest, and the king Daśaratha, bereft of his son, departed to heaven —

2.86.25 know that this woman — Kaikeyī, craving for power, ignoble though bearing a noble form, cruel and fixed in sin — is my mother, from whom I see springing all this great calamity upon myself."

2.86.26 Having said this, that tiger among men, with a voice choked with tears, his eyes red, sighed repeatedly like an angry serpent.

2.86.27 Then the great sage Bharadvāja, of great wisdom, replied to Bharata as he spoke thus, with these meaningful words.

2.86.28 "Kaikeyī must not be regarded as guilty by you, O Bharata — for this exile of Rāma will prove to be productive of happiness in the end.

2.86.29 Having bowed to him, having circumambulated him, and taken his leave, Bharata, his purpose fulfilled, urged the army: "Let the army be made ready!"

2.86.30 Then, having yoked the divine horses to the chariots adorned with gold, men of many kinds mounted them in great numbers, ready for the march.

2.86.31 Young she-elephants and bull-elephants, with golden girths, bearing banners, set out trumpeting like rain-clouds at the end of summer.

2.86.32 Varied vehicles, both large and small, of great worth, moved forward; and the infantry marched on foot.

2.86.33 Then the women with Kausalyā at their head, eager to behold Rāma, proceeded joyfully in the finest vehicles.

2.86.34 And the splendid Bharata, with his retinue, mounted a beautiful palanquin harnessed and gleaming like the young sun, and set forth.

2.86.35 That great army, teeming with elephants, horses, and chariots, having set out and turned toward the southern direction, rising like a great cloud, crossed through forests frequented by deer and birds.

2.86.36 That army of Bharata, with its rejoicing elephants, horses, and warriors, frightening the herds of deer and flocks of birds, as it plunged into that great forest, shone magnificently there.

2.87.1 Harassed by that great and advancing army with its banners, the leaders of elephant herds, maddened, fled away together with their herds.

2.87.2 Bears, herds of spotted deer, and ruruantelopes were seen on all sides in the forest glades, on the mountains, and near the rivers.

2.87.3 That righteous son of Daśaratha set out with gladness, surrounded by the great, tumultuous, four-divisioned army.

2.87.4 The army of the great-souled Bharata, resembling the flood of the ocean, covered the earth as clouds cover the sky in the rainy season.

2.87.5 Covered by the multitudes of horses and by swift-moving elephants, the earth was invisible for a long time during that period.

2.87.6 Having travelled a great distance, with his mounts greatly tired, the splendid Bharata spoke to Vasiṣṭha, the best of counsellors.

2.87.7 "The landscape that appears to the eye and what I have heard described — evidently we have arrived at the region that Bharadvāja indicated.

2.87.8 This is Mount Citrakūṭa, and there the river Mandākinī; and that forest visible from afar, resembling a dark cloud, gleams before us.

2.87.9 The pleasant ridges of Mount Citrakūṭa are now being trampled by my elephants, which are themselves like mountains.

2.87.10 These trees on the mountain ridges are shedding their flowers like dark rain-clouds releasing water at the end of summer heat.

2.87.11 Look, O Śatrughna, at this mountain haunted by kinnaras, covered all around by horses — like the ocean filled with sea-monsters.

2.87.12 These herds of deer, driven forward at swift speed, scatter in every direction like clouds tossed by the wind in the sky in autumn.

2.87.13 These trees place fragrant flower-crowns on their crests with their cloud-gleaming canopies, like the men of the south with their garlands.

2.87.14 This forest, though it once appeared fierce and silent, now seems to me like Ayodhyā thronged with people.

2.87.15 The dust raised by hooves stands covering the sky; the wind carries it swiftly, as if doing me a favour.

2.87.16 Look, O Śatrughna, at these chariots yoked with horses, manned by chief charioteers, rushing swiftly through the forest.

2.87.17 Look at these lovely peacocks, frightened by the commotion, entering this mountain that is the abode of birds.

2.87.18 This region appears to me exceedingly beautiful; this abode of ascetics clearly appears like the path to heaven.

2.87.19 Many deer together with does, and spotted antelopes in the forest, of pleasing form, are seen like paintings adorned with flowers.

2.87.20 "Let the soldiers halt and search the forest, so that those two tigers among men, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, may be seen."

2.87.21 Hearing Bharata's words, armed men, heroes all, entered that forest, and there they saw smoke.

2.87.22 Observing the tip of the smoke, they came back and said to Bharata: "Fire does not exist in an uninhabited place — evidently the Rāghavas are right here."

2.87.23 "Or, if those two tiger-princes, scorchers of foes, are not here, then there are clearly other ascetics dwelling here who are like Rāma."

2.87.24 Hearing that well-considered speech of theirs, Bharata, crusher of the power of enemies, addressed all those soldiers.

2.87.25 "Let all of you halt here — no one is to go ahead. I alone shall go forward, and Sumantra, and the preceptor as well."

2.87.26 Thus instructed, all of them halted there on every side, while Bharata fixed his gaze on the place where the tip of the smoke arose.

2.87.27 That army which had been halted by Bharata, even as it looked toward the tip of the smoke ahead, before long became joyful, knowing that the meeting with beloved Rāma was at hand.

2.88.1 Having dwelt long on that mountain, he who delighted in hills and forests, wishing to please the Videhan princess and also to charm his own heart—

2.88.2 —then Daśaratha's son, radiant as an immortal, pointed out the variegated Citrakūṭa to his wife, even as Puraṃdara shows Śacī the wonders of heaven.

2.88.3 "Neither the loss of the kingdom, dear one, nor the separation from friends distresses my mind, for I have seen this delightful mountain."

2.88.4 "Behold this mountain, dear one, thronged with hosts of many birds, adorned with mineral-streaked peaks that seem to pierce the sky."

2.88.5 "Some regions gleam like silver, some resemble blood-red ochre, some are yellow-madder-coloured, and some shine with the brilliance of precious gems."

2.88.6 "Some parts blaze like Puṣya's star, like the sun, like Ketuka flowers; some gleam with a liquid luminescence—the slopes of this king of mountains shine forth, adorned with mineral ores."

2.88.7 "This mountain shines, surrounded by herds of various deer, leopards, bears, and troops of trees—harmless and teeming with multitudes of birds."

2.88.8 "With mango, rose-apple, Asana, Lodhra, Priyāla, jackfruit, Dhava, Aṅkola, Bhavya, Tiniśa, Bilva, Tinduka, and bamboo—"

2.88.9 "—with Kāśmarya, Ariṣṭa, Varaṇa, Madhūka, Tilaka, Badarī, Āmalaka, Nīpa, Vetra, Dhanvana, and Bījaka trees—"

2.88.10 "—bearing flowers, laden with fruits, providing shade, and delightful—crowded with these and others, this mountain flourishes in its glory."

2.88.11 "On the charming mountain plateaus, dear one, behold these Kinnaras who delight the heart with desire—noble beings sporting in pairs."

2.88.12 "Behold the swords hung from branches, the fine garments, and the charming pleasure-spots of Vidyādhara women."

2.88.13 "With cascading waterfalls, with springs breaking forth, with rivulets flowing here and there, this mountain shines like an elephant streaming with ichor."

2.88.14 "The breeze from the caves, bearing the fragrance born of many flowers, gratifying the sense of smell as it draws near—what person would it not fill with joy?"

2.88.15 "If I were to dwell here many autumns together with you, blameless one, and with Lakṣmaṇa, sorrow would not consume me."

2.88.16 "In this peak abounding in flowers and fruits, charming, thronged with various flocks of birds, in this summit of marvellous hues, I have found delight, fair one."

2.88.17 "Through this forest-dwelling I have obtained a twofold fruit: discharge of my debt of duty to my father, and the fulfilment of Bharata's wish."

2.88.18 "Are you content, Vaidehī, dwelling with me on Citrakūṭa, beholding the varied expressions of those restrained in mind, word, and deed?"

2.88.19 "This very life is called nectar by foremost royal sages; my great ancestors proclaimed that the forest-dwelling serves the highest purpose of existence."

2.88.20 "The boulders of the mountain shine on all sides in their hundreds—vast, manifold, of manifold colours: blue, yellow, white, and red."

2.88.21 "At night the luminous herbs of this king of mountains shine by their own radiance like tongues of fire, blazing in their glory by the thousands."

2.88.22 "Some regions resemble a palace, some look like pleasure-gardens, and some single great rocks gleam on this mountain, fair one."

2.88.23 "Citrakūṭa rises as if having split open the earth; that summit of Citrakūṭa appears auspicious in every direction."

2.88.24 "Behold the beds spread out for lovers, covered with Kuṣṭha, Puṃnāga, Tagara, Bhūrja leaves, and upper coverings of lotus petals—couch-like and spread out."

2.88.25 "Garlands of lotuses, pressed and shot through by bows, are seen scattered by lovers—behold, dear one, the many kinds of fruit lying about as well."

2.88.26 "That mountain Citrakūṭa, abounding in roots, fruits, and water, surpasses even Vasvaukasāra's lotus-lake and the northern Kurus in its abundance."

2.88.27 "Sporting through this season, dear Sītā, together with you and with Lakṣmaṇa, I shall attain that contentment which augments the dharma of our lineage—standing on the path of the good, by my own supreme vows."

2.89.1 Then, descending from the mountain, the lord of Kosala showed the Maithilī princess the charming river Mandākinī with its auspicious waters.

2.89.2 And Rāma, lotus-eyed, spoke to that daughter of the Videha king, she of noble waist and face fair as a lovely moon:

2.89.3 "Behold the river Mandākinī—her sandy banks variegated, charming, frequented by geese and cranes, adorned with flowers."

2.89.4 "Encircled by diverse trees growing along her banks—flowering and fruit-bearing—she shines on all sides like the lotus-pool of the king of kings."

2.89.5 "The fords, their waters now muddied by herds of deer that have drunk there, are charming and arouse delight in me."

2.89.6 "At the appointed hour, sages wearing matted locks and antelope-skin, their upper garments of bark-cloth, plunge into the river Mandākinī, dear one."

2.89.7 "Other ascetics with sharp vows stand with arms raised, worshipping the sun with discipline, wide-eyed one."

2.89.8 "The mountain seems to dance, its peaks tossed by the wind, its trees scattering leaves and flowers all around the river."

2.89.9 "How gem-bright are her waters! How rich in sandbanks! How thronged with Siddhas! Behold the river Mandākinī!"

2.89.10 "Behold the masses of blossoms blown off and spread out by the wind; behold others floating, borne along in the middle of the stream."

2.89.11 "The cakravāka birds, whose calls are most sweet, cry out auspicious sounds as they mount those flowers—how charming, auspicious one!"

2.89.12 "The sight of Citrakūṭa and of the Mandākinī, radiant one—I deem it greater than dwelling in the city, and greater even than the sight of you alone."

2.89.13 "Come, sport with me in these ever-stirred waters, alongside the Siddhas whose impurities have been shaken off, endowed with austerity, self-restraint, and tranquillity."

2.89.14 "Plunge into this Mandākinī as into a friend's embrace, Sītā—submerging the lotuses and water-lilies, fair one."

2.89.15 "Consider the wild beasts like the townspeople, dear one; consider the mountain like Ayodhyā; consider this river always as the Sarayū."

2.89.16 "And virtuous-souled Lakṣmaṇa stands ever at my command; you too are devoted to me, Vaidehī—both of you fill me with joy."

2.89.17 "Bathing at the three sacred hours, subsisting on honey, roots, and fruits—dwelling with you now, I do not yearn for Ayodhyā, nor for the kingdom."

2.89.18 "There is no one who, seeing this charming river—stirred by herds of elephants, her waters drunk by elephants, lions, and monkeys, adorned with trees bearing abundant blossoms—would not feel his step gone easy and be content."

2.89.19 Speaking thus many gathered words to his beloved companion, directed toward the river, he—the increaser of the Raghu lineage—roamed through that charming Citrakūṭa, radiant as collyrium to the eyes.

2.90.1 While he dwelt there, as Bharata approached, the dust and the sound of his army rose up, touching the sky.

2.90.2 In that moment, terrified by the great noise, the maddened bull-elephants, tormented, fled in all directions with their herds.

2.90.3 Rāghava heard that sound arising from the army, and he watched as all those bull-elephants scattered and fled.

2.90.4 Seeing them scatter in flight and hearing that sound, Rāma spoke to Saumitri, the blazing-vigoured Lakṣmaṇa:

2.90.5 "Look here, Lakṣmaṇa—Sumitrā is blessed to have such a son as you! A tumultuous sound is heard, deep as terrible thunder."

2.90.6 "Is a king or a royal prince ranging the forest in the hunt, or is it some other wild beast, O Saumitri? You must ascertain the truth of all this—discover it quickly, as it really is."

2.90.7 Lakṣmaṇa, swift to act, climbed a flowering Śala tree, and scanning all directions, he gazed to the east.

2.90.8 Looking northward, he discerned a great army—crowded with chariots, horses, and elephants, joined with alert foot-soldiers.

2.90.9 He reported to Rāma that army filled with horses and elephants, adorned with chariot-banners, and spoke these words:

2.90.10 "Let the noble one extinguish the fire; let Sītā take shelter in the cave; string your bow, and take up your arrows and armour as well."

2.90.11 Rāma, that tiger among men, replied to Lakṣmaṇa: "Observe the insignia, Saumitri—whose army do you think this is?"

2.90.12 Thus addressed by Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa spoke his words—enraged, as though wishing to burn that army like an angry fire.

2.90.13 "Desiring the secure kingdom, and clearly having now obtained his consecration, Bharata, Kaikeyī's son, is coming to kill us both."

2.90.14 "That very great and resplendent tree shines forth—the Kovidāra banner with its upraised trunk blazes on his chariot."

2.90.15 "Some mounted on swift horses ride at will; others, glittering and exultant, the riders mounted on elephants, shine forth."

2.90.16 "With bows in hand, let us two take to the mountain, O hero—or let us stand right here, armoured and weapons raised, so that he of the Kovidāra banner may come under our power in battle."

2.90.17 "I shall look upon that Bharata, on account of whom such great calamity has befallen you, Rāghava, and Sītā, and me alike."

2.90.18 "This enemy Bharata, on whose account you, Rāghava, have been deprived of the eternal kingdom—he is fit to be slain by me, O hero."

2.90.19 "I see no fault in slaying Bharata, Rāghava—for in abandoning those who have first done harm, no unrighteousness is ordained. Once he is slain, rule the entire earth."

2.90.20 "Today let Kaikeyī, who craved the kingdom, see her son slain in battle by me—struck down with deep agony, like a tree shattered by an elephant."

2.90.21 "And I shall slay Kaikeyī together with her partisans and kinsmen. Let the earth today be freed from this great pollution."

2.90.22 "Today I shall release this pent-up wrath and the dishonour shown to the giver of honour upon the enemy's army, like fire upon dry grass."

2.90.23 "Today I shall drench this forest of Citrakūṭa with blood, piercing the bodies of enemies with my sharp arrows."

2.90.24 "Let the jackals and wild beasts drag away the elephants and horses whose hearts have been pierced by my arrows, and likewise the men I have slain."

2.90.25 "Having slain Bharata together with his army in this great forest, I shall have discharged my debt to my arrows and my bow—of this there is no doubt."

2.91.1 Then Rāma, having gently calmed Lakṣmaṇa the son of Sumitrā who was enraged and overcome with fury, spoke these words.

2.91.2 What use here is a bow, or a sword with its shield, now that Bharata himself—that great archer, that supremely wise one—has come in person?

2.91.3 It is only fitting that Bharata wishes to see us now; he would not commit even in his mind any harm against us.

2.91.4 Has Bharata ever done anything displeasing to you before? What manner of fear is it that you now suspect in Bharata?

2.91.5 You must not speak any harsh or unpleasant word to Bharata; for if harm were done to Bharata, I myself would be the one spoken ill of.

2.91.6 How could sons slay their own father in any adversity? Or how could a brother slay his brother, O son of Sumitrā—a brother who is one's own very life?

2.91.7 If you speak these words on account of the kingdom, then upon meeting Bharata I shall say to him: let the kingdom be given to him.

2.91.8 For Bharata, O Lakṣmaṇa, when truly told by me 'give him the kingdom,' will respond with nothing but 'so be it.'

2.91.9 Thus addressed by his brother of righteous character, who was ever devoted to his welfare, Lakṣmaṇa seemed to shrink into his own body with shame.

2.91.10 Seeing Lakṣmaṇa abashed, the Rāghava spoke again: "I think that mighty-armed one comes here to see us."

2.91.11 Reflecting on our forest-dwelling, he will take us back to the city—or at least this daughter of Videha who is accustomed to every comfort.

2.91.12 Those two noble horses shine forth, charming, swift as the wind, O hero—the finest of steeds.

2.91.13 That very large elephant named Śatruṃjaya—the aged and wise one belonging to our father—trembles at the head of the army.

2.91.14 Then Lakṣmaṇa, that conqueror of battles, having descended from the treetop of the sāla tree, stood at Rāma's side with palms joined in reverence.

2.91.15 Then, directed by Bharata so that there be no overcrowding, they arranged the camp of the army all around that mountain.

2.91.16 The army of the Ikṣvākus, crowded with elephants, horses, and chariots, encamped on the flank of the mountain, covering a space of one and a half yojanas.

2.91.17 That army at Citrakūṭa, led by Bharata with righteousness foremost and pride cast aside, shone forth, guided by the wise one for the purpose of propitiating the son of Raghu.

2.92.1 Having settled the army, that lord, finest among those who travel on foot, desired to go on foot to meet Kākutstha in the manner becoming toward an elder.

2.92.2 As soon as the army had settled in its proper position in an orderly manner, Bharata spoke these words to his brother Śatrughna.

2.92.3 "Quickly, O gentle one, together with these groups of men and hunters, you should search this forest all around."

2.92.4 "Until I see Rāma, or mighty Lakṣmaṇa, or the illustrious Vaidehī, there will be no peace for me."

2.92.5 "Until I behold my brother's auspicious face, moon-like, with eyes like lotus petals, there will be no peace for me."

2.92.6 "Until I bear on my head my brother's feet—marked with royal auspicious signs—there will be no peace for me."

2.92.7 "Until he who deserves kingship is established in the ancestral kingdom, drenched with the waters of consecration, there will be no peace for me."

2.92.8 "Fulfilled in purpose is that illustrious daughter of Janaka, Vaidehī, who follows her husband, lord of the earth bounded by the ocean."

2.92.9 "Blessed is that Citrakūṭa, that mountain resembling the king of mountains, in which Kākutstha dwells like Kubera in the Nandana grove."

2.92.10 "That inaccessible forest, frequented by wild beasts, has accomplished its purpose, for in it resides Rāma of great splendor, finest among those who bear weapons."

2.92.11 Having spoken thus, Bharata of great splendor, that bull among men, entered the great forest on foot alone.

2.92.12 He, the foremost among speakers, passed through the midst of those thickets of trees grown on the mountain slopes with their flower-laden tips.

2.92.13 He approached a flowering sāla tree on Mount Citrakūṭa and saw the pillar of smoke rising from the fire that belonged to Rāma's hermitage.

2.92.14 Seeing it, the illustrious Bharata rejoiced together with his kinsmen, knowing "Rāma is here"—as if he had crossed to the far shore of the waters.

2.92.15 Having spotted Rāma's sacred hermitage on Mount Citrakūṭa, that great-souled one, after settling the army once more, swiftly went forward together with Guha.

2.93.1 Once the army had encamped, the eager Bharata then went to see his brother, pointing the way to Śatrughna.

2.93.2 Having instructed the seer Vasiṣṭha—"Bring my mothers quickly"—he who was devoted to his elders hastened on ahead.

2.93.3 Sumantra too followed close behind Śatrughna, for his longing to behold Rāma was just as great as Bharata's own.

2.93.4 While walking, the illustrious Bharata then beheld his brother's leaf-hut standing in that ascetics' abode, and also the cottage.

2.93.5 Before that shelter Bharata then saw broken pieces of firewood and flowers that had been gathered.

2.93.6 He also saw in that forest large heaps gathered of dried dung of deer and buffalo, stored against the cold.

2.93.7 Even while walking, the mighty-armed and radiant Bharata spoke joyfully to Śatrughna and to all those ministers.

2.93.8 "I believe we have reached the place that Bharadvāja described; I think the river Mandākinī is not too far from here."

2.93.9 "These strips of bark cloth tied high up—this must be a marked path made by Lakṣmaṇa who desired to travel in the dark hours."

2.93.10 "And here, on the mountain's flank, are the tracks of swift elephants with prominent tusks, that have roamed about trumpeting at one another."

2.93.11 "That smoke which the ascetics in the forest ever seek to kindle—look, there it rises densely along the well-worn path."

2.93.12 "Here I shall joyfully behold that tiger among men, that noble one who always honours his elders—Rāghava, like a great seer."

2.93.13 Then, having walked a short while, that Rāghava reached Citrakūṭa and came to the Mandākinī, and spoke these words to the people.

2.93.14 "That tiger among men who delights in the seat of heroes dwells on the ground; that lord of men has come to a desolate place—cursed be my birth and my very life!"

2.93.15 "On my account has the lord of the world, great in glory, fallen into calamity; relinquishing every pleasure, Rāghava dwells in the forest."

2.93.16 "Condemned thus by all the world, today, seeking to appease them, I shall fall again and again at the feet of Rāma and Sītā."

2.93.17 So lamenting in that forest, the son of Daśaratha then saw the great, holy, and beautiful leaf-cottage.

2.93.18 Covered with the many leaves of sāla, tāla, and aśvakarṇa trees, broad and spread with soft kuśa grass like a sacrificial altar at a ceremony.

2.93.19 Adorned with bows resembling Indra's rainbow, massive and heavy, with golden backs, of great substance, capable of afflicting enemies.

2.93.20 Graced by terrible arrows in the quivers, resembling the rays of the sun, it shone like Bhogavatī adorned with serpents of blazing visages.

2.93.21 Illumined by two great silver-hilted swords, and beautified also by two shields variegated with golden studs.

2.93.22 With bright finger-guards of iguana hide hung up, adorned with gold, impregnable to hosts of enemies—like a lion's cave to deer.

2.93.23 Bharata saw there in Rāma's dwelling a broad and sacred sacrificial altar with its fire blazing, with water flowing toward the northeast.

2.93.24 And having looked about for a moment, Bharata saw his elder—Rāma—seated in the cottage, wearing a coiled mass of matted locks.

2.93.25 He saw Rāma seated there, wearing a black antelope hide and garments of bark and cloth, luminous on every side like fire.

2.93.26 With lion's shoulders, mighty arms, eyes resembling the white lotus, righteous in conduct—the lord of the earth bounded by the ocean.

2.93.27 Seated, the mighty-armed, like the eternal Brahmā, on a ground strewn with darbha grass, together with Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa.

2.93.28 Seeing him, the illustrious Bharata, righteous in soul, the son of Kaikeyī, overwhelmed by grief and bewilderment, rushed forward.

2.93.29 And seeing him, he lamented in distress; with a voice choked by tears, unable to contain himself through any steadiness, he spoke these words.

2.93.30 "He who should be attended in the assembly by his subjects—that very elder brother of mine now sits attended by forest deer."

2.93.31 "That great-souled one who was accustomed to thousands of fine garments—he here wears only an antelope hide, practicing righteousness."

2.93.32 "He who once wore various splendid and beautiful flowers—how does this Rāghava now endure this burden of matted locks?"

2.93.33 "He whose accumulation of merit was joined through sacrifices performed as prescribed—that same one now pursues righteousness through the mortification born of bodily hardship."

2.93.34 "His body was anointed with precious sandalwood—how is this noble one's body now served by nothing but grime?"

2.93.35 "Rāma, who was born for happiness, has fallen into this suffering on my account. Cursed be the life of cruel me, condemned by all the world!"

2.93.36 Lamenting thus in his wretchedness, his lotus-face drenched in perspiration, Bharata fell weeping—before he could even reach Rāma's feet.

2.93.37 The mighty prince Bharata, tormented by grief, cried out once pitifully—"O noble one!"—and then could say nothing more.

2.93.38 His throat stopped up with tears, gazing upon the illustrious Rāma, he cried out only "O noble one!" and after that was unable to speak at all.

2.93.39 Śatrughna too, weeping, bowed at Rāma's feet. Rāma, embracing both of them, himself shed tears.

2.93.40 Then the two princes in that forest were joined by Sumantra and by Guha—as the sun and moon in the sky are joined by Venus and Bṛhaspati.

2.93.41 Seeing those princes gathered there in the great forest, mighty as leaders of elephant herds, the forest-dwellers too all shed tears, casting aside their joy.

2.94.1 Rāma the Rāghava, having smelt him on the crown of his head and embraced him, placed Bharata on his lap and then, composed, began to question him.

2.94.2 "Where then was your father, dear boy, that you have come to the forest? For as long as he lives, you have no right to come to the forest."

2.94.3 "Alas, after a long time I see Bharata arrived from afar, bearing a grim aspect here in this forest — why, dear boy, have you come to the forest?"

2.94.4 "Is King Daśaratha well — he of firm vows, performer of Rājasūya and Aśvamedha sacrifices, resolute in righteousness?"

2.94.5 "Is that learned brahmin, ever devoted to dharma, of great splendour, the preceptor of the Ikṣvākus — is he still duly honoured, dear boy?"

2.94.6 "Dear boy, is Kausalyā well, and Sumitrā the mother of good children — is the noble queen Kaikeyī also happy?"

2.94.7 "Is your family priest — a son of noble lineage, endowed with humility, widely learned, free from envy, a supervisor rather than a critic — duly honoured?"

2.94.8 "Is there one assigned to your sacred fires who knows the prescribed rites, is intelligent and upright, and always informs you in good time of what has been offered and what is yet to be offered?"

2.94.9 "Do you honour Sudhanvan as your instructor, dear boy — he who is endowed with excellent mastery of the bow and weapons and is learned in the science of polity?"

2.94.10 "Have you appointed as your ministers, dear boy, those who are your equals in spirit, who are brave, learned, with senses mastered, of noble birth, and skilled in reading signs and gestures?"

2.94.11 "For counsel is the root of victory for kings, O Rāghava, when it is well guarded by ministers who are keepers of secrets and versed in the śāstras."

2.94.12 "Do you not fall under the sway of sleep? Do you wake at the proper time? Do you, in the latter portions of the night, reflect on matters requiring skillful management?"

2.94.13 "Do you deliberate not alone, yet also not with too many? Does the counsel you have deliberated not run loose throughout the kingdom?"

2.94.14 "Having determined upon a course of action whose foundation is light but whose fruit is great, do you promptly set about executing it, without delay, O Rāghava?"

2.94.15 "Do only those who have done well — or at least those who have given the semblance of doing well — know all your affairs that are not to be transacted?"

2.94.16 "Is the counsel deliberated by you or by your ministers not inferred by those who are unnamed, through logic or other means, dear boy?"

2.94.17 "Do you desire one wise man over a thousand fools? For a wise man in difficult situations can bring about the highest good."

2.94.18 "Even if a king keeps thousands or indeed tens of thousands of fools in attendance, there is no help to be had from them."

2.94.19 "Even a single minister who is intelligent, brave, capable, and discerning can bring a king — or even one who is king in name only — to great prosperity."

2.94.20 "Are your servants employed in tasks befitting their grade — the foremost in foremost duties, the middling in middling ones, and the lowest in the lowest?"

2.94.21 "Do you appoint to the highest offices those ministers who have been tested by the fourfold temptations, who served your father and grandfather, who are pure, and who are the best?"

2.94.22 "Do officiating priests not disregard you as they would a fallen man, as women disdain one greedy to receive gifts and driven by desire?"

2.94.23 "A physician skilled in stratagem, one devoted to corrupting servants, and a brave man hungry for dominion — he who does not slay these three deserves to be slain."

2.94.24 "Have you appointed as your commander a man who is bold and brave, steadfast, wise, pure, of noble birth, loyal, and capable?"

2.94.25 "Are your principal warriors — powerful, skilled in battle, whose deeds have been witnessed, and of proven valour — honoured and esteemed by you?"

2.94.26 "Do you give your army their rations and pay, proper and befitting, when the time comes due, without delay?"

2.94.27 "For when the time for rations and pay is overstepped, retainers grow angry at their master and become corrupted — this is reckoned a very great calamity."

2.94.28 "Are all your principal men of noble birth devoted to you? Are they resolved to lay down their lives in your cause?"

2.94.29 "Have you appointed as your envoy, O Bharata, one who is learned in the ways of the country, astute, resourceful, who speaks according to instruction, and is a man of wisdom?"

2.94.30 "Do you know by spies, in threes, undetected, the eighteen vulnerable points in the enemy's realm, and the fifteen in your own?"

2.94.31 "Do you always deal firmly with enemies who have been expelled and who have returned, without despising them as weak, O slayer of foes?"

2.94.32 "Do you not frequent, dear boy, those brāhmaṇas who follow materialist philosophy? For these are childish men, skilled only in mischief, who fancy themselves wise."

2.94.33 "Though the foremost scriptures of dharma exist, these dull-witted men, having gotten hold of logic, speak fruitless words."

2.94.34 "Formerly occupied by the heroes of our ancestors, true to her name, with firm gates, filled with elephants, horses, and chariots —"

2.94.35 "— surrounded always by brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, and vaiśyas devoted to their own duties, with senses controlled, of great enterprise, and by thousands of ministers —"

2.94.36 "— encircled by palaces of varied forms, filled with physicians — do you protect Ayodhyā, prosperous and flourishing?"

2.94.37 "Frequented by hundreds of sacred trees, thronged with well-settled inhabitants, adorned with shrines, drinking-halls, and tanks —"

2.94.38 "— whose men and women are joyful, beautified by festivals and assemblies, with well-tilled fields, rich in cattle, and free from acts of violence —"

2.94.39 "— not dependent on rain alone for water, charming, free from beasts of prey — does your flourishing realm dwell in happiness, O Rāghava?"

2.94.40 "Are all those who live by farming and cattle-keeping dear to you? Dear boy, it is by the people's livelihood that prosperity grows."

2.94.41 "Have you provided for their sustenance through measures of protection and relief? For all who dwell in the realm must by dharma be protected by the king."

2.94.42 "Do you conciliate women? Are they well guarded? Do you not trust them excessively? Do you not disclose secrets to them?"

2.94.43 "Is the elephant forest protected, and do you ensure the elephants are satisfied? Do you show yourself daily adorned to the people, rising early each morning on the royal highway?"

2.94.44 "Are all your fortresses filled with wealth, grain, weapons, water, engines of war, and also with craftsmen and archers?"

2.94.45 "Is your income large and your expenditure smaller? Does your treasury not go to those unworthy of it, O Rāghava?"

2.94.46 "Does your expenditure go toward the purposes of the gods, of the ancestors, toward brāhmaṇas and guests, toward warriors, and toward the company of friends?"

2.94.47 "Does a noble, pure-souled man, falsely accused of theft, go unquestioned by those skilled in the śāstras and remain unbound out of greed — remaining spotless?"

2.94.48 "When a thief is caught, questioned, and duly examined in due course with cause established — is he not released out of greed for money, O bull among men?"

2.94.49 "In a case of calamity affecting alike the wealthy and the destitute, O Rāghava, do your widely-learned ministers decide the matter without partiality?"

2.94.50 "The tears that fall from those falsely accused, O Rāghava, they destroy the sons and cattle of him who punishes out of partiality."

2.94.51 "Do you cherish the elderly, children, and chief physicians, O Rāghava, by these three means — gifts, thought, and word?"

2.94.52 "Do you pay homage to teachers, elders, ascetics, guests of the gods, all sacred shrines, and the accomplished brāhmaṇas?"

2.94.53 "Do you not obstruct dharma by means of wealth, nor wealth by means of dharma, nor both of them by pleasure born of desire and passion?"

2.94.54 "Having apportioned wealth, dharma, and pleasure each to its proper time, do you attend to all three, O Bharata, best of the victorious, you who know the right time?"

2.94.55 "Do the brāhmaṇas who are versed in all the meanings of the śāstras wish you well, O greatly wise one, together with the citizens and the people of the realm?"

2.94.56 "Impiety, falsehood, anger, negligence, procrastination, avoidance of those with wisdom, laziness, indulgence in the five sensory addictions —"

2.94.57 "— deliberating on affairs alone, taking counsel with those ignorant of consequences, failure to begin what has been resolved, and failure to guard secret counsel —"

2.94.58 "— neglect of auspicious rites, and failure to rise in greeting on all occasions — do you shun these fourteen faults of kings?"

2.94.59 "Do you not eat food prepared with fine flavours alone by yourself, O Rāghava? Do you give a share to your friends who are deserving?"

2.95.1 Having heard Rāma's words, Bharata replied: "What shall the dharma of kingship do for me who am bereft of dharma?"

2.95.2 "This is the eternal dharma ever established among us, O bull among men: while the eldest son lives, O king, a younger son cannot become king."

2.95.3 "Come back to Ayodhyā in her prosperity together with me, O Rāghava, and consecrate yourself as king for the welfare of this dynasty."

2.95.4 "They call a king human, yet in my estimation he is regarded as divine — he whose conduct is conjoined with dharma and artha is said to be more than human."

2.95.5 "While I was in the Kekaya country and you had resorted to the forest, the king — that sacrificer, honoured by the righteous — departed to heaven, O noble one."

2.95.6 "Rise up, O tiger among men; let the water-offering be made to father. Śatrughna and I have already performed ours."

2.95.7 "That which is given by one who is beloved is said to be inexhaustible in the world of the ancestors, O Rāghava, and you indeed are beloved of your father."

2.95.8 Hearing those piteous words spoken by Bharata that were connected with his father's death, the Rāghava lost consciousness.

2.95.9 Struck by the thunderbolt of those unwelcome words spoken by Bharata, that scorcher of foes Rāma threw up both his arms and fell to the ground like a tree in full bloom felled in the forest by an axe.

2.95.10 So Rāma, lord of the earth, lay fallen on the ground, like an elephant exhausted by the battering of a riverbank and lying asleep.

2.95.11 His brothers, weeping, together with the Vaidehī, sprinkled water on that great bowman who was worn thin by grief on every side.

2.95.12 Regaining consciousness, shedding tears from both his eyes, the Kākutstha began to speak piteously at length.

2.95.13 "What now is to be done for that great-souled man by me, ill-born as I am, who died of grief for me and was not even cremated by me?"

2.95.14 "Ah, Bharata has achieved his purpose — the king was honoured by you, O sinless one, and by Śatrughna in all the funerary rites."

2.95.15 "Even though my forest-dwelling is over, I cannot bring myself to go to Ayodhyā — bereft of its sovereign, leaderless, scattered in attention."

2.95.16 "When my period of forest-dwelling is over, O scorcher of foes, who will govern me again in Ayodhyā, now that father has gone to another world?"

2.95.17 "Those comforting words which father used to speak to me long ago, seeing my good conduct — whence shall I hear those words, so pleasing to the ear?"

2.95.18 Having spoken thus to Bharata, the Rāghava, scorched by grief, approached his wife whose face resembled the full moon and spoke to her.

2.95.19 "Sītā, your father-in-law is dead. You are bereft of your father, Lakṣmaṇa. Bharata brings word of sorrow: the lord of the earth has gone to heaven."

2.95.20 Having consoled Sītā, daughter of Janaka, who was weeping, Rāma — himself afflicted with grief — spoke these words of sorrow to Lakṣmaṇa there.

2.95.21 "Bring the piṇyāka paste of iṅgudi fruit, and fetch an upper garment of bark-cloth; for the sake of the water-offering for our great-souled father, I shall go."

2.95.22 "Let Sītā go ahead; you follow closely beside her; I shall go last — for this path is most terrible."

2.95.23 Then Suman­tra, their constant companion who had known their souls, who was of great wisdom, gentle, self-controlled, tranquil, and of firm devotion to Rāma —

2.95.24 — Sumantra, together with those princes, having comforted Rāghava, led him down, supporting him, to the auspicious river Mandākinī.

2.95.25 Those glorious ones then, with difficulty, approached the Mandākinī, beautiful river always attended by flowering groves, at a good ford.

2.95.26 Having reached its swift current at an auspicious and unmuddied ford, they offered the water to the king, saying, "Let this be for him."

2.95.27 The lord of the earth, cupping his hands filled with water, facing toward the south, weeping, spoke these words:

2.95.28 "O tiger among kings, may this pure, inexhaustible water, given by me today, reach you who have gone to the world of the ancestors."

2.95.29 Then the glorious Rāghava, ascending from the bank of the Mandākinī, performed together with his brothers the oblation of food for his father.

2.95.30 Rāma, deeply afflicted with grief, placed the piṇyāka paste mixed with jujube and iṅgudi upon a spread of darbha grass, and weeping, spoke these words:

2.95.31 "Eat this with pleasure, O great king — for what we eat is what we offer. Whatever food a man eats, his deities receive that same food."

2.95.32 Then by the same path, ascending from the riverbank, that tiger among men climbed the lovely ridge of the mountain.

2.95.33 Then the lord of the earth, reaching the doorway of the leaf-hut, took both Bharata and Lakṣmaṇa by the hands.

2.95.34 From the sound of those brothers weeping together with the Vaidehī, an echo arose on the mountain, like the roaring of lions.

2.95.35 Understanding the tumultuous sound, Bharata's soldiers were startled and said: "Surely Bharata has met with Rāma" — for that great sound was of those very men lamenting their dead father.

2.95.36 Then, abandoning their encampments, all of them with one mind rushed toward that sound, running as fast as their places allowed.

2.95.37 Some went on horses, some on elephants, some on well-adorned chariots; others, the tender-limbed, went on foot alone.

2.95.38 All the people, desiring to see Rāma — though he had been away only briefly, as if he had been long absent — rushed at once to the hermitage.

2.95.39 Hastening eagerly to witness the brothers' reunion, they went in vehicles of every kind, crowded with the sounds of hooves and wheels.

2.95.40 The earth, struck by the many vehicles with their hooves and wheels, gave forth a tumultuous sound, like the sky at the gathering of clouds.

2.95.41 Frightened by that sound, the elephants surrounded by their females, marking the air with their scent, departed to another forest.

2.95.42 Wild boars, deer, lions, buffaloes, bears and monkeys, tigers, elk, and gayal — all were frightened, along with spotted deer.

2.95.43 Cakravāka birds, water-cocks, geese, kāraṇḍava ducks, grebes, male cuckoos, and herons — bewildered — fled in all directions.

2.95.44 The sky filled with birds frightened by that sound; the earth was covered with human beings — both gleamed brilliantly at that time.

2.95.45 Beholding those men with eyes full of tears and deeply afflicted, he who knew dharma embraced them like a father and like a mother.

2.95.46 There he embraced some men, and some men greeted him in return; then that prince, having duly met all of them together with their companions and kinsmen, honoured them each according to their desert.

2.95.47 Then the sound of those great souls weeping, reverberating across the earth and through the sky, filling the caves of the mountains and all directions, was heard continually like the roar of a kettle drum.

2.96.1 Vasiṣṭha, placing the wives of Daśaratha before him, advanced toward that place, thirsting for the sight of Rāma.

2.96.2 The royal wives, going slowly toward the Mandākinī, saw there that ford which had been frequented by Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa.

2.96.3 Kausalyā, her face withered and filled with tears, spoke pitiably to Sumitrā and to the other royal women:

2.96.4 "This is the only ford in the forest — the one bathing place — of those who, though untiring in their deeds, are now left without a lord, stripped of their kingdom."

2.96.5 "From here, O Sumitrā, your son the son of Sumitrā — tireless — always fetches water himself for the sake of my son."

2.96.6 The wide-eyed queen saw on the ground, on darbha grass with tips pointing south, the piṇyāka paste of iṅgudi placed there as an offering to his father.

2.96.7 Beholding that offering placed on the ground in grief for his father by Rāma, Queen Kausalyā spoke to all the wives of Daśaratha:

2.96.8 "Behold — this is what has been duly given by the Rāghava to his father: the offering of the great-souled Rāghava, lord of the Ikṣvākus."

2.96.9 "For that great-souled king who was equal to the gods, who had enjoyed every pleasure — this, I think, is not a fitting meal."

2.96.10 "He who ruled the earth bounded by four seas, who was like Mahendra on earth — how is it that that lord of the earth now subsists on iṅgudi paste?"

2.96.11 "Nothing in the world appears more sorrowful to me than this — that prosperous Rāma should offer his father nothing but the expressed juice of iṅgudi."

2.96.12 "Having seen the iṅgudi paste given by Rāma as an offering to his father, how does my heart not burst into a thousand pieces from grief?"

2.96.13 Her co-wives then consoled her in her distress and went on, and they saw Rāma in the hermitage — like an immortal fallen from heaven.

2.96.14 Beholding Rāma abandoned by every luxury, the mothers, afflicted and worn thin by grief, shed tears with audible weeping.

2.96.15 Rāma, that tiger among men, of firm vows, rose and clasped the auspicious feet of all those mothers.

2.96.16 With their soft-touching, gentle-fingered, auspicious hands, those wide-eyed women wiped the dust from Rāma's back.

2.96.17 The son of Sumitrā too, gazing upon all those mothers with distress, greeted them devoutly and gently, following right after Rāma.

2.96.18 Just as they had behaved toward Rāma, so all the women conducted themselves toward him — toward Lakṣmaṇa of auspicious marks, born of Daśaratha.

2.96.19 Sītā too, grief-stricken, clasped the feet of those mothers-in-law, her eyes filled with tears, and stood before them.

2.96.20 Embracing her who was afflicted with grief, as a mother would embrace a daughter, Kausalyā spoke to the emaciated, forlorn Sītā grown thin by forest-dwelling:

2.96.21 "Daughter of the king of Videha, daughter-in-law of Daśaratha, wife of Rāma — how have you come to suffer so in this solitary forest?"

2.96.22 "Like a lotus scorched by the sun's heat, like a blue lotus withered, like gold obscured by dust, like the moon afflicted by clouds —"

2.96.23 "— beholding your face, O Vaidehī, grief burns me like fire consuming a dry abode, blazing fiercely in my heart, born from the kindling-sticks of calamity."

2.96.24 While his mother spoke thus in her distress, the elder brother of Bharata, the Rāghava, approached and clasped the feet of Vasiṣṭha.

2.96.25 Of that family priest who was equal to fire, that Bṛhaspati — grasping the feet of him whose splendour was fully ripened — the Rāghava sat down together with him, as Indra the lord of immortals would sit with Bṛhaspati.

2.96.26 Then righteous Bharata sat down behind, together with ministers, the foremost men of the city, soldiers, and the people who were most knowing in dharma, in the presence of his elder brother.

2.96.27 Having sat down, that valiant Bharata gazed at the Rāghava blazing with splendour even in his ascetic garb, and with hands folded in reverence — as Mahendra, purified, regards Prajāpati.

2.96.28 "What words will Bharata speak today to the Rāghava, having bowed to him and duly honoured him?" — such, in truth, was the keen and supreme curiosity of all the noble people gathered there at that moment.

2.96.29 Rāma the Rāghava, Lakṣmaṇa steadfast in truth, great-souled, and righteous Bharata — surrounded by their friends — shone like the three sacrificial fires accompanied by their priests at a Vedic rite.

2.97.1 Then Rāma, having comforted that brother who revered his elders, began, together with his brother Lakṣmaṇa, to question him.

2.97.2 "What is this that I wish to hear from your own lips—why have you come to this region dressed in bark-cloth, matted locks, and a black-antelope hide?"

2.97.3 "For what reason have you, wearing a black-antelope skin and matted hair, abandoned the kingdom and entered this forest? You should tell me everything."

2.97.4 Thus addressed by the great-souled Kākutstha, the son of Kaikeyī, clasping his hands firmly in reverence once more, spoke these words:

2.97.5 "The noble father, the long-armed one, abandoning virtue and performing a most terrible deed, has gone to heaven, tormented by grief for his son."

2.97.6 "Commanded by a woman—Kaikeyī, my own mother, O scorcher of foes—he committed this great sin that destroys one's own renown."

2.97.7 "She, having failed to reap the fruit of the kingdom, widowed and emaciated by grief, my mother will fall into a most dreadful hell."

2.97.8 "You should show grace to me who am your slave. Consecrate yourself today with the kingdom, as Maghavan [Indra] was consecrated."

2.97.9 "All these subjects, and those mothers who are now widowed, have come to your presence; you should show them your grace."

2.97.10 "It is both fitting by succession and fitting in yourself, O giver of honour—take the kingdom by dharma and fulfil the wishes of your friends."

2.97.11 "Let the whole earth be without widowhood, with you as its lord, as an autumnal night is [made full] by the unstained moon."

2.97.12 "Implored with bowed head by me, together with these ministers, you should show grace to a brother, a pupil, a slave."

2.97.13 "This entire council of ministers, our father's perpetual [retinue], is honoured, O tiger among men; I dare not transgress them."

2.97.14 Having spoken thus, Bharata, the long-armed son of Kaikeyī, with tears in his eyes, grasped Rāma's feet with his head [bowed] once more.

2.97.15 Embracing that brother Bharata, who was sighing again and again like a rutting elephant, Rāma spoke thus:

2.97.16 "How could a person like you—well-born, endowed with virtue, splendid, faithful to your vows—commit a sin for the sake of a kingdom?"

2.97.17 "I see not even the slightest fault in you, O slayer of enemies; nor indeed should you reproach your mother out of childish impulse."

2.97.18 "O knower of dharma, O best of those who bear dharma, the reverence owed to a mother honoured by the world is equal to that owed to a father."

2.97.19 "Being told by both of these two who are devoted to dharma—mother and father—'Go to the forest, O Rāghava,' how could I do otherwise?"

2.97.20 "The kingdom of Ayodhyā, honoured by the world, is to be received by you; the Daṇḍaka forest is to be dwelt in by me, clothed in bark."

2.97.21 "Having thus made this division and given these commands before the assembly of the world, the great-spirited, mighty king Daśaratha went to heaven."

2.97.22 "He, the dharma-souled king, teacher of the world, is the authority for you; you ought to enjoy the portion given by your father as is proper."

2.97.23 "For fourteen years, gentle one, dwelling in the Daṇḍaka forest, I shall enjoy the portion given to me by the great-souled father."

2.97.24 "What the great-souled father, honoured among men, comparable to the lord of the gods, said to me—that alone I consider to be the highest good of the soul, not the imperishable lordship over all the worlds."

2.98.1 Then, for those lions among men surrounded by their bands of friends, grieving all the while, the night passed in sorrow.

2.98.2 When the night had brightened into a fair dawn, those brothers, accompanied by their friends, having offered oblations and performed japa at the Mandākinī, approached Rāma.

2.98.3 They sat in silence; no one said anything. But Bharata, in the midst of his friends, spoke a reply to Rāma's words:

2.98.4 "My mother has been appeased; this kingdom was given to me. I give it back to you yourself—enjoy the kingdom free of thorns."

2.98.5 "Like a dam broken by the great force of water at the onset of rains, this great realm is impossible for anyone but you to hold."

2.98.6 "I have no power to follow your pace, O lord of the earth—as a donkey cannot match the pace of a horse, nor a common bird match Tārkṣya [Garuḍa]."

2.98.7 "O Rāma, easy indeed is the life of one who is always depended upon by others; but hard is the life of one who depends upon others."

2.98.8 "Just as a tree planted and nurtured by a man, having grown with a sturdy trunk into a great tree, becomes too tall for that same small man to climb—

2.98.9 "—and when that tree, having bloomed, yields him no fruit, he does not enjoy the delight for whose sake he caused it to flourish—

2.98.10 "—such is this simile, O long-armed one; you ought to understand its meaning: if you, the bull among men, the lord, do not govern us your servants, then indeed—"

2.98.11 "O great king, let the guilds and chief men everywhere behold you, standing in the kingdom blazing like the sun, O subduer of enemies."

2.98.12 "In your retinue, O Kākutstha, let intoxicated elephants trumpet; let the women of the inner apartments rejoice with great composure."

2.98.13 Having heard Bharata's words, the townspeople and various other folk thought them good and joined in imploring Rāma.

2.98.14 Seeing that illustrious one thus afflicted and lamenting, Rāma, self-mastered and resolved in spirit, comforted Bharata.

2.98.15 "This person is not lord of himself; he has no power to act at will. Fate drags him this way and that."

2.98.16 "All accumulations end in dissolution; all that rises ends in a fall; all unions end in separation; life ends in death."

2.98.17 "As for ripe fruits there is no fear other than falling, so for a man who is born there is no fear other than death."

2.98.18 "Just as a house with firm pillars, having grown old, crumbles down, so men crumble, having fallen under the power of old age and death."

2.98.19 "The days and nights pass for all living beings here, swiftly consuming their life-spans, as the sun's rays consume water in summer."

2.98.20 "Grieve for yourself—why do you grieve for another? Your life-span diminishes whether you stand still or move on."

2.98.21 "Death walks together with one; death sits down together; having gone a very long road, death turns back together with one."

2.98.22 "Wrinkles have come upon the limbs, and the hair has turned white; the man, worn out by old age—what great deed can he now accomplish?"

2.98.23 "Men rejoice at the sun's rising and rejoice at the sun's setting, yet they do not perceive the waning of their own life."

2.98.24 "They delight upon seeing the new, ever-fresh turn of seasons arrive here; yet with the revolution of the seasons, the life-breath of living beings is eroded."

2.98.25 "As two pieces of driftwood come together on the great ocean, and then, at the appointed time, drift apart again—

2.98.26 "—so wives and sons and kinsmen and possessions come together and scatter apart; their separation is certain."

2.98.27 "Here no living being abides as one might wish; therefore there is no power in lamenting for one who has departed."

2.98.28 "Just as someone standing on the road might say to a caravan setting out, 'I too shall come after you'—

2.98.29 "—so this road, trodden by those who went before us, the road of fathers and grandfathers, is certain. Having entered upon it—how should one grieve over what admits of no deviation?"

2.98.30 "When age is falling away like a stream that does not turn back, the self must be employed in what is good; creatures are said to be partakers of happiness."

2.98.31 "Our father, that dharma-souled lord of the earth, having performed all the auspicious sacrifices with full dakṣiṇā offerings and shaken off his sins, has gone to heaven."

2.98.32 "Through properly supporting his servants, through protecting his subjects, and through righteous acquisition of wealth, our father has gone to the three heavens."

2.98.33 "Having worshipped with many kinds of sacrifice, having obtained abundant enjoyments, and having attained the utmost span of life, the lord of the earth has gone to heaven."

2.98.34 "Our father, having abandoned the worn-out human body, has attained divine prosperity—that which courses through the world of Brahmā."

2.98.35 "No wise person of such qualities as his ought to grieve for him—and still less someone like you, who is learned and endowed with greater intelligence."

2.98.36 "These manifold griefs, lamentations, and weeping are indeed to be avoided by the steadfast and wise man in all circumstances."

2.98.37 "Therefore be at peace, do not grieve; go and dwell in that city. You have been commanded thus by the self-controlled father, O best of those who speak."

2.98.38 "And where I too have been commanded by that same one of meritorious deeds, there I shall carry out the command of the noble father."

2.98.39 "It is not right for me to abandon his command, O subduer of enemies; and it must always be honoured by you as well—he is truly our kinsman, he is our father."

2.98.40 When Rāma had spoken thus and fell silent, his meaningful words concluded, the righteous Bharata spoke a remarkable, righteous speech:

2.98.41 "Who in this world could be like you, O subduer of enemies? Neither sorrow disturbs you, nor does joy elate you."

2.98.42 "You are honoured by the elders, and you seek out their counsel in matters of doubt. In death as in life, in adversity as in prosperity—you are the same."

2.98.43 "One who has attained such wisdom—by what could he be tormented? Having encountered adversity thus, he ought not to be dejected."

2.98.44 "You are of a nature comparable to an immortal, O great-souled one, true to your vows, all-knowing, all-seeing, and wise, O Rāghava."

2.98.45 "Unbearable suffering ought not to befall you who are endowed with such qualities and who are skilled in understanding rise and fall."

2.98.46 "The sinful act committed by my petty mother on my account in my absence—that unwanted deed: may you show grace to me regarding it."

2.98.47 "I am bound by the bond of dharma, and therefore I do not slay this mother of mine here with severe punishment, though she who committed the sin deserves punishment."

2.98.48 "How could I, born of Daśaratha of pure lineage and deeds, knowing dharma, perform a most unrighteous and reprehensible act?"

2.98.49 "I would not censure our father in any assembly—he was an elder, a man of sacred rites, aged, a departed king, a father, a deity."

2.98.50 "O knower of dharma, O one who understands dharma—who, desiring to please a woman, would perform such a sinful deed devoid of dharma and righteous purpose?"

2.98.51 "The ancient saying is that creatures become bewildered at the time of death; through the king's acting thus, that saying has been made manifest in the world."

2.98.52 "Having regard for a good purpose, may you reverse and undo what our father transgressed out of anger, delusion, and rashness."

2.98.53 "A son who regards his father's transgression as a proper thing—that is considered an offspring in the eyes of the world; otherwise the opposite is true."

2.98.54 "May you be that offspring; do not ratify the misdeed of your father—that act, censured by the wise in this world."

2.98.55 "May you deliver Kaikeyī, and me, and our father, and our friends and kinsmen, and all the townspeople and country-dwellers—may you deliver all this."

2.98.56 "What place does the forest have, and what place does kṣatriya duty have? What place do matted locks have, and what place does governance have? You ought not to perform this contradictory action."

2.98.57 "But if you wish to practise dharma arising from hardship, then endure hardship by protecting the four varṇas through dharma."

2.98.58 "Those who know dharma declare the householder's stage to be the best among the four stages of life, O knower of dharma—how can you abandon it?"

2.98.59 "I am a child compared to you in learning, in position, and in birth. How shall I protect the earth while you stand by?"

2.98.60 "I am a child of inferior intelligence and virtue, inferior in position; and being without you, I dare not maintain myself."

2.98.61 "Govern this entire, undivided, thorn-free paternal kingdom, O knower of dharma, by your own dharma, together with your kinsmen."

2.98.62 "Let the officiating priests, including Vasiṣṭha, skilled in sacred formulas, consecrate you here, O knower of dharma, together with your kinsmen, with full ritual."

2.98.63 "Consecrated by us, go to Ayodhyā to govern it; having swiftly conquered the worlds, as Vāsava [Indra] with the Maruts."

2.98.64 "Discharging the three debts, thoroughly burning away enemies, satisfying friends with desires—you alone govern, and govern me here."

2.98.65 "Today, O noble one, let your friends rejoice at your consecration; today let your enemies, afraid, guard the ten directions."

2.98.66 "Wiping away the reproach of my mother, O bull among men, protect yourself and our father today from sin."

2.98.67 "With bowed head I beseech you: show compassion to me and to all kinsmen, as the great lord [Śiva] shows it to all beings."

2.98.68 "Or else, if you shall go from here to the forest, turning your back on all this, I too shall go together with you."

2.98.69 Even so, Rāma, that lord of the earth, though earnestly implored by Bharata prostrating himself, did not form any intention of returning; steadfast in spirit, he stood firm in the command of his father.

2.98.70 Beholding that extraordinary steadfastness in Rāghava, the people at once felt joy, yet being afflicted felt sorrow—sorrow that he would not go to Ayodhyā, yet joy upon seeing his firm resolution.

2.98.71 The officiating priests and the beloved leaders of the townspeople's companies, and the mothers, senseless with tears, praised Bharata as he spoke thus, and together bowed to Rāma and joined in imploring him.

2.99.1 Then the elder brother of Lakṣmaṇa, the illustrious one greatly honoured in the midst of his kinsmen, replied to Bharata who was speaking thus once more:

2.99.2 "This speech that you have delivered is fitting for one born a son of Daśaratha, the best of kings, upon Kaikeyī."

2.99.3 "Long ago, brother, our father, when taking your mother as wife, promised your maternal grandfather an unequalled bride-price of a kingdom."

2.99.4 "And in the war of gods and demons, the lord king, greatly pleased and gratified, granted your mother a boon."

2.99.5 "Then your illustrious mother, having kept that boon in reserve, asked the best of men for two boons—she of excellent complexion."

2.99.6 "The kingdom for you, O tiger among men, and my banishment—and the king, bound by his word, granted her that boon accordingly."

2.99.7 "By that father, O bull among men, I too have been commanded here—as the gift of the boon—to dwell in the forest for fourteen years."

2.99.8 "So I have come to this solitary forest, accompanied by Lakṣmaṇa and Sītā, unrivalled in this, standing firm in the true word of my father."

2.99.9 "You likewise ought to make the king, that lord of kings who was true to his word, [come true in his word] swiftly through your consecration."

2.99.10 "Free the king, the lord, from debt on my behalf, O Bharata; save our father, O knower of dharma, and honour our mother."

2.99.11 "For it is heard, dear one, that long ago a glorious sacred text was sung by the sacrificer Gaya himself at Gayā, concerning the fathers:

2.99.12 "'Because a son delivers his father from the hell called Puṃ, therefore he is called putra [son]; or because a son protects the fathers.'"

2.99.13 "One should desire many sons, virtuous and learned; among them assembled together, may at least one go to Gayā."

2.99.14 "Thus all the royal seers were convinced, O delight of the king's line; therefore save our father from hell, O best of men, O lord."

2.99.15 "Go to Ayodhyā, Bharata, please the subjects, O hero, together with Śatrughna and all the twice-born."

2.99.16 "And I too shall enter the Daṇḍaka forest without delay, O king, accompanied by these two—Vaidehī and Lakṣmaṇa."

2.99.17 "You, Bharata, be king of men yourself; I too shall be king of the forest deer. Go to the best of cities today with joy; and I too, filled with joy, shall enter the Daṇḍakas."

2.99.18 "Let the royal parasol, warding off the sun's rays, make cool shade upon your head, O Bharata; and I too shall happily take refuge in that surpassing cool shade of the forest trees."

2.99.19 "Śatrughna of auspicious intelligence is your helper; Saumitri is known as my chief companion. We four, noble sons, O Bharata, serve the king who stood firm in truth—do not despair."

2.100.1 While Rāma was consoling Bharata, Jābāli, the most excellent of brāhmaṇas, spoke to Rāma who was learned in dharma — these words that were devoid of dharma:

2.100.2 "Well then, O Rāghava, let not this purposeless resolve be yours — this resolve that belongs to a common man, not to one of noble understanding and austere mind.

2.100.3 Who is any man's kinsman? What does one obtain from another? A being is born alone and perishes alone.

2.100.4 Therefore, O Rāma, the man who clings to 'mother' and 'father' should be reckoned as if deranged — there is truly no one who belongs to anyone.

2.100.5 Just as a man travelling to another village lodges somewhere for a night and abandons that lodging to continue his journey the next day —

2.100.6 So too, O Kākutstha, a father, mother, home, and wealth are for men merely a transient lodging — the wise do not cling to them.

2.100.7 Abandoning the paternal kingdom, O foremost of men, he is not worthy to tread this painful, difficult, and thorny wrong path.

2.100.8 Consecrate yourself king in the prosperous city of Ayodhyā — the city awaits you now, wearing a single braid of mourning.

2.100.9 Enjoying the great royal pleasures befitting a king's son, sport in Ayodhyā as Śakra sports in heaven.

2.100.10 Daśaratha was nothing to you, nor were you anything to him — he was one king, you are another. Therefore do as I say.

2.100.11 That king has gone where all must go — such is the course of mortals. But you are afflicting yourself in vain.

2.100.12 Those who are devoted to artha and dharma — those I pity, not the others. For they attain suffering here and destruction in the next world.

2.100.13 People have spread the notion that the aṣṭakā rite is sacred to the ancestors — look at the waste of food! For what will a dead man eat?

2.100.14 If what is eaten here by one person could pass to another's body, one might give śrāddha to a traveller — but that food would not reach him on the road.

2.100.15 These texts saying 'sacrifice, give, consecrate yourself, perform austerities, renounce' were composed by clever men to entice people to give.

2.100.16 Make up your mind, O great intellect, that there is no other world. Rely on what is perceptible; put the imperceptible behind you.

2.100.17 Heeding the counsel of the wise, which illuminates all the world, accept the kingdom, appeased by Bharata's entreaty."

2.101.1 Having heard Jābāli's words, Rāma — foremost among men of truthful nature — replied with great reason, employing his own unclouded judgement:

2.101.2 "What you have said here with the intent of doing me good — that which is improper yet looks proper, that which is unwholesome yet seems wholesome —

2.101.3 A man who is without limits, given to wicked conduct, and seen to have broken character — he wins no esteem among the virtuous.

2.101.4 Whether a man is of good lineage or bad, a hero or a braggart — it is character alone that declares him pure or impure.

2.101.5 An ignoble man may appear noble; one fallen from purity may appear pure; a man without good marks may look auspicious; a man of bad character may seem virtuous.

2.101.6 If I were to embrace this adharma dressed in the garb of dharma — this confusion of the world's order, stripped of proper rite and conducive of no good —

2.101.7 What discerning man, skilled in distinguishing right action from wrong, would think highly of me in the world — me, who had become wicked and a corrupter of the world?

2.101.8 Whose conduct could I follow? How would I attain heaven, living by this mode of life and having forfeited my vow?

2.101.9 This entire world conducts itself by imitating those who act as they wish. As kings behave, so do their subjects.

2.101.10 Truth and freedom from cruelty — this is the eternal conduct of kings. Therefore kingship is grounded in truth, and the world is established in truth.

2.101.11 The sages and the gods have held truth alone to be supreme. In this world, one who speaks truth attains the highest abode.

2.101.12 Men recoil from a liar just as from a serpent. Truth is the supreme dharma in the world; it is said to be the very root of heaven.

2.101.13 Truth alone is the sovereign of the world; upon truth does Lakṣmī herself rest. All things are rooted in truth; there is no station higher than truth.

2.101.14 Gifts given, sacrifices performed, oblations offered, austerities endured, and the Vedas — all are established in truth. Therefore one should be devoted to truth.

2.101.15 One man sustains an entire world; one man upholds a family. One man sinks into hell; one man is exalted in heaven.

2.101.16 Why then should I not honour my father's command? — I, who am pledged to truth, who ratified that pledge by truth itself with truth.

2.101.17 Neither from greed, nor from delusion, nor from ignorance shrouded in darkness will I break the embankment of truth — I who have pledged truth to my father.

2.101.18 We have heard it said that neither gods nor ancestors accept the offerings of one who has bound himself to falsehood, who is fickle, and whose mind is unsteady.

2.101.19 This dharma — truth — I myself perceive as turning toward the inner self. That burden trodden by virtuous men is to be embraced for its own sake.

2.101.20 I will not abandon the kṣatriya dharma to take up adharma that merely resembles dharma — that which is practised by the base, the cruel, the greedy, and the wicked.

2.101.21 One commits sin with the body, having deliberated with the mind, and speaks untruth with the tongue — these three are the sinful deeds of the three faculties.

2.101.22 The earth, fame, glory, and Lakṣmī seek out a man of truth; even those dwelling in heaven follow him. Therefore one should adhere to truth alone.

2.101.23 For what you said to me, urging me with seemingly reasoned words — 'do this good thing' — would have been the most ignoble course.

2.101.24 How could I, having vowed this forest-dwelling to my father, do Bharata's bidding by abandoning my father's word?

2.101.25 That vow was firmly made by me in my father's presence, and at that moment Queen Kaikeyī was filled with joy.

2.101.26 Living thus in the forest, pure, eating with restraint, satisfying the ancestors and gods with holy roots, flowers, and fruits —

2.101.27 — I, with the five senses fully content, set forth on life's journey without deceit, full of faith, discerning what ought and ought not to be done.

2.101.28 Having attained this field of action, one must perform whatever auspicious action is to be done. Fire, wind, and the moon share in the fruits of one's deeds.

2.101.29 The king of the gods ascended to heaven by performing a hundred sacrifices; and the great seers attained heaven by undertaking fierce austerities.

2.101.30 Truth, dharma, valour, compassion for all beings, gentle speech, and the honouring of brāhmaṇas, gods, and guests — the virtuous declare these to be the path to the three heavens.

2.101.31 Those sages who delight in dharma, who associate with the virtuous, who are full of lustre, foremost in the virtue of giving, non-violent, and free from stain — they are worshipped as the foremost in the world.

2.102.1 Perceiving that Rāma was angered, Vasiṣṭha replied: "Jābāli too understands the comings and goings of this world — he spoke these words only wishing to turn you back."

2.102.2 "Hear from me, O lord of the world, the origin of this world. All was water in the beginning; from it the earth was fashioned. Then Brahmā, the self-born, arose together with the gods.

2.102.3 He then became a boar and lifted up the earth; and with his sons of purified souls he created the entire world.

2.102.4 Brahmā, born of space, is eternal, constant, and imperishable. From him was born Marīci; from Marīci, Kaśyapa was born as a son.

2.102.5 From Kaśyapa was born Vivasvān; from Vivasvān came Manu, known as Vaivasvata. He was the first Prajāpati; from Manu came Ikṣvāku as a son.

2.102.6 Know that Ikṣvāku, to whom this prosperous earth was first given by Manu, was the primordial king in Ayodhyā.

2.102.7 The glorious son of Ikṣvāku was known as Kukṣi; from Kukṣi was born the heroic son Vikukṣi.

2.102.8 From Vikukṣi came the greatly lustrous and valiant son Bāṇa; from Bāṇa came the long-armed Anaraṇya of great renown.

2.102.9 During the reign of the great king Anaraṇya, O best of the virtuous, there was neither erratic rainfall nor famine, nor any thief whatsoever.

2.102.10 From Anaraṇya came King Pṛthu of mighty arms; from that great king Pṛthu came Triśaṅku — who, heroic by virtue of his truthful word, ascended to heaven in his own body.

2.102.11 Triśaṅku's son was the greatly renowned Dhundhumāra; from Dhundhumāra was born the greatly lustrous Yuvanāśva.

2.102.12 From Yuvanāśva was born the glorious son Māndhātā; from the greatly lustrous Māndhātā came Susaṃdhi.

2.102.13 Susaṃdhi had two sons: Dhruvasaṃdhi and Prasenajit. From the glorious Dhruvasaṃdhi came Bharata, destroyer of enemies.

2.102.14 From the long-armed Bharata was born one named Asita, against whom arose these rival kings as enemies: the Haihayas, the Tālajaṅghas, the Śūras, and the Śaśabindus.

2.102.15 Having arrayed against all of them in battle, the king was driven into exile; he dwelt as an ascetic, content on a beautiful mountain. Both his wives were pregnant, so tradition relates.

2.102.16 A Bhārgava named Cyavana dwelt on the Himālayas. Kālindī approached that sage and saluted him.

2.102.17 The brahmin blessed her, she who was hoping for the boon of a son's birth. Then that queen returned home and gave birth to a son.

2.102.18 But by her co-wife, poison had been given to her, intending to destroy the foetus. Born together with that poison, he became known as Sagara.

2.102.19 That king, named Sagara, had the ocean dug; he performed sacrifice with intensity, terrifying these subjects.

2.102.20 Sagara's son, so we have heard, was Asamañjas — a doer of wicked deeds, banished by his father while still living.

2.102.21 The valiant son of Asamañjas was Aṃśumān; the son of Aṃśumān was Dilīpa; from Dilīpa came Bhagīratha.

2.102.22 From Bhagīratha came Kākutstha, from whom the Kākutsthas are remembered; the son of Kākutstha was Raghu, from whom the Rāghavas take their name.

2.102.23 The lustrous son of Raghu, grown great and given to devouring men, was known on earth as Kalmāṣapāda or Saudāsa.

2.102.24 Kalmāṣapāda's son was known as Śaṅkhaṇa; possessing that valour, Sahasena came to ruin.

2.102.25 The son of Śaṅkhaṇa was the heroic and glorious Sudarśana; from Sudarśana came Agnivarṇa; from Agnivarṣa came Śīghraga.

2.102.26 The son of Śīghraga was Maru; the son of Maru was Praśuśruka; the son of Praśuśruka was the greatly radiant Ambarīṣa.

2.102.27 Ambarīṣa's son was Nahuṣa, of true valour; and the son of Nahuṣa was Nābhāga, supremely righteous.

2.102.28 Nābhāga had two sons: Aja and Suvrata; and the righteous king Daśaratha was the son of Aja.

2.102.29 You are his eldest heir, O Rāma, widely proclaimed as such. Therefore receive your own kingdom and look after the world, O king.

2.102.30 For among all the Ikṣvākus the firstborn becomes king; when the elder is living, no younger son is consecrated in the kingdom — the eldest is installed.

2.102.31 Therefore, O man of great glory, you should not today abandon the eternal family dharma of the Rāghavas and of yourself — rule this earth, rich in jewels and rich in kingdoms, as your father did."

2.103.1 Then Vasiṣṭha, the royal chaplain, having spoken to Rāma, spoke again further words joined with righteousness.

2.103.2 For a man born into this world there are three teachers, O Kākutstha — the preceptor, the father, and the mother, O Rāghava.

2.103.3 The father begets a man, O bull among men, while the preceptor bestows wisdom — therefore he is called a guru.

2.103.4 I am your father's preceptor and yours as well, O scorcher of foes; by acting on my words you shall not transgress the path of the righteous.

2.103.5 These assemblies and guilds are gathered here before you; by practicing righteousness among them, dear child, you shall not transgress the path of the good.

2.103.6 You ought not to disobey your aged and virtuous mother; by acting on her word you shall not transgress the path of the righteous.

2.103.7 By acting on the words of Bharata who beseeches you, O Rāghava, you shall not transgress yourself, O you of valor in truth and righteousness.

2.103.8 Thus sweetly addressed by his guru, Rāghava himself, that bull among men, replied to Vasiṣṭha who was seated before him.

2.103.9 What mother and father constantly do for a child — what has been done by mother and by father — that is not easily requited.

2.103.10 By giving according to their ability, by bathing and clothing, by constant affectionate speech, and by fostering growth —

2.103.11 For king Daśaratha who begot me is my father; what I have been commanded by him shall not prove false.

2.103.12 Thus addressed by Rāma, Bharata, most noble but deeply distressed, immediately spoke to the charioteer.

2.103.13 "Spread kuśa grass for me quickly on this bare ground, charioteer — I shall lie down here facing my elder brother until he relents toward me."

2.103.14 "Without food, without seeking shelter, without wealth, like a twice-born ascetic, I shall lie before this hermitage until he returns."

2.103.15 Sorrowful, seeing Sumatra looking toward Rāma, he had the kuśa grass spread and himself laid it out on the ground.

2.103.16 Then Rāma of great splendor, the foremost of royal sages, spoke to him: "Why, dear Bharata, do you lie down here facing me in this manner?"

2.103.17 "A brahmin may lie on one side to press men by this rite, but the practice of lying prostrate before the consecrated is not proper for them."

2.103.18 "Rise, O tiger among men; abandon this harsh vow; return hence quickly to Ayodhyā, foremost of cities, O Rāghava."

2.103.19 But Bharata, remaining seated, looked all around at the townspeople and country folk and said: "Why do you not instruct my elder brother?"

2.103.20 The townspeople and country folk said to that great-souled one: "We acknowledge the Kākutstha speaks rightly and well."

2.103.21 "This illustrious one himself abides in his father's word; therefore we are not able to turn him away from it forthwith."

2.103.22 Understanding the words of those people, Rāma spoke: "Hear thus the counsel of friends who see through the eye of righteousness."

2.103.23 "Having heard both these things and considered rightly, O Rāghava, rise, O mighty-armed one, and touch water with me."

2.103.24 Then, having risen and touched water, Bharata spoke these words: "Let the assemblies, ministers, and guilds listen to me."

2.103.25 "I did not beg my father for the kingdom, nor do I instruct my mother; I acknowledge my elder brother Rāghava as supremely versed in righteousness."

2.103.26 "But if the forest must indeed be dwelt in and the father's command must be fulfilled, then I myself will live in the forest for fourteen years."

2.103.27 The righteous-souled Rāma, astonished by his brother's truthful speech, looked at the townspeople and country folk and spoke.

2.103.28 "What was pledged, what was entrusted, what was granted by my father while he lived — neither I nor Bharata is able to annul that."

2.103.29 "I should not resort to deceit in my forest dwelling, which would be contemptible; what was said by Kaikeyī was fitting, and my father did what was well done."

2.103.30 "I know Bharata to be forbearing and devoted to the honor of his elders; all good resides in this great-souled one who is steadfast in truth."

2.103.31 "Returned from the forest, I shall be the supreme lord of the earth together with this dharma-natured brother."

2.103.32 "The king was implored by Kaikeyī; I have fulfilled that command — by this I shall free that lord of the earth, my father, from untruth."

2.104.1 The great sages assembled there, struck with wonder, watched the hair-raising meeting of those two brothers of incomparable splendor.

2.104.2 The invisible hosts of sages and perfected beings, supreme seers, praised those two great-souled Kākutstha brothers.

2.104.3 "Blessed is he whose two sons are both learned in righteousness and heroic in virtue; having heard the exchange of both, we are filled with longing."

2.104.4 Then the assembled sages who desired the slaying of Daśagrīva quickly spoke these words to Bharata, that tiger among kings.

2.104.5 "Born of a noble lineage, O greatly wise one, of great conduct and great fame — you should accept Rāma's word, if you regard your father."

2.104.6 "We wish this Rāma to be forever free of debt to his father; and through freedom from debt to Kaikeyī, Daśaratha has gone to heaven."

2.104.7 Having spoken these words, the gandharvas together with the sages and all the royal sages departed each to his own destination.

2.104.8 Gladdened by those auspicious words, Rāma of auspicious aspect, his face lit with joy, paid honor to those sages.

2.104.9 But Bharata, his body slack, his voice faltering, with palms joined, spoke again these words to Rāghava.

2.104.10 "Considering the duty of a king and the succession of the family's dharma, you ought to fulfill the entreaty of me and of my mother, O Kākutstha."

2.104.11 "I alone do not venture to protect this vast kingdom, nor to delight the townspeople and countryfolk who are devoted to you."

2.104.12 "Our kinsmen, warriors, allies, and friends await you alone, as farmers await the rain cloud."

2.104.13 "Accept and establish this kingdom, O greatly wise one; you are capable, O Kākutstha, of protecting the world."

2.104.14 Having spoken thus, Bharata fell then at his brother's feet, earnestly entreating Rāma with these affectionate words.

2.104.15 Taking his brother upon his lap, Rāma himself spoke, dark-complexioned, lotus-petal-eyed, his voice like that of a lordly swan.

2.104.16 "This resolve that has come to you is your own and born of proper training, by which you venture so greatly, dear one, to protect the earth."

2.104.17 "Together with ministers, friends, and wise counselors, deliberating on all matters, have even the greatest affairs carried out."

2.104.18 "Lakṣmī might depart from the moon, or the Himālaya might give up its snow, or the ocean might overflow its shore — I shall not break my father's vow."

2.104.19 "Whether done out of desire or greed by your mother for your sake, dear one, you should not take that to heart; treat her as a mother."

2.104.20 As he spoke thus, Bharata addressed the son of Kausalyā, who was resplendent as the sun, whose appearance was like the crescent moon.

2.104.21 "Have these golden-adorned sandals mounted upon your feet; these will ensure the welfare and security of all the world."

2.104.22 Then that tiger among men of very great splendor mounted the sandals and then dismounted them, and presented them to the great-souled Bharata.

2.104.23 The valorous Bharata, knower of dharma, reverently received those well-adorned sandals, circumambulated Rāghava, and then placed them on the head of the finest elephant.

2.104.24 Then, having honored in due order the people, the elders, ministers and nobles, and his two younger brothers, he who advances the Rāghava lineage dismissed them, himself standing firm in his own dharma, immovable as the Himālaya.

2.104.25 His mothers, their throats choked with tears, could not address him out of grief; but he, having saluted all the mothers, weeping, entered his own hut.

2.105.1 Then Bharata, having placed the sandals upon his head, joyfully mounted his chariot accompanied by Śatrughna.

2.105.2 Vasiṣṭha, Vāmadeva, and Jābāli of firm vows went ahead, all the ministers honored with sacred formulas.

2.105.3 Facing eastward, they went along the lovely river Mandākinī, circumambulating the great mountain Citrakūṭa.

2.105.4 Beholding thousands of beautiful and various minerals and ores, Bharata then proceeded along its flanks with his army.

2.105.5 Not far from Citrakūṭa, Bharata then saw the hermitage where the sage Bharadvāja had made his dwelling.

2.105.6 That wise delight of his lineage, having reached Bharadvāja's hermitage, descended from his chariot and venerated his feet.

2.105.7 Then Bharadvāja, pleased, spoke to Bharata: "Has the purpose been accomplished, dear child — have you met with Rāma?"

2.105.8 Thus addressed by the wise Bharadvāja, Bharata, who cherished righteousness, replied to Bharadvāja.

2.105.9 "He of firm valor, Rāghava, when entreated by the guru and by me, being greatly pleased, spoke these words to Vasiṣṭha:"

2.105.10 "'I shall truly uphold that very vow of my father — the vow my father made — for fourteen years.'"

2.105.11 Thus addressed, the greatly wise Vasiṣṭha, versed in speech, replied with a great utterance to the speech-skilled Rāghava.

2.105.12 "'Present with joy these golden-adorned sandals, O greatly wise one; they shall ensure your welfare and security in Ayodhyā.'"

2.105.13 "Thus addressed by Vasiṣṭha, Rāghava stood facing east and gave those golden sandals to me for my kingdom."

2.105.14 "'I have turned back, having been permitted by Rāma of very great soul; I go to Ayodhyā itself, bearing these auspicious sandals.'"

2.105.15 Having heard this auspicious speech of the great-souled Bharata, the sage Bharadvāja pronounced a still more auspicious speech.

2.105.16 "This is no wonder, O tiger among men, O best of those of noble character and conduct, that nobility should rest in you as water flows to a hollow."

2.105.17 "Immortal is that long-armed father of yours, Daśaratha, whose son you are — such a righteous soul, devoted to dharma."

2.105.18 Having been spoken to by that great-souled sage, Bharata with palms joined and clasping his feet began to take leave of him.

2.105.19 Then, having circumambulated Bharadvāja again and again, the illustrious Bharata departed for Ayodhyā together with his ministers.

2.105.20 That vast army following Bharata, with vehicles, carts, horses, and elephants, turned back once more.

2.105.21 Then, having crossed the divine river Yamunā garlanded with waves, they all beheld once again the river Gaṅgā with her auspicious waters.

2.105.22 Having crossed that lovely river full of delightful water, he entered, together with his kinsmen and army, the beautiful town of Śṛṅgaverapura.

2.105.23 From Śṛṅgaverapura, Bharata then saw Ayodhyā again; scorched with grief, he spoke these words to his charioteer.

2.105.24 "Charioteer, see — Ayodhyā is destroyed, it does not shine; it is without beauty, without joy, wretched, its sounds muffled and silent."

2.106.1 The lord Bharata of great renown quickly entered Ayodhyā riding in a chariot whose sound was deep and resonant.

2.106.2 He found it as a dark, lightless night, haunted by cats and owls, its people and elephants cowering — struck through with gloom.

2.106.3 Like Rohiṇī, the beloved wife of the enemy of Rāhu — though radiant with splendor — oppressed and afflicted by a planet that had risen against her.

2.106.4 Like a mountain river grown lean — its waters warm and turbid, its birds tormented by the summer heat, its fish and crocodiles sunk low.

2.106.5 Like a golden flame, smokeless, that had risen from a sacrificial fire, anointed with oblation, and then subsided into extinction.

2.106.6 Like an army in great battle that has lost its armor, its elephants, horses, chariots, and banners shattered, its foremost heroes slain.

2.106.7 Like a wave of the ocean that had arisen foaming and roaring, then fallen silent — the wind that stirred it now stilled.

2.106.8 Like a sacrificial altar grown silent after the soma-pressing is complete, abandoned by all the ritual implements and the handsome officiating priests.

2.106.9 Like a leading cow standing distressed in the middle of the cowpen, no longer grazing fresh grass, yearning — abandoned by the bull.

2.106.10 Like a fresh pearl necklace bereft of its lustrous gems — those excellent, radiant stones with their lovely, captivating gleam.

2.106.11 Like a star that has suddenly left its place and fallen from the sky upon the exhaustion of its merit — its brilliance and expanse contracted.

2.106.12 Like a forest creeper that at the end of spring was decked in flowers and humming with intoxicated bees, then scorched and wilted by a swiftly spreading forest fire.

2.106.13 Like a sky veiled by rain-clouds — its moon and stars hidden — with all its merchant quarters bewildered and every market and shop shut down.

2.106.14 Like a drinking hall in the open air, fallen into ruin — its finest wines exhausted, littered with broken vessels, its revelry slain, uncleaned.

2.106.15 Like a watering station that has fallen and collapsed — its floor broken and sunken, covered with shattered vessels, its water fully used up.

2.106.16 Like a bowstring — broad, extended, fitted with its cord for the swift archer — cut through by arrows and fallen from the weapon to the ground.

2.106.17 Like a young filly, weak, ridden suddenly by a battle-fierce horseman, then dropped and abandoned — her load cast aside.

2.106.18 Like the light of the sun hidden in the deep of the rainy season, its disc entered by rain-clouds, concealed by dark-blue storm clouds.

2.106.19 But Bharata, the glorious son of Daśaratha, seated in his chariot, spoke these words to the charioteer who was driving the finest of chariots.

2.106.20 "Why indeed is the deep, resounding noise of song and music that Ayodhyā used to have no longer heard today as before?"

2.106.21 "The heady fragrance of wine, the rich scent of garlands, and the perfume of burned aguru incense — none of these waft in any direction."

2.106.22 "The sound of the finest vehicles, the smooth neigh of horses, the trumpeting of lordly elephants in rut, the great rumble of chariots — none of this is now heard in this city, since Rāma has been exiled."

2.106.23 "The broad avenues of Ayodhyā no longer shine, graced by young men in elegant dress who walk with heads held high and move swiftly about."

2.106.24 Speaking thus in many ways, he entered his father's dwelling — bereft of that lord of men, like a mountain cave bereft of its lion.

2.107.1 Then Bharata, firm in his vows and consumed by grief, having left the mothers in Ayodhyā, spoke these words to his elders.

2.107.2 "I shall go to Nandigrāma. I take leave of all of you today. There I will endure all this sorrow without the son of Raghu."

2.107.3 "For the king has gone to heaven, and my guru dwells in the forest. I wait for Rāma to return for the kingdom — he of great glory is the true king."

2.107.4 Having heard this noble speech of the great-souled Bharata, all the ministers and the family priest Vasiṣṭha replied.

2.107.5 "What you have spoken, Bharata, is fitting and praiseworthy — a word born of brotherly affection, suited to you alone."

2.107.6 "You are ever devoted to your kinsmen, steadfast in brotherly love, treading the path of the noble — what man would not approve of you?"

2.107.7 Having heard the agreeable and welcome words of the ministers, he spoke to his charioteer: "Let my chariot be yoked."

2.107.8 With a joyful countenance, he paid obeisance to all the mothers, and the glorious one mounted the chariot accompanied by Śatrughna.

2.107.9 Having swiftly mounted the chariot, both Śatrughna and Bharata set out in great joy, surrounded by ministers and the family priest.

2.107.10 Ahead of the city, all the twice-born with Vasiṣṭha at their head proceeded facing east, toward where Nandigrāma lay.

2.107.11 That army, dense with elephants, horses, and chariots, set out unbidden, and all the citizens of the city went forth as Bharata departed.

2.107.12 That righteous-souled Bharata, devoted to his brother, seated in the chariot and bearing Rāma's sandals upon his head, quickly proceeded to Nandigrāma.

2.107.13 Then Bharata swiftly entered Nandigrāma, quickly descended from the chariot, and spoke these words to his elders.

2.107.14 "This kingdom has been given to me by my brother himself as a trust. These golden-adorned sandals, which bear responsibility for welfare and protection, I will guard this kingdom in anticipation of the son of Raghu's return."

2.107.15 "Quickly and by my own hand I shall place these sandals back upon the feet of the son of Raghu and behold Rāma's two feet together with his sandals."

2.107.16 "Then, my burden set down, reunited with the son of Raghu, having rendered the kingdom to my guru, I shall take up the mode of life proper to a disciple."

2.107.17 "And having returned these excellent sandals and this kingdom and Ayodhyā itself as a trust to the son of Raghu, I shall be cleansed of sin."

2.107.18 "When the scion of Kākutstha is consecrated and the people rejoice with delight, my happiness and my glory will be four times greater than a kingdom."

2.107.19 Thus lamenting, the wretched and grief-stricken Bharata of great renown administered the kingdom from Nandigrāma together with his ministers.

2.107.20 The lord Bharata, that hero wearing bark garments and matted locks, clad in the guise of a sage, then resided in Nandigrāma together with his army.

2.107.21 Longing for Rāma's return, devoted to his brother, obedient to his brother's word, Bharata then fulfilled the vow he had taken.

2.107.22 Having consecrated the sandals, Bharata then resided in Nandigrāma, referring all governance to those sandals.

2.108.1 After Bharata had returned, Rāma, dwelling in the forest of austerities, began to perceive anxiety and agitation among the ascetics.

2.108.2 Those ascetics who dwelt in the hermitage in front of Citrakūṭa, engaged in their practices and taking refuge with Rāma — he observed them to be restless.

2.108.3 Pointing at Rāma with their eyes and with furrowed brows, anxious, they whispered to one another and exchanged hushed conversations among themselves.

2.108.4 Perceiving their restlessness, Rāma became anxious in his own heart, and with joined palms he then spoke to the seer, the master of the hermitage community.

2.108.5 "Blessed one, has something previously done by me been seen as a fault, by reason of which the ascetics are disturbed?"

2.108.6 "Has some act of my younger brother Lakṣmaṇa, done through carelessness, been seen by the seers as unbecoming of him?"

2.108.7 "Does Sītā, devoted to service toward me, who attends to you all, conduct herself with the behavior proper to a woman, as is fitting?"

2.108.8 Then the seer, aged with old age and grown ancient through austerity, spoke as though trembling to Rāma, who surpasses all in compassion for living beings.

2.108.9 "How could there be any fault, dear one, in the daughter of Videha — she of auspicious nature and auspicious disposition — toward the ascetics especially?"

2.108.10 "This is happening to the ascetics on account of you — it is the rākṣasas. Terrified because of them, they whisper these tales to one another."

2.108.11 "A certain rākṣasa named Khara, younger brother of Rāvaṇa, dwelling in Janasthāna, has been uprooting and harrying all the ascetics."

2.108.12 "Insolent, boastful of his victories, cruel, a devourer of men, arrogant, and wicked — he does not, dear one, tolerate you."

2.108.13 "From the very time that you, dear one, have been residing in this hermitage, from that time the rākṣasas have been harassing the ascetics."

2.108.14 "For they manifest themselves in loathsome, cruel, terrifying, and various hideous and misshapen forms that are painful to behold."

2.108.15 "Having defiled the ascetics with inauspicious and impure matter, those ignoble ones standing in front quickly strike down others."

2.108.16 "And those feeble-minded ones, hiding unseen in various hermitage sites, take delight in destroying the ascetics there."

2.108.17 "They hurl away the ritual ladles and vessels, douse the sacred fires with water, and crush the water-pots when the oblation rite is at hand."

2.108.18 "Wishing to abandon these hermitages that have been overrun by those evil-souled ones, the seers are urging me today to depart to another region."

2.108.19 "Before those wicked ones inflict bodily harm upon the ascetics, Rāma, we will abandon this hermitage."

2.108.20 "There is a forest rich in roots and fruits, wondrous and not far from here; I will once again, together with my community, take refuge in that ancient hermitage."

2.108.21 "Moreover, Khara perpetrates wrong against you yourself, dear one. Come away from here with us, if your mind so inclines."

2.108.22 "He who dwells with his wife is always beset by uncertainty, O scion of Raghu; even for one who is capable and virtuous, residence here is now painful."

2.108.23 The prince Rāma was unable to restrain with any words of reply that ascetic, who had spoken thus and was already eager to depart.

2.108.24 Welcoming Rāma, taking leave of him, and consoling the son of Raghu, the master of the hermitage community departed, abandoning the hermitage together with his groups.

2.108.25 Rāma, having escorted the band of seers away from that region and dissuading the master of the hermitage community from following further, saluted the seer properly; approved by those joyful ones and instructed in his purpose, he proceeded to his own blessed dwelling to reside there.

2.108.26 The lord, that son of Raghu, did not abandon even for a moment the hermitage now deprived of its seers; for the ascetics, holding fast to the virtues proper to the conduct of seers, constantly followed after the son of Raghu.

2.109.1 When the ascetics had departed, Rāghava, reflecting upon many reasons, did not find it agreeable to remain there any longer.

2.109.2 "Here Bharata saw me, and the mothers with all the townspeople — that memory follows me always, as I grieve for them continually."

2.109.3 The encampment of that great-souled one's army, with the dung of horses and elephants, had greatly trampled and polluted the ground of this hermitage.

2.109.4 Having deliberated thus — "therefore let us go elsewhere" — Rāghava set out, accompanied by the daughter of Videha and by Lakṣmaṇa.

2.109.5 Reaching the hermitage of Atri, that greatly renowned one paid homage to him; and the blessed Atri in turn received him as a son.

2.109.6 Having himself directed the hospitality so that everything was fittingly honoured for him, Atri also comforted the highly blessed Saumitri and Sītā.

2.109.7 Addressing his aged wife who had come to meet them, and having honoured her well, that knower of dharma, who was devoted to the welfare of all beings, entreated her to comfort Sītā.

2.109.8 The foremost among sages said: "Receive the daughter of Videha — Anasūyā, the greatly blessed female ascetic, the one who walks in dharma."

2.109.9 He declared to Rāma concerning that female ascetic who walks in dharma: "When the world was scorched without respite by ten years of drought,

2.109.10 she, endowed with fierce austerity and adorned with religious vows, created roots and fruits and caused the Jāhnavī to flow.

2.109.11 By her the great austerity of ten thousand years was practised, dear one, and through the vows of Anasūyā all obstacles were destroyed.

2.109.12 She, acting swiftly for the sake of the gods' purpose, compressed ten nights into one night — she is like a mother to you, O sinless one.

2.109.13 Let the daughter of Videha approach this venerable, illustrious one, who is worthy of reverence by all beings and who is ever free from anger."

2.109.14 When the sage spoke thus, Rāghava replied "So be it" and then addressed these excellent words to Sītā, who knows dharma:

2.109.15 "Princess, you have heard what this sage has said. For your own good, go quickly to that female ascetic.

2.109.16 She who is known in the world as Anasūyā by virtue of her deeds — go quickly to that female ascetic, who is worthy of approach."

2.109.17 Hearing these words of Rāghava, who wished her well, the daughter of Mithilā, Sītā, approached that wife of Atri, the knower of dharma.

2.109.18 She was frail, wrinkled, and old, with hair whitened by age, her limbs trembling constantly like a plantain tree in the wind.

2.109.19 Sītā, undisturbed, paid reverence to that greatly blessed Anasūyā, the devoted wife, and announced her own name.

2.109.20 And having paid homage, the daughter of Videha, with palms joined in a cupped gesture, delightedly enquired after the well-being of that blameless female ascetic.

2.109.21 Then, seeing that greatly blessed Sītā, the one who walks in dharma, Anasūyā cheerfully spoke words of comfort: "By good fortune you regard dharma!

2.109.22 O Sītā, O noble lady, by good fortune you follow Rāma into the forest, giving up your kinsfolk, your pride, and your prosperity, though he is confined there.

2.109.23 Whether dwelling in a city or in the forest, whether wicked or inauspicious — women for whom the husband is dear, their worlds are of great prosperity.

2.109.24 Whether ill-natured, given over to desire, or destitute of wealth — the husband is the supreme deity for women of noble nature, O noble lady.

2.109.25 When I reflect, I see no kinsman more distinguished than this, O daughter of Videha — one fit in every way, like austerity performed that bears imperishable fruit.

2.109.26 But wicked women do not understand this distinction between virtue and fault — those who behave guided by their hearts' desires and idle talk, though their lord is the husband.

2.109.27 Women who are indeed of such a kind, having fallen under the sway of improper conduct, acquire infamy and fall from dharma, O daughter of Mithilā.

2.109.28 But women endowed with virtues like yours, who perceive the higher and lower worlds, will move in heaven just as those who have performed meritorious deeds."

2.110.1 Thus addressed by Anasūyā, the daughter of Videha, honouring her words without jealousy, began to speak gently in reply:

2.110.2 "What you say to me, noble lady, is no wonder — for this too is known to me: how the husband is the teacher for a woman.

2.110.3 Even if this husband of mine were devoid of proper conduct, O noble lady, he would nonetheless have to be served by me without duplicity.

2.110.4 How much more so one who is praiseworthy for his virtues, compassionate, master of his senses, steadfast in affection, righteous in spirit, dutiful to his mothers, and beloved of his father.

2.110.5 The same conduct that the mighty Rāma observes toward Kausalyā, he observes likewise toward the other queens and royal women.

2.110.6 Even toward women seen only once, that hero dear to kings, the knower of dharma, laying aside pride, conducts himself as toward a mother.

2.110.7 And coming to this lonely and dreadful forest, I hold within my heart what was collected and placed there by my mother-in-law.

2.110.8 And the words with which my mother instructed me formerly at the time of the giving of my hand, in the presence of the sacred fire — those words too are firmly held in my mind.

2.110.9 All of that has been renewed by your words, O one who walks in dharma. For a woman there is no austerity prescribed other than devoted service to her husband.

2.110.10 Sāvitrī is honoured in heaven for having rendered devoted service to her husband, and in like manner you have gone to heaven through devoted service to your husband.

2.110.11 She is the foremost among all women, and this goddess too in heaven — Rohiṇī is not seen even for a moment without the moon.

2.110.12 And thus such eminent women, firm in their vow to their husbands, are honoured in the world of the gods by their own meritorious deeds."

2.110.13 Then Anasūyā, greatly delighted upon hearing Sītā's words, smelled her on the head and spoke, gladdening the daughter of Mithilā:

2.110.14 "I possess great austerity acquired through various religious vows; relying on the power thereof, O Sītā, O one of pure observance, I desire to grant you a boon.

2.110.15 Your speech, O daughter of Mithilā, is fitting and proper; I am pleased — what fitting thing shall I do for you? Tell me" — thus Sītā spoke to her who was endowed with the power of austerity.

2.110.16 That knower of dharma, thus addressed by her, became even more pleased, and said: "Ah, O Sītā, I shall indeed make your delight bear fruit!

2.110.17 This excellent divine garland, this garment and ornaments, and this fragrant ointment, O daughter of Videha, this precious unguent —

2.110.18 given by me, this shall adorn your limbs, O Sītā; suited to you, unstained, it will always remain so forever.

2.110.19 Anointed with the divine fragrant ointment, O daughter of Janaka, you will delight your husband as Śrī delights the eternal Viṣṇu."

2.110.20 The daughter of Mithilā accepted the garment, the fragrant ointment, the ornaments, and the garlands — that incomparable gift of affection.

2.110.21 Having received that gift of affection, the illustrious Sītā, steadfast, with hands joined and cupped together, sat beside that one whose wealth is austerity.

2.110.22 Thus, with Sītā seated beside her, Anasūyā of firm vow began to ask a pleasing question:

2.110.23 "I have heard the story, O Sītā, that you were won at the svayaṃvara by this illustrious Rāghava.

2.110.24 I wish to hear that story in full, O daughter of Mithilā. You ought to tell me the whole of it as you experienced it."

2.110.25 Thus addressed, Sītā said to that one who walks in dharma, "Listen then," and narrated the story:

2.110.26 "The heroic Janaka by name, lord of Mithilā, a knower of dharma, devoted to the duties of the warrior order, rules the earth justly.

2.110.27 As he, plough in hand, was tilling the field-plot, I, they say, arose, cleaving the earth — the daughter of the king.

2.110.28 Seeing me, the king — intent on the throwing of clods — with all my limbs covered in dust, Janaka was astonished.

2.110.29 Being childless, he took me with affection onto his own lap, saying "This is my daughter" — and his love fell upon me.

2.110.30 And from the sky an incomparable, superhuman voice spoke: "Indeed so, O king — by dharma this is your daughter."

2.110.31 Then my father, the righteous lord of Mithilā, greatly rejoiced, and that lord of men, having obtained me, attained great prosperity.

2.110.32 He entrusted me to his elder queen as one beloved, through her meritorious deeds, and I was honoured by her with tender maternal affection.

2.110.33 But seeing that my marriageable age, easily attained through union with a husband, was at hand, my father fell into anxiety, helpless as a pauper at the loss of wealth.

2.110.34 The father of a maiden is subject to insult in the world from those of equal or inferior rank — even if he be equal to Indra on earth.

2.110.35 Seeing that insult as not far off and perceiving it within himself, the king, having entered the ocean of anxiety, could not reach the farther shore, like one without a boat.

2.110.36 For knowing me to be womb-unborn, that guardian of the earth, reflecting and reflecting, could not find a husband for me who was equal and fitting.

2.110.37 This thought arose in that wise one, as he deliberated without cease: 'I shall conduct a svayaṃvara for my daughter.'

2.110.38 At a great sacrifice, the great-souled Varuṇa had then given to him, with affection, an excellent bow and two inexhaustible quivers of arrows.

2.110.39 It was immovable by men, and even by great effort on account of its heaviness kings were unable to bend it even in their dreams.

2.110.40 Having obtained that bow, my truth-speaking father declared, first summoning the lords of men and kings together:

2.110.41 'The man who lifts this bow and strings it — his wife my daughter shall become, without doubt.'

2.110.42 And seeing that most excellent bow, mountainlike in its heaviness, the kings paid homage and departed, unable to lift it.

2.110.43 But after a very long time, this Rāghava of great splendour came to behold the sacrifice, accompanied by Viśvāmitra.

2.110.44 Rāma of truly heroic prowess came with his brother Lakṣmaṇa; and the righteous Viśvāmitra was fittingly honoured by my father.

2.110.45 He spoke to my father there: 'These two sons of Daśaratha, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, are desirous of beholding the bow.' Addressed thus by that brahmin, my father caused the bow to be brought forth.

2.110.46 In a mere instant that mighty one bent it, and with a swift motion strung the bowstring — that mighty one fully drew it.

2.110.47 As he drew it forcefully, the bow broke in two in the middle; its sound was dreadful, like that of a falling thunderbolt.

2.110.48 Then I was there being offered in bestowal to Rāma by my father, true to his word, who took up the excellent vessel of water.

2.110.49 But Rāghava did not accept me as I was being given, not having learned the wish of his father, the lord and master of Ayodhyā.

2.110.50 Then, having invited the aged king Daśaratha as father-in-law, I was given by my father to Rāma, the knower of the self.

2.110.51 And my younger sister, the virtuous and beautiful Ūrmilā, was also given by my father himself to Lakṣmaṇa as wife.

2.110.52 Thus was I given to Rāma at that svayaṃvara, and by dharma I am devoted to that husband, the best among the mighty."

2.111.1 Anasūyā, the knower of dharma, having heard that great story, embraced the daughter of Mithilā with both arms and smelled her on the head.

2.111.2 "Your speech has been clear of syllable and word, wonderful, sweet — the whole of how the svayaṃvara transpired has been heard by me.

2.111.3 I indeed delight greatly in your story, O sweet-spoken one; the glorious sun has set, having brought on the auspicious night.

2.111.4 The birds that scatter abroad each day in search of food — at twilight, having settled for sleep, their calls are heard.

2.111.5 These sages too, wet from their ablutions, having purified their fruits, come together, their bark garments drenched with water.

2.111.6 From the oblation-fires of the sages, after the ritual offerings have been made, smoke the colour of a dove's wing is seen, lifted by the wind.

2.111.7 The trees, sparse-leafed yet dense in their mass on all sides, even at a distance make the directions invisible.

2.111.8 Creatures of the night's essence move about on all sides; and these animals of the ascetic grove lie down at the banks of the sacrificial altar.

2.111.9 Night has set in, O Sītā, adorned with constellations; the moon, wrapped in its own moonlight, is seen having risen in the sky.

2.111.10 Go — I give you leave; be the companion of Rāma. I have been fully satisfied by you as you spoke so sweetly.

2.111.11 And do adorn yourself now before my very eyes, O daughter of Mithilā — bring me joy, dear child, shining with the divine ornaments."

2.111.12 Then Sītā, having adorned herself, she who is like a daughter of the gods, bowed her head to Anasūyā and went toward Rāma.

2.111.13 The best among the eloquent, Rāghava, beheld Sītā thus adorned and rejoiced at the gift of affection from the female ascetic.

2.111.14 Then the daughter of Mithilā, Sītā, reported to Rāma all the gift of affection from the female ascetic — the garment, ornaments, and garlands.

2.111.15 Rāma and the great warrior Lakṣmaṇa were overjoyed upon seeing the honour rendered to the daughter of Mithilā — something exceedingly rare among humans.

2.111.16 Then, pleased, that moon-faced joy of the Raghu line passed that auspicious night there, honoured by the siddha ascetics.

2.111.17 When that night had passed and the sacred fires had been anointed and the offerings made, those two tigers among men took leave of the ascetics who ranged the forest.

2.111.18 Those forest-ranging ascetics, walkers in dharma, spoke to them of the passage through that forest, which was beset by rākṣasas.

2.111.19 "This is the path of the great sages who fetch fruits in the forest; by this path, O Rāghava, it is fitting for you to enter the difficult forest."

2.111.20 Thus, blessed by those ascetic brahmins with joined palms who had performed the rite of benediction, that scorcher of foes, Rāghava, with his wife and Lakṣmaṇa, entered the forest like the sun entering a mass of clouds.